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在系统地分析了目前各种测震学地震预报方法科学思路的基础上,认为测震学地震预报方法基本上可以分为两大类。一类是以已经发生的一些地震作为未来可能发生的地震的“因”,即由于已经发生的地震对区域应力场的影响,导致未来发生较强地震。这一类包括的预报方法较多,如空区、条带、ｂ值、地震迁移、相关地震等等及其由此衍生出来的各种方法。另一类是把已经发生的一些地震作为区域应力场增强的“果”,即已经发生的地震是区域应力场增强过程中的一种反映,而未来地震不一定是已经发生的地震所导致的结果。这一类包括“地震窗口”、小震群活动等方法。针对第一类方法,各种预报方法都是力图从地震三要素中提取未来地震的信息,而具体作法又都是利用地震三要素这个多维空间的某个剖面。为了从地震活动诸要素的多维空间提取综合信息,我们对每个地震加入了破裂面方位,构成了地震第四要素,并依据地震４要素建立了地震综合效应场函数。地震综合效应场函数概括了多种测震学地震预报方法的科学思路和预报经验,从而可以形成测震学的综合预报方法。 相似文献
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地壳形变与地震前兆探索回顾和展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文回顾了我国地震预报中地壳形变观测技术、 数据处理方法和软件及地壳形变前兆观测研究进展。 1966年邢台地震后, 我国地震预报工作经历了难得的成功、 更多惨痛失败和“地震不可预报论”等干扰, 发展曲折。 尽管2008年汶川和2011年东日本大地震预报失败,但这两次和其他大地震前后GPS和其他观测得到的地壳形变表明, 大地震是有前兆的, 是可以预报的。 比较了我国地震预报所采用的主要的地形变观测技术和分析方法, 讨论了观测和数据处理方法的特点, 简要介绍了地壳形变地震前兆新近的研究结果, 重点阐述了GPS观测技术多方面的优势。 事实证明, GPS观测得到的汶川大地震前的形变异常或前兆, 是我国地壳形变观测与地震前兆探索最突出的成果。 相似文献
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顺义Ms4.0地震前兆演化特点及利用响应比进行的震前和震后趋势判断 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
回顾性地分析了１９９６年１２月１６日顺义Ｍｓ４．０地震前,首都圈的异常演化情况及利用加卸载响应比等方法对该地震震前形势及震后趋势进行的综合判断,结果表明,顺义地震前观震不冢非测震学的均存在的地震前兆,这些前兆具有一定程度的中期向短期演化的特点,利用响应比除可以对主震作出一定程度的预测外,还能对大余震作出不同程度的预测,作还探讨了地震日常监测中须得汲取的经验教训。 相似文献
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The first results of the pilot project on complex diagnosing earthquake precursors on Sakhalin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S. A. Pulinets A. A. Romanov Yu. M. Urlichich A. A. RomanovJr. L. N. Doda D. Ouzounov 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2009,49(1):115-123
The results of the first stage of the pilot project on the complex monitoring of the atmospheric and ionospheric parameters, conducted on the instructions of the Russian Federation Government in order to decrease risk of destructive earthquakes in the Far East, are presented. The experiment was performed before and during a strong (M = 6.3) earthquake that occurred on August 2, 2007, on Sakhalin. The meteorological data (relative humidity and temperature), cloudiness anomalies according to the TERRA and AQUA satellite data, thermal anomalies of outgoing IR radiation according to the NOAA satellite data, variations in the total electron content according to the GPS data, and tomographic reconstructions of the ionosphere vertical structure according to the TRANSIT satellite data have been analyzed. The indications, typical of earthquake preparation and previously presented in the publications devoted to studying earthquake precursors, have been detected in all analyzed parameters. Synchronism and localization of the anomalies, registered using different methods in different geophysical fields, make it possible to assume that these anomalies have a common source, which could be the earthquake preparation process that is explained using the developed complex model of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling (LAIC). 相似文献
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根据以往研究的地震孕育和发生的３个模式提出了地震成因的综合模式、地震前兆指标和预报方法。综合模式由７个单元组成：震源、震源端部的２个调整单元、震源顶部和底部的２个软弱层（这些单元均位于上岩石圈）以及下岩石圈的两个深部剪切蠕滑断层（一个与震源断层面垂直立交，另一个与震源断层面同面立接）。这７个单元组成了导致强震后果的结构。在构造力源作用下每一个单元围绕震源运动。最终使震源区破裂和发生强震。根据这个模式各种地震前兆异常区的演化与模式中震源与其它各个单元之间的差异性有关，与调整单元、调整层、深部剪切蠕滑断层之间的差异性有关。这种差异性使不同时间或同一时段多个异常区、带边界的交汇点或连接区预示未来强震位置。在孕震后期，震源系统某些单元之间的相互作用增强，并形成正反馈，前兆异常随时间的变化出现起伏加剧。根据总结，强震大多发生在第３次起伏加剧的峰值处和峰值后并得到Ｍ＝４．２９＋０．１１ｔ式中ｔ为起伏加剧的异常时间，以月为单位。由上述指标可以作出强震的中短期预报。在文章最后我们以唐山地震为例展示了综合模式在地震预报中的应用 相似文献
