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1.
地质成因和构造/热应力导致地壳岩石中的孔隙结构（裂隙和粒间孔）的变化.影响岩石黏弹性的因素包括压力、孔隙度、孔隙中包含的流体和孔隙几何形状等.相对于岩石中的硬孔隙,岩石黏弹性（衰减和频散）受软孔隙（裂隙）的影响更大.本文选取三块白云岩样本,进行了不同围压和流体条件下的超声波实验测量.利用CPEM（Cracks and Pores Effective Medium,裂隙和孔隙有效介质）模型获得了岩石高、低频极限的弹性模量,并通过Zener体（标准线性体）模型将CPEM模型拓展到全频带而得到CPEM-Zener模型,用该模型拟合岩石松弛和非松弛状态下的实验数据,本文得到平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度以及纵波速度和品质因子随频率的变化关系.结果表明,饱水岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度均高于饱油岩石,随着压差（围压和孔隙压力的差值）的增加,饱油岩石中的裂隙首先闭合.并且压差在70 MPa以内时,随着压差增大,岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度在饱水和饱油时的差值增大,此时流体类型对于岩石裂隙的影响越来越显著,此外,对饱水岩石,平均裂隙纵横比随压差增加而增大,这可能是由于岩石中纵横比较小的裂隙会随压差增大而逐渐趋于闭合.在饱水和饱油岩石中,裂隙孔隙度和裂隙密度都随着压差增加而减小.通过对裂隙密度和压差的关系进行指数拟合,本文获得压差趋于0时的裂隙密度,且裂隙密度随孔隙度增大而增大,增大速率随压差增加而降低.针对饱水和饱油的白云岩样本,CPEM-Zener模型预测的纵波频散随压差增大而减小,此变化趋势和实验测得的逆品质因子随压差的变化关系基本一致,由此进一步验证了模型的实用性.本研究对岩石的孔隙结构和黏弹性分析以及声波测井、地震勘探的现场应用有指导意义. 相似文献
2.
地震区岩石边坡的倾覆破坏及倾覆稳定性评价问题目前还较少涉及,没有相应的解析方法可供参考。基于力矩平衡原理,推导了坡顶含张裂缝的饱水岩石边坡,在水平拟静力地震荷载下的抗倾覆稳定系数解析表达式;通过变动参数的比较分析,绘制了饱水岩石边坡抗倾覆稳定系数与边坡几何要素之间的关系曲线和稳定图,进而可直接查取图表获得边坡的抗倾覆稳定性安全系数;在此基础上,提出了水平地震荷载下饱水岩石边坡的倾覆临界曲线,从而实现了快速查取工程边坡的抗倾覆安全系数和定性评判边坡的倾覆稳定状态,为地震区岩石边坡的抗倾覆稳定性评价提供了科学依据。 相似文献
3.
针对含泥化夹层反倾岩质边坡制作相似比为1∶30的试验模型进行大型振动台试验,研究泥化夹层饱水前(天然含水状态)和饱水状态下边坡的加速度和位移响应规律,探讨边坡的破坏模式。试验结果表明:泥化夹层饱水后坡面水平向加速度放大系数小于饱水前;泥化夹层饱水前和饱水后随着相对高度的增加,坡面水平向加速度放大系数呈现非线性增加的趋势,其整体上大于坡体内部的加速度放大系数;坡面位移从下至上在泥化夹层饱水前,呈现出非线性增长特性;饱水后位移呈先增大后减小,临近坡肩处坡面最大,坡面呈现鼓出形态。泥化夹层饱水前,在幅值为0.3g的地震波作用下坡体仅出现坡肩局部掉块;饱水后,输入地震动幅值≥0.4g时,坡体先出现坡肩的局部掉块,随后坡体沿中上部的饱和泥化夹层滑动剪出,与此同时,坡体中上部出现纵向裂隙并与水平裂隙贯通,坡顶被震碎。 相似文献
4.
