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全球闪电活动表现出明显的地域差异，温度和湿度是造成这种差异的基本气象因素.本文利用美国全球水资源和气候中心提供的1995～2002年全球闪电资料和NCEP气象再分析资料，研究了区域闪电密度对地面相对湿度(RH)的响应.发现在平均相对湿度RH<72%的经度带里闪电密度与RH呈正相关.而在RH>73%的经度带里，闪电密度与RH呈负相关；在RH>74%的赤道地区闪电活动与RH呈负相关, 而在RH<72%的中高纬地区闪电密度与RH呈正相关.得到结论：当地面相对湿度过大时，相对湿度的增加不利于闪电活动的发生；而当相对湿度较小时，相对湿度的增加有利于闪电活动的发生.地面相对湿度的临界值域约为72%～74%.此结论在不同经、纬度的几个典型区域均得到了验证，并探讨了过大的相对湿度抑制闪电活动发生的可能原因. 相似文献
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利用一个电离层理论模式，模拟了太阳活动低年、地磁宁静情况下，中低纬和赤道地区电离层F2区峰值电子浓度(NmF2)的半年变化规律，重点讨论了电离层电场对NmF2半年变化的影响.模拟结果表明，当输入的电场没有周年和半年变化时，磁赤道地区电离层NmF2本身就具有一定的半年变化特征，而在稍高的纬度上，NmF2半年变化的强度较弱.当输入的电场具有一定的半年变化时，电离层NmF2的半年变化强度有明显的改变，且这种改变随地方时和地磁纬度不同有明显的差别.在地磁赤道附近的电离层赤道槽地区，从上午到午夜的时间内，具有半年变化的电场对电离层NmF2半年变化的强度是减弱的作用，在其他的时间内，电场对电离层NmF2半年变化强度是加强的作用.而在稍高纬度的电离层驼峰地区，情况明显不同.从上午一直到翌日日出前，具有半年变化的电场对电离层NmF2半年变化的幅度都是加强的作用.在其他的时间内，电场对电离层NmF2半年变化的幅度是减弱的作用.同时，研究表明电离层电场对NmF2半年变化的作用和“赤道喷泉”现象强烈相关. 相似文献
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电离层是一个非常复杂的非线性系统.本文利用BP网络非线性输入-输出映射的特点预报电离层F2层临界频率.由于foF2在太阳活动高低年、不同经纬度、不同季节有着不同变化特点，本文仅以海口站、长春站的数据为例分别对1994年和2001年的foF2进行预报，预报结果表明发生电离层暴时用神经网络法预报foF2比国际参考电离层更有优势.此外，由于不同用户对预报精度的需求不同，本文以海口站2000、2001年的预报结果为例构建了残差模型. 相似文献
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2004-03-18 23:10～23:50 UT期间，“双星（Double Star）”探测一号卫星（TC 1）在向阳面磁层顶高纬晨侧由内向外穿越磁层顶，其时TC_1的GSM坐标为 (75RE, -55RE, -54RE), RE为地球半径.穿越过程中TC_1观测到了8个通量管和1个磁通量传输事件（FTEs）.在此期间Cluster星簇位于向阳面太阳风内，其GSM坐标为(180RE, -31RE, -62RE)，其4颗卫星监测到行星际磁场（IMF）的BZ分量持续南向，BＹ有较大的负值.本文的研究表明：TC_1观测到的前7个通量管具有准周期重现性，周期大约是1～4 min，明显小于以前所观测到的FTEs的平均周期(8～11 min)；所有的通量管都具有较强的核心场.本文分别使用最小方差分析法（MVA）和Grad_Shafranov反演方法（GSR）对通量管的轴向进行了分析和对比，发现所有的通量管主轴基本沿晨昏向，结果显示GSR方法在轴向分析上比MVA优越.本文使用GSR方法对通量管的磁场结构进行了分析，恢复出了通量管的磁场在卫星穿越面的结构图；此外，本文还对这次多重通量管事件进行了deHoffmann Teller(HT)分析，结果表明，所有通量管大致朝南极方向运动，均来源于向日面低纬区域.这说明它们可能起源于向日面低纬区，由该区的磁场分量重联产生. 相似文献
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曹馨 濮祖荫 张辉 傅绥燕 马志伟 肖池阶 刘振兴 谢伦 Dunlpo M. W. Korth A. Frazen M. Zong Q. G. Lueck E. Carr C. Reme H. 《地球物理学报》2007,50(4):995-1004
利用TC1、Cluster和Polar结合极光和同步高度及地磁的观测，研究了2004年9月14日1730～1930 UT时间段的亚暴偶极化过程.此前行星际磁场持续南向几个小时.亚暴初发(Onset)开始于1823 UT.2 min之后，同步高度的LANL 02A在子夜附近观测到了明显的能量电子增强（Injection）事件，而TC1在1827UT左右在磁尾(-10,-2, 0)RE (GSE)观测到了磁场BX的突然下降，伴随着等离子体压强和温度的突然增加及磁场的强烈扰动.在(-16, 1, 3)RE (GSE) 的Cluster上相同的仪器观测到相同的现象，只是比TC1观测到的晚大约23 min，在1850 UT左右.虽然Polar在更靠近地球的较高纬度(-75, 35, -40)RE (GSE)附近，也在1855 UT左右观测到了这种磁场偶极化现象.以上的观测时序表明TC1、Cluster观测到的磁场偶极化比亚暴偶极化初始发生分别晚4 min和27 min.说明偶极化由近磁尾向中磁尾传播.详细计算表明偶极化源区的位置大约在X=-77RE～-86RE，而传播速度大约为70 km·s-1.在这个事件中亚暴的物理图像可能是中磁尾的近地重联产生的地向高速流到达近磁尾，为近磁尾的亚暴触发创造了条件；亚暴在近磁尾触发之后，磁场偶极化峰面向中磁尾传播. 相似文献
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对南极中山站数字式电离层测高仪1995～2002年观测数据的月中值进行了统计分析，揭示了中山站电离层F2层临界频率（foF2）的主要特征：foF2存在明显的日变化和年变化；日变化存在“磁中午异常”现象；年变化中中午foF2在太阳活动低年不出现“冬季异常”，在太阳活动高年出现“半年异常”，即两分点高于两至点.本文结合中山站所处的地理位置，考虑太阳辐射电离、磁层的驱动和中性大气成分变化等因素，分析了这些现象的产生机理. 相似文献
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2001年8月19日2011～2030UT，AE指数相对较小(40～130 nT)，Cluster 卫星穿越磁尾电流片.利用Cluster 观测资料分析，发现宁静期间有双峰电流片存在，这期间没有明显的高速流，没有明显的电流片振荡. 同时，进一步分析双峰电流片中的离子特性发现:质子数密度Np在中性线（<Bx> = 0）附近相对较大，呈非对称性分布；质子温度分布比较均匀；在中性线两侧，质子y方向上的流速Vy方向相反. 最后讨论LHDI（低混杂漂移不稳定性）的非线性演化可能是形成宁静期间双峰电流片的主要机制. 这些对进一步完善电流片形成机制可能有很重要的意义. 相似文献