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为了研究2008年汶川MS8.0地震前10年前兆异常的时空演化过程, 采用地震破裂区的几何中心和余震区椭圆中心线为中心的两种方法计算前兆异常的震中距。 结果表明: 在汶川地震前2年左右前兆异常逐渐增多; 近源区(震源2倍左右尺度)异常测项比大于25%, 远源区中震源3～5倍尺度区域的异常测项比为17%～24%。 前兆异常时空演化过程存在三个不同的变化阶段, 即α阶段(包括α1和α2, 震前700～3000 d)的异常主要分布在余震区以外的西南地区和西北地区, 表现为远源区与近源区的前兆均存在向外扩展的特点; β阶段(震前300～700 d)的异常分布在余震区西南部和北部地区, 表现为大范围出现异常; γ阶段(包括γ1和γ2, 震前300 d内)的异常分布范围较广, 异常主要分布在余震区的西南部和东北部地区, 表现为远源区的异常向震中收缩过程(γ1)和近源区的异常向外扩展的过程(γ2)。 地震孕育过程的实验研究和力学分析表明, 地震孕育过程中前兆异常的三阶段特征可能是受孕震体的控制, 是孕震过程中的一种表现形式, 是一个地震孕育过程中的普遍性特点, 对地震预测具有一定指导作用。 相似文献
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Two categories of earthquake precursors,physical and tectonic,and their roles in intermediate-term earthquake prediction 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Katsuhiko Ishibashi 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,126(2-4):687-700
I suggest that earthquake precursors can be divided into two major categories, physical and tectonic. I define physical precursor to be a direct or indirect indication of initiation or progression of an irreversible rupture-generating physical process within the preparation zone of a forthcoming earthquake. Tectonic precursor is defined as a manifestation of tectonic movement which takes place outside the preparation zone of an impending earthquake as a link in a chain of particular local tectonism in each individual area preceding the earthquake.Most intermediate-term, short-term and immediate precursors of various disciplines within the source regions of main shocks are considered physical ones. Some precursory crustal deformations around the source regions are, however, possibly tectonic precursors, because they may be caused by episodic plate motions or resultant block movements in the neighboring regions of the fault segments that will break. A possible example of this phenomena is the anomalous crustal uplift in the Izu Peninsula, Japan, before the 1978 Izu-Oshima earthquake ofM
s
6.8. Some precursory changes in seismicity patterns in wide areas surrounding source regions also seem to be tectonic precursors, because they were probably caused by the particular tectonic setting of each region. A typical example is a so-called doughnut pattern before the 1923 Kanto, Japan, earthquake ofM
s
8.2.Although most studies on earthquake precursors so far seem to regard implicitly all precursory phenomena observed as physical ones, the two categories should be distinguished carefully when statistical analysis or physical modeling is carried out based on reported precursory phenomena. In active plate boundary zones, where a practical strategy for earthquake prediction may well be different from that in intraplate regions, tectonic precursors can be powerful additional tools for intermediate-term earthquake prediction. 相似文献
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本文以几年来对海城地震宏观前兆资料系统整理和重点现象现场查实为基础,进一步研究了地震宏观前兆场的时空演变特征,各种宏观异常发展时间上的相关性,宏观异常的空间分布与活动断裂的关系。阐述了在地震短临孕育过程中,震前宏观异常所呈现的起伏性,空间分布上出现的密集条带、不均一和迁移性。在地震孕育的短临阶段应力的积累和加强随时间演化表现出起伏叠加,在空间上表现出孕震场内多点应力集中。并用震前宏观异常高潮期的起落对比,探索预报大地震临震的时间指标。用震前宏观异常在空间上分布的条带交叉和从外围向震中迁移的特点,探索了预报发震地点的可能性。最后对某些主要宏观异常的形成机制进行了初步讨论 相似文献
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对地震预报的科学思考(二)——前兆观测研究及加强地震综合预报研究的方向和重点 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据浅源地震发生的物理实质和孕震物理过程的主要特征,把地震前兆观测的努力方向概括为"把握实质,优选项目;靠近震源,合理布局",并把地震前兆分为两类:第一类为"直接前兆",主要包括地震活动、地壳形变和地下流体等;第二类为"次生前兆",主要包括地电阻率、地磁和动物习性行为等。文中认为,为推进地震预报研究的深入和预报水平的提高,必须牢牢把握浅源地震发生的物理实质,推进地震预报理论、方法的创新;必须推进地震和前兆观测技术,尤其传感技术的创新,并调整、优化地震监测台网;必须正确认识预报经验的科学性与局限性,重视地震预报经验正确的继承与发展。 相似文献
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对地震前兆异常的一些再思考 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
通过研究地震远场前兆异常、超长期(8~20a)前兆异常和前兆异常判别上的差异,进一步揭示远场前兆异常的意义、前兆异常曲线的内涵和地震间的相互关联及地震预报的复杂性。该研究有助于进一步了解前兆异常的实质和深化地震预报。 相似文献
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A.A.Lyubushin Jr 《中国地震研究》1999,(1)