岩石脆性直接影响储层压裂,是储层压裂改造之前必不可少的环节。本文对松辽盆地青山口组粉砂岩,分析岩石动、静态脆性特征。基于岩石力学实验获得的应力-应变的关系,调查岩石的脆塑性体特征,结果显示静态弹性参数获得的脆性指数与应力跌落系数呈现负相关性,其中脆性指数B_2(杨氏模量E和泊松比v归一化后的均值)与应力跌落系数相关性最好。分析矿物组分与脆性指数B_2、杨氏模量和泊松比的关系,认为相关层系石英、黄铁矿、碳酸盐岩类矿物可作为脆性矿物。基于B_2,在超声波实验中调查了孔隙流体、孔隙度对岩石动态脆性特征的影响,发现孔隙流体能够增强岩石的塑性,降低岩石脆性,且孔隙度越大,岩石脆性降低幅度越大。在饱含不同流体的岩石中,饱气粉砂岩的脆性最高,饱油次之,饱水最小,且饱油、饱水岩石脆性非常接近。对比岩石力学和超声波实验测量结果显示,整体上超声波实验获得的脆性指数比岩石力学实验获得的脆性指数大,不过,二者均随着孔隙度增大而降低,且差值随孔隙度增大而增大。原因在于超声波属于无损测试,而力学实验过程中导致了岩石内部的微裂缝、孔隙发生了改变。此外,低孔隙度岩石的脆性,主要与岩石内部微裂缝的发育程度有关。 相似文献
5.
地震作用下节理岩质边坡稳定性影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震灾害调查表明,在基岩山区地震滑塌主要发育在局部强度相对较大、节理较发育的厚层或块状岩体中.以岩石中含两组节理的岩质边坡为例,输入实际的地震记录,采用离散单元法进行数值模拟,分别探讨坡高、地震烈度、坡角及节理倾角组合对节理岩质边坡稳定性的影响.结果表明:地震作用下坡体中质点的加速度、速度具有高程放大效应;节理岩质边坡稳定性随着坡高、坡角和地震烈度的增加而降低;两组节理不同组合的岩质边坡,其稳定性变化较为复杂,受节理倾角与坡角的关系、节理的倾向、两组节理之间夹角等因素的影响.节理岩质边坡在地震作用下是受拉区逐渐向受剪区扩展而最终导致边坡失稳破坏,是受拉和受剪的复合破坏.上述初步结论为评价山区节理较发育的岩质边坡在地震作用下的稳定性提供一定的依据. 相似文献
6.
裂隙等效TTI介质qP波反射特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究倾斜裂隙介质的qP渡反射特征对于裂隙储层预测具有指导意义.本文基于Hudson等效理论,推导了倾斜裂隙等效TTI介质PP波反射系数公式,该公式直观地建立了反射系数与裂隙参数之间的关系,反应了裂隙密度、裂隙充填物以及裂隙倾角对反射系数的影响.基于该公式研究了裂隙等效TTI介质PP波反射系数对裂隙充填物和裂隙密度的敏感性,并对其随裂隙倾角的变化情况进行了研究和总结.结果表明,裂隙充填物的性质对于PP波反射系数具有很大的影响,含饱和气的裂隙介质的PP波反射系数曲线较无裂隙介质的反射系数曲线变化较大,无论是反射系数的梯度还是截距均发生了大的改变,而且随裂隙倾角成反比变化,而当裂隙介质含饱和水时,其反射系数曲线相对于无裂隙介质的反射系数曲线变化很小;裂隙密度同样受到裂隙倾角的影响,当裂隙介质的裂隙密度越大时,其PP波反射系数随裂隙倾角变化也越大. 相似文献
7.
从电阻率的角度研究岩石裂隙介质的各向异性特征是一种方便而有效的方法,但多限于空间单个点上的测量数据分析.通过在砂岩岩样上的饱水与排水实验以及同步进行的高密度电阻率成像监测,探讨了应用高密度电阻率成像法获得图像研究岩石各向异性特征的可能性,分析了饱水与排水过程中岩石电阻率在不同方向上的响应特性.结果表明,电阻率成像法在分析岩石裂隙介质的各向异性方面具有多方向成像和动态监测的优点,可以通过对不同方向上获得的电阻率图像的分析,提取出岩石沉积结构的空间分布模式,清晰地反映出岩石在饱水和排水过程中电阻率变化空间分布模式的各向异性特征. 相似文献
8.