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利用成都数字地震台网的波形记录资料，研究了四川地区地震辐射能量〖WTHX〗E〖WTBZ〗s、σapp视应力等震源参数及相互关系.对时域波形数字记录首先进行数据处理，包括带通滤波，快速富氏变换，扣除仪器幅频特性；经反变换，回到时间域，给出数字波形时间序列，选取所有方向的整个p波和s波段数据；二次变换到频率域内计算速度和地动位移的功率谱积分，进而求得各台站记录的地震波辐射能量和视应力等震源参数.研究了2000年5月到2004年8月成都数字地震台网记录的224个3级以上地震的震源参数.四川地区地震辐射能量〖WTHX〗E〖WTBZ〗s与地震矩M0，应力降Δσ与视应力σapp，视应力σapp与震级ML大体成正比.其中地震视应力σapp与震级分布数据较宽，地震视应力与破裂尺度ra的关系也较分散.同时研究了四川地区近年视应力σapp的空间分布.方法是将计算的σapp值在一定空间邻域内作平均，从而绘出等值线.分析结果表明，σapp值的相对高值区分布在四川南部的川滇交界和北部的川甘交界一带.同时研究了四川地区地震视应力值的时间分布.最后对中小地震视应力σapp及其他震源谱参数的意义作了讨论. 相似文献
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利用震源距23 km范围内观测的2000年姚安MS65地震余震记录，计算了震源及近邻区域的尾波规一直达S波在频率15～20 Hz之间的傅里叶谱振幅.结果显示谱振幅随震源距增大而增大， 在对谱振幅进行了震源辐射方向性校正之后, 才出现谱振幅随震源距衰减的现象.由此获得了震源及近邻区域S波的Q(f)值,可表示为QS(f)=89f098其值比由尾波得出的姚安地区的平均QC(f)值低得多，表明了震源破裂带的强烈非均匀性对QS(f)的重大影响. 相似文献
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温度是盆地现今地温场研究最重要的基础参数之一,针对钻井井底温度(BHT)一般低于地层真实温度的情况,本文对珠江口盆地16口钻井的BHT数据进行了校正,并根据校正后的温度数据采用最小二乘法新增计算了16个地温梯度及大地热流数据.结合前人发表数据,本文绘制了珠江口盆地最新地温梯度等值线图及大地热流等值线图.除此之外,系统收集整理了盆地钻井大地热流、生热率以及热导率等参数,利用一维热传导方程计算了盆地1~5km深度处的温度,并绘制了盆地深部温度等值线图.在此基础上,分析了盆地现今地温场特征及其成因,以期为珠江口盆地地球动力学背景研究及油气资源评价与勘探提供地热学参数. 相似文献
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Ground water temperatures in the fractured volcanic aquifer near Yucca Mountain, Nevada, have previously been shown to have significant spatial variability with regions of elevated temperatures coinciding roughly with near-vertical north-south trending faults. Using insights gained from one-dimensional models, previous investigators have suggested upwelling along faults from an underlying aquifer as a likely explanation for this ground water temperature pattern. Using a three-dimensional coupled flow and heat-transport model, we show that the thermal high coinciding with the Paintbrush fault zone can be explained without significant upwelling from the underlying aquifer. Instead, the thermal anomaly is consistent with thermal conduction enhanced slightly by vertical ground water movement within the volcanic aquifer sequence. If more than approximately 400 m3/day of water enters the volcanic aquifer from below along a 10 km fault zone, the calculated temperatures at the water table are significantly greater than the measured temperatures. These results illustrate the potential limitations in using one-dimensional models to interpret ground water temperature data, and underscore the value in combining temperature data with fully coupled three-dimensional simulations. 相似文献
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Water temperature influences most of the physical, chemical and biological properties of rivers. It plays an important role in the distribution of fish and the growth rates of many aquatic organisms. Therefore, a better understanding of the thermal regime of rivers is essential for the management of important fisheries resources. This study deals with the modelling of river water temperature using a new and simplified model based on the equilibrium temperature concept. The equilibrium temperature concept is an approach where the net heat flux at the water surface can be expressed by a simple equation with fewer meteorological parameters than required with traditional models. This new water temperature model was applied on two watercourses of different size and thermal characteristics, but within a similar meteorological region, i.e., the Little Southwest Miramichi River and Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada). A study of the long‐term thermal characteristics of these two rivers revealed that