The concept of aggregated signal is introduced. Quantitatively, an aggregated signal can be defined as the scalar signal: it accumulates in its own variations only those spectral components that are presented simultaneously in each scalar time series of the multidimensional signal to be analyzed. Moreover, an algorithm of aggregation is proposed to suppress the spectral components that are present in any of the scalar components but absent in others (these components can be called local disturbance signals, for instance of technogenic nature). The main purpose of constructing the aggregated signal is to make clearer the common tendency of low-frequency data-flow in geophysical networks, which indicates an increase in collective behavior.It is known that almost all models of the process of earthquake preparation have pointed out an increase in collective behavior of components of geophysical fields in the region of preparation when the coming geocatastrophe has entered its long- and mid-term stages. Long 相似文献
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卫星对地观测技术是全球范围内实时监测孕震区地震活动和震后应急救援的有力工具。过去的几十年里,不同种类的卫星观测数据被应用于地震遥感异常探测领域中,并逐渐开展了从单个震例分析,到普遍规律探索,再到内部机理研究的多方面探讨。但由于地球系统的复杂性和孕震过程的不确定性,地震遥感异常研究仍充满困难和挑战。本文利用文献计量分析方法,探究了现今国内外地震遥感异常研究的关注热点和趋势方向,认为目前对于地震遥感异常的研究已由单一参量发展为多参量联合分析阶段;通过3个前沿研究案例分析了常用的综合分析参量与异常分析方法,以及多参量之间的时空同步性关系,表明多参量遥感异常的结合研究和交叉验证是地震遥感异常研究中的重要手段,可以在未来地震前兆研究中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
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震前电磁辐射接收记录表明,河北张北地震前在北京,山西太原,河南安阳、洛阳记录到震前异常,这些异常全部在地震发生前结束,若在地震前能全面掌握这些异常,似能预报出河北张北地震。这些异常进一步表明电磁波接收仪能反映地震前兆。指出,为更好地发挥电磁波接收仪的作用,需要解决用计算机网络传递数据的问题。 相似文献
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Hydrologic precursors to earthquakes: A review 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Evelyn A. Roeloffs 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,126(2-4):177-209
This review summarizes reports of anomalous flow rates or pressures of groundwater, oil, or gas that have been interpreted as earthquake precursors. Both increases and decreases of pressure and flow rate have been observed, at distances up to several hundred kilometers from the earthquake epicenter, with precursor times ranging from less than one day to more than one year. Although information that might rule out nontectonic causes does not appear in many published accounts of hydrologic anomalies, several recent studies have critically evaluated the possible influences of barometric pressure, rainfall, and groundwater or oil exploitation. Anomalies preceding the 1976 Tangshan, China, and the 1978 Izu-Oshima-Kinkai, Japan, earthquakes are especially well-documented and worthy of further examination.Among hydrologic precursors, pressure head changes in confined subsurface reservoirs are those most amenable to quantitative interpretation in terms of crustal strain. The response of pressure head to earth tides determines coefficients of proportionality between pressure head and crustal strain. The same coefficients of proportionality should govern the fluid pressure response to any crustal strain field in which fluid flow in the reservoir is unimportant. Water level changes in response to independently recorded tectonic events, such as earthquakes and aseismic fault creep, provide evidence that a calibration based on response to earth tides may be applied to crustal strains of tectonic origin.Several models of earthquake generation predict accelerating stable slip on part of the future rupture plane. If precursory slip has moment less than or equal to that of the impending earthquake, then the coseismic volume strain is an upper bound for precursory volume strain. Although crustal strain can be only crudely estimated from most reported pressure head anomalies, the sizes of many anomalies within 150 kilometers of earthquake epicenters appear consistent with this upper bound. In contrast, water level anomalies at greater epicentral distances appear to be larger than this bound by several orders of magnitude.It is clear that water level monitoring can yield information about the earthquake generation process, but progress higes on better documentation of the data. 相似文献
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Geochemical precursors to seismic activity 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Donald Thomas 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,126(2-4):241-266
Studies of earthquake precursory phenomena during the last several decades have found that significant geophysical and geochemical changes can occur prior to intermediate and large earthquakes. Among the more intensely investigated geochemical phenomena have been: (1) changes in the concentrations of dissolved ions and gases in groundwaters and (2) variations in the concentrations of crustal and mantle volatiles in ground gases. The concentration changes have typically showed no conanomalies trend (either increasing or decreasing), and the spatial and temporal distribution of the observed anomalies have been highly variable. As a result, there is little agreement on the physical or chemical processes responsible for the observed anomalies. Mechanisms proposed to account for precursory groundwater anomalies include ultrasonic vibration, pressure sensitive solubility, pore volume collapse, fracture induced increases in reactive surfaces, and aquifer breaching/fluid mixing. Precursory changes in soil gas composition have been suggested to result from pore volume collapse, micro-fracture induced exposure of fresh reactive silicate surfaces, and breaching of buried gas-rich horizons. An analysis of the available field and laboratory data suggests that the aquifer breaching/fluid mixing (AB/FM) model can best account for many of the reported changes in temperature, dissolved ion and dissolved gas concentrations in groundwater. Ultrasonic vibration and pressure sensitive solubility models cannot reasonably account for the geochemical variations observed and, although the pore collapse model could explain some of the observed chemical changes in groundwater and ground gas, uncertainties remain regarding its ability to generate anomalies of the magnitude observed. Other geochemical anomalies, in particular those associated with hydrogen and radon, seem best accounted for by increases in reactive surface areas (IRSA model) that may accompany precursory deformation around the epicenter of an impending earthquake. Analysis of the probable response of these models to the earthquake preparation process, as well as to other environmental factors, suggests that geochemical monitoring programs can provide information that may be valuable in forecasting the probability of an earthquake; however, because of the complexity of the earthquake preparation process, the absolute prediction of seismic events using geochemical methods alone, does not presently appear to be feasible. 相似文献
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地震孕育模式与前兆异常机理研究综述 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
总结分析了近30年国内外较有影响的孕震模式和前兆机理的研究成果；概述了每一种模型或模式的基本思想；对这些研究成果进行了综合分析和归类研究。该文认为前兆机理的研究与孕震模型(或模式)的研究有着密不可分的关系，只有把这两个方面的研究更紧密地结合在一起，才有可能为探索地震孕育发展规律，研究新的地震预报指标和方法寻找有效的技术途径。 相似文献
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根据 198 8年以来全国地震趋势会商会 (NMSC)所提出的各类地震学异常资料 ,研究每一年异常与下一年大陆地震的对应关系 .9a内 46种地震学方法所提出的93 2项异常资料表明 :在 1989～ 1993年间 ,用地震学预报地震方法的数量有一个增大过程 ;各种方法所提出的异常对应地震的比率在 0～ 48%之间 ,平均为 2 8%左右 ,这也与我国地震预报中预报区数的成功率相当 ;统计预报、区域应力场增强、地震条带、小震调制比和b值等方法有较高的地震对应率 ,而地震活动异常平静、分数维、异常震群、c值和地震窗等方法要差一些 ;用地震学方法预报地震最成功的年份为1989年 ,最差年份为 1990年 ;与预报区数的成功比率一样 ,其地震的对应比率并未随时间的推移而有所提高 .各种地震学方法的物理内涵及其与地震孕育的内在联系及各种地震学方法间相互关联问题是今后用地震学方法预报地震的研究课题 . 相似文献