以甘肃省平凉市的典型黄土塬斜坡为原型,开展含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡与不含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡的振动台对比模型试验,研究不同强度地震作用下两种黄土斜坡的变形失稳特征。结果表明:两种不同结构的斜坡在不同强度地震作用下的破坏特征显著不同,裂隙的存在降低了含裂隙斜坡的抗震稳定性。随着输入地震波幅值的增加,含裂隙斜坡的变形破坏过程为:坡顶裂隙处先后发生裂隙前缘崩塌、坡面溜土、临空面方向大位移、坡面中部和坡脚鼓胀、剪切滑移、发生多级滑动,同时坡体后缘产生新的拉张裂隙;无裂隙斜坡的破坏过程为:坡顶形成拉张裂缝、坡面溜土、坡脚鼓胀、发生单级滑动。两种结构边坡的变形破裂包括倾倒—拉裂与剪切—滑移两种模式,斜坡的变形演化是两种模式相互作用的结果。 相似文献
9.
通过对兰州黄土丘陵沟壑区大量黄土挖方高边坡的实地调查发现,这些刚开挖不久的黄土边坡多数都出现了不同程度的工程地质问题,如卸荷裂隙、坡面冲沟、落水洞、局部滑塌等。通过有限元方法,对挖方过程进行数值模拟,结果显示挖方后的位移场、应力及应变场都出现了显著变化,挖方后的应力释放与局部集中、卸荷作用、风化作用及雨水冲刷等内因与外因及其相互作用是出现各种工程地质问题的根本原因,而这些问题又会导致边坡稳定性出现不同程度的降低。黄土丘陵沟壑区的自然边坡在天然状态下坡体稳定,用不同计算方法计算的安全系数达1.7左右;人工切坡以后坡度变陡,边坡整体稳定性下降,安全系数下降了约0.6;在Ⅷ度烈度地震作用下挖方边坡处于临界状态,存在失稳风险。因此,在该类场地上的建设工程项目中必须重视挖方边坡的抗震设防问题。 相似文献
10.
利用FLAC3D软件模拟地震作用下不同岩层倾角的顺倾向边坡,对比坡面峰值加速度放大系数、峰值位移、地震作用结束后坡体剪应变增量的变化规律,探讨岩层倾角对顺倾边坡地震效应的影响。研究表明:(1)在水平地震波作用下,坡面水平峰值加速度放大作用随岩层倾角增大而线性减小;(2)当岩层倾角小于软弱岩层内摩擦角时,坡面峰值位移较小且变化规律受岩层倾角影响不明显,当岩层倾角大于软弱岩层内摩擦角且小于30°时坡面峰值位移增大,大于60°时减小;(3)岩层倾角小于坡角时,残余剪应变增量最大值集中在坡面中下部软弱岩层处,反之,剪应变增量最大值出现在整个坡面并呈弧形区。 相似文献
11.
以往对平面破坏模式的岩质边坡稳定性评价,主要关注潜在滑坡体在自重、坡体内静水压力和地震荷载耦合作用下沿破坏面的抗滑稳定性,并未涉及各类外荷载作用线不通过潜在滑体重心而引起的绕坡趾倾覆稳定性。针对这一问题,提出地震与张裂缝水压耦合作用下的岩质边坡倾覆稳定性解析方法,基于力矩平衡原理推导出岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定性系数的一般表达式;通过深入的变动参数比较研究,探讨张裂缝水压和地震荷载对抗倾覆安全系数的影响,认为水压是控制岩质边坡倾覆破坏的决定性因素,而地震荷载处于次要因素,其在一定程度上增加或减小抗倾覆稳定性。在此基础上建立不同参数组合下的岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定图,为工程技术人员快速评估饱水岩质边坡地震倾覆稳定性提供直接依据。 相似文献
12.
裂缝常存在于边坡表面，地震作用会大幅降低裂缝边坡稳定性。针对双层土裂缝边坡稳定性问题，定义上下土层分界处高度与边坡高度之比为深度系数以描述双层土的分布，基于极限分析上限定理，构建“点到点”离散运动学机构，并在此机构中引入一条垂直张拉裂缝，结合拟静力法和强度折减法建立能量平衡方程求解裂缝边坡临界高度和安全系数上限解。计算结果与传统上限法进行对比，验证离散运动学机构的有效性及其解的优越性，同时探究土体非均质性及深度系数对裂缝边坡稳定性以及裂缝深度和位置的影响规律。结果表明，地震作用会降低边坡稳定性；随着地震力增大，边坡临界滑动面逐渐加深，裂缝深度略微增大，裂缝位置逐渐远离坡面；对于具体的双层土边坡会存在一个特定的深度系数使边坡安全系数达到最值，同时裂缝会穿越至下层土且深度发生突增。 相似文献
13.