the greatest differences in water temperatures occurred during mid‐summer peak temperatures. Data from 1992 to 1994 were used for the model calibration, while data from 1995 to 1999 were used for the model validation. Results showed a slightly better agreement between observed and predicted water temperatures for Catamaran Brook during the calibration period, with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 1·10 °C (Nash coefficient, NTD = 0·95) compared to 1·45 °C for the Little Southwest Miramichi River (NTD = 0·94). During the validation period, RMSEs were calculated at 1·31 °C for Catamaran Brook and 1·55 °C for the Little Southwest Miramichi River. Poorer model performances were generally observed early in the season (e.g., spring) for both rivers due to the influence of snowmelt conditions, while late summer to autumn modelling performances showed better results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This study examines the variability of in‐pool temperatures in Imnavait Creek, a beaded arctic stream consisting of small pools connected by shallow chutes, for the purpose of predicting potential impacts of climate variations on the system. To better understand heat fate and transport through this system, the dominant heat sources and sinks creating and influencing thermal stratification within even the smallest and shallowest pools must be quantified. To do this, temperature data were collected vertically within the pool water column and surrounding bed sediments during stratified conditions. These temperature and other supporting data (e.g. instream flow, weather data, and bathymetry) were used to formulate and develop an instream temperature model that captures the site‐specific processes occurring within the pools during summer low flow conditions. The model includes advective, air–water interface, and bed conduction fluxes, simplified vertical exchange between stratified pool layers, and attenuation of shortwave radiation within the water column. We present the model formulation, data collection methods used in support of model development and population, and the resulting model calibration and validation for one of the study pools. We also provide information regarding dominant heat sources and sinks and residence times of different layers within the stratified pool. We found that the dominant heat sources vary between stratified layers and that increases in thaw depths surrounding these pools due to possible climate changes can shift stratification, mixing, and instream storage dynamics, thereby influencing the fate and transport of heat and other constituents of interest (e.g. nutrients). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Natural tidal channels often need deepening for navigation purposes (larger vessels). The depth increase may lead to tidal amplification, salt intrusion over longer distances, and increasing sand and mud import. Increasing fine sediment import, in turn, may start a process in which the sediment concentration progressively increases until the river becomes hyper-turbid, which may lead to increased dredging volumes and to decreased ecological values. These effects can be modeled and studied using detailed 3D models. Reliable simplified models for a first quick engineering evaluation are however lacking. In this paper, we apply both simplified and detailed 3D models to analyze the effects of channel deepening in prismatic and weakly converging tidal channels with saturated mud flow. The objective is to gain quantitative understanding of the effects of channel deepening on mud transport. We developed a simplified tidal mud model describing most relevant processes and effects in saturated mud flows with only minor horizontal transport gradients (quasi uniform conditions). The simplified model is not valid for non-saturated mud flow conditions. This model can either be used in standalone mode or in post-processing mode with computed near-bed velocities from a 3D hydrodynamic model as an input. The standalone model has been compared to various field data sets. Mud transport processes in the mouth region of muddy tidal channels can be realistically represented by the simplified model, if sufficient salinity and sediment data are available for calibration. The simulation of tidal mud transport and the behavior of an estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) in saturated and non-saturated mud flow conditions cannot be represented by the simplified model and requires the application of a detailed 3D model. 相似文献
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Sea surface temperature (SST) from a near real-time data set produced from satellites data has been assimilated into a coupled
ice–ocean forecasting model (Canadian East Coast Ocean Model) using an efficient data assimilation method. The method is based
on an optimal interpolation scheme by which SST is melded into the model through the adjustment of surface heat flux. The
magnitude and space–time variation of the adjustment depend on the depth of heat diffusion into the water column in response
to changes in surface flux, the correlation time scale of the data, and model and data errors. The diffusion depth is scaled
by the eddy diffusivity for temperature. The ratio of the model and data errors is treated as an adjustable parameter. To
evaluate the quality of the assimilation, the results from the model with and without assimilation are compared to independent
ship data from the Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment. It is shown that the assimilation
has a significant impact on the modeled SST, reducing the root mean square difference (RMSD) between the model SST and the
ship SST by 0.63°C or 37%. The RMSD of the assimilated SST is smaller than that of the satellite SST by 0.23°C. This suggests
that model simulations or predictions with data assimilation can provide the best estimate of the true SST. A sensitivity
study is performed to examine the change of the model RMSD with the adjustable parameter in the assimilation equation. The
results show that there is an optimal value of the parameter and the model SST is not very sensitive to the parameter. 相似文献
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本文以MSIS90大气模式和3D NeUoG电离层模式为大气背景,用三维射线追踪法模拟研究了太阳活动强度、地方时、掩星平面方位角对弯曲角电离层残差和温度电离层残差的影响,以及电离层残差对全球日平均温度的影响.结果表明：电离层残差是平流层顶部（35~50 km）和中间层底部（50~70 km）掩星大气温度反演的主要误差.在太阳活动活跃期,电离层残差对单一掩星事件的平流层顶部平均温度的影响可达1.8 K,中间层底部平均温度的影响可达7 K;对全球日平均温度的影响在平流层顶可达-0.6 K,在70 km高度处可达1.2 K.发展新的电离层改正方法或电离层残差修正算法对提高掩星大气反演精度和全球气候监测意义重大. 相似文献
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Wave attenuation and phase velocity dispersion in the temperature domain are more complicated than those in the frequency domain. To describe wave propagation properties in the temperature domain, a so-called thermal activation mechanism model is built on the experimental result that increasing the temperature or decreasing frequency could obtain similar results on the attenuation. A rheological model (the Zener model) is employed to describe viscoelastic attenuation in saturated porous rocks. The Arrhenius relation is introduced to describe the thermal activation mechanism. The wave propagation model with thermal effects in porous media is then obtained, and 1-D P-wave and S-wave propagation characteristics are analyzed in numeric process, respectively.Two attenuation mechanisms are found in this model, the Biot loss and the thermal activation relaxation. The thermal relaxation attenuation peak and the Biot attenuation peak are observed in both frequency and temperature spectra. These two peaks move towards each other when the temperature increases on frequency spectra. The thermal relaxation peak shifts towards higher frequencies while the Biot peak shifts towards lower frequencies. At some temperature, these two peaks will superpose. The combination of the thermal relaxation and the Biot loss leads to the complexity of wave velocity curves. Similar phenomena could be observed on temperature spectra. The thermal relaxation features may relate to a so-called “local heat transfer” mechanism. These two peaks in the temperature domain have been observed in the experiments by other investigators. The characteristics of velocity and attenuation are more remarkable for high porosity rock samples. The model is helpful for the understanding of wave propagation in the temperature domain. 相似文献
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Dr. Heinz Lettau 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1951,19(1-2):1-18
Summary The analysis of surface temperature variations of the moon is based on the equations of heat conduction and heat continuity in the interior of the moon andStefan's law. During a well-defined process, as exemplified by a lunar eclipse, the local heat budget equation establishes a boundary condition at the moon surface which must be satisfied by solutions of the thermal diffusion equation in the interior. Three simplified models of the general case are discussed. They are characterized by special assumptions regarding the depth and time dependency of the thermic qualities of the material underlying the moon's surface. In short, the thermal diffusivity is assumed to be constant in the first model, a linear depth function in the second and a time function in the third. A unique solution can be obtained for model No. I such that the absolute surface temperature is approximately inversely proportional to the 6th root of time during the phase of total eclipse.Epstein's conclusion that the average surface of the moon might consist of highly porous rocks or fine dust is confirmed by the order of magnitude of the heat conductivity which produces the best fit between the theoretical curves and a plot ofPettit's observational data during the lunar eclipse of 1939. Existing differences between the observed and theoretical curves during the totality phase of the eclipse can be reduced by the employment of the second model. A crude estimate shows that the average dust cover resting on more solid ground of lunar rocks might possibly have a thickness of approximately 0.5 meters. 相似文献