Markus Eckerstorfer Hanne H. Christiansen Stephan Vogel Lena Rubensdotter 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2013,38(5):466-476
Snow cornices grow extensively on leeward edges of plateau mountains in central Svalbard. A dominant wind direction, a snowdrift source area and a sharp slope transition largely control the formation of snow cornices in a barren peri‐glacial landscape. Seasonal snow cornice dynamics control bedrock weathering and erosion in sedimentary bedrock on the Gruvefjellet plateau edge in the valley Longyeardalen. Air, snow and ground temperature sensors, as well as automatic time‐lapse cameras on a leeward facing plateau edge were used to study seasonal cornice dynamics. These techniques allowed for monitoring of cornice accretion, deformation and collapse/melting in great detail. The active layer of the top plateau edge is characterized by high moisture content due to rain before freeze‐up in autumn and cornice meltdown during spring thaw. Thus frost weathering there can be very efficient in this otherwise cold and dry environment. Within the first autumn snowstorms, a vertical fully developed cornice was in place (190 cm thick). The backwall surface beneath the thickest part of the cornice remained in the ice segregation ‘frost cracking window’ for almost nine months. Highly weathered rock material from the plateau edge is thus incorporated into the cornice during cornice accretion. Brittle snow deformation leads to the opening of cornice tension cracks between the cornice mass and the snowpack on the plateau. These cracks are a prerequisite for cornice collapses, and often trigger cornice fall avalanches on the slope beneath. In these open cornice tension cracks, weathered rock debris, plucked from the plateau edge, can be visible, demonstrating the erosional property of the cornices. The cornice will either collapse or melt, resulting in suspended sediment transport downslope by cornice fall avalanche or release as rock fall respectively. Therefore, cornices both promote and trigger high weathering rates on Gruvefjellet, and thus control presently the development of the rockwall free faces and the talus cones. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
基于大型有限元软件ABAQUS中的荷载模块,添加一阶波浪力载荷模式,并结合强度折减技术,实现波浪力作用下海底斜坡稳定性与失稳机制的弹塑性有限元数值分析。引入典型算例,利用先前提出的波浪荷载下海底斜坡稳定性的极限分析上限方法开展数值解的对比验证;在此基础上,通过深入地变动参数比较分析,探讨不同波长、波高和水深等波浪参数对计算结果的影响以及波浪力影响下海底斜坡潜在滑动面的变化规律,获得波浪荷载下海底斜坡失稳滑动机制的初步认识。 相似文献
15.
Oliver Sass 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(3):359-374
Rock moisture is an important factor for the intensity and distribution of frost weathering processes. However, quantitative measurements are scarce, which is partly due to the lack of reliable measurement techniques. This paper presents five different techniques for obtaining rock moisture data. While collecting rock pieces and two‐dimensional geoelectric measurements allow determination of the spatial moisture distribution, the temporal variability can be derived from conductivity and time domain reflectometry records. Computer simulations, using rock properties and climatic records as input data, render it possible to clarify the important aspects that are responsible for the moisture distribution. It proved to be advisable to use several methods to check and validate the results. The results, obtained in study areas in the Bavarian Alps, make it clear that direct rainfall is the main source of rock moisture. The influence of snow is limited to the immediate vicinity of the snow fields and is not equally pronounced at different times and positions. Rock moisture levels are higher in summer than they are in winter, since in winter less water is supplied in liquid form. Northerly exposed rockwalls are generally more moist than those exposed in a southerly direction, which is due to the different insolation as well as to the wind direction during rainfall. In every position the rock is, on average, wetter on the inside than it is on the surface. This means that shallow frost cycles, as typical for south‐exposed sites, are not affecting weathering, since they take place at a depth level that is mostly dried out. Numerous spatial and temporal patterns of rockfall found in the same study areas can be explained through variations in rock moisture. Thus, the moisture content of the rock is considered to be one of the major controlling factors of the frost‐shattering rate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Norikazu Matsuoka 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(1):41-58
This paper describes up to ten years of continuous monitoring of frost heave, creep and associated parameters on high mountain crest slopes in the Japanese and Swiss Alps, aiming to evaluate spatial and interannual variations in the rates and controls of soil movement. Shallow frost creep re?ecting diurnal frost heave activity dominates the crest slopes that lack a vegetation mat and have a thin debris mantle with good drainage. Seasonal frost heave activity can induce slightly deeper movement where ?ne soil exists below the depth reached by diurnal freeze–thaw penetration, although the shallow bedrock impedes movements below 20 cm depth. As a result, downslope velocity pro?les display strong concavity with surface velocities of 2–50 cm a?1. The frost creep rates vary spatially, depending on the soil texture, slope gradient, frequency of temperature cycling across 0 °C and moisture availability during freeze–thaw periods. Soil movements recur in every freeze–thaw period, although with some interannual variations affected by the length of seasonal snow cover and the occurrence of precipitation during freeze–thaw periods. The Swiss Alps encounter more signi?cant interannual variations than the Japanese Alps, re?ecting the large variability of the annual snow regime. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Landslides and rock falls along the highway are common geological hazards in Southwest China. As an influencing factor on potential landslides behavior, roads or distance to roads have been successfully used in landslide susceptibility assessments in mountainous area. However, the relationship between the road-cut and the slope stability is not clear. Therefore, we performed two-dimensional slope stability calculation using the general limit equilibrium (GLE)method incorporated in the software SLOPE/W of GeoStudio for stability analysis of slopes. Our studies show that the man-made roads influence on the slope stability mainly exists in two ways:One is to create a new steep slope, which will result in rock falls and shallow landslides along the roads; the other is to influence the stability of the original slope, which will result in comparatively huge landslides. For the latter, our simulation study reveals that the road location, namely at which part of a natural slope to construct a road is important for the slope stability. For a natural slope with a potential slip surface, if a road is constructed at or near the slope toe where the potential slip surface surpasses, it will greatly degrade the slope's factor of safety (Fs) and make the slope unstable; however, if a rode-cut is near the top of the slope, it will increase the slope's Fs and make the slope more stable. The safety location is different for different slope angle, steeper slope needs a higher location for a safety road-cut in comparison with gentle slopes. Moreover, the slope stability decreases when loading a seismic force and it varies with the slope angle. Firstly, the Fs decreases when the slope angle increasing, and when the slope angle reaches 45°, the Fs then becomes greater with the slope angle increasing. 相似文献
18.
为了研究太原市太山龙泉寺拟建舍利塔边坡稳定性，对所在场地及外围地形地貌、地层、地质构造、水文条件进行了调查。结合7个探井，确定了塔址所在场地的土质边坡体可能失稳的模式，进行了边坡稳定性分析、计算。结果表明，场地在自然状态下边坡稳定系数为1.37，在烈度为Ⅷ、Ⅸ度地震影响下边坡稳定系数分别为1.24、1.15。根据《建筑边坡工程技术规范》（GB50330-2013），塔址所在边坡是稳定的，不必对边坡进行处理；其次结合3个探槽揭露，发现场地北侧基岩边坡曾发生过滑动，据其滑动面倾角、滑动量及错断地层特征，认为是一种特殊边坡变形破坏-岩体错落，为崩塌与滑坡之间的中间类型，从现存的地形地貌特征分析，现阶段错落体已趋于基本稳定状态，稳定性较好；最后给出了预防边坡滑动的建议和措施，研究结果可为其他类似边坡场地地震稳定性研究提供参考借鉴。 相似文献
19.
John L. Campbell Scott V. Ollinger Gerald N. Flerchinger Haley Wicklein Katharine Hayhoe Amey S. Bailey 《水文研究》2010,24(17):2465-2480
Long‐term data from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire show that air temperature has increased by about 1 °C over the last half century. The warmer climate has caused significant declines in snow depth, snow water equivalent and snow cover duration. Paradoxically, it has been suggested that warmer air temperatures may result in colder soils and more soil frost, as warming leads to a reduction in snow cover insulating soils during winter. Hubbard Brook has one of the longest records of direct field measurements of soil frost in the United States. Historical records show no long‐term trends in maximum annual frost depth, which is possibly confounded by high interannual variability and infrequency of major soil frost events. As a complement to field measurements, soil frost can be modelled reliably using knowledge of the physics of energy and water transfer. We simulated soil freezing and thawing to the year 2100 using a soil energy and water balance model driven by statistically downscaled climate change projections from three atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models under two emission scenarios. Results indicated no major changes in maximum annual frost depth and only a slight increase in number of freeze–thaw events. The most important change suggested by the model is a decline in the number of days with soil frost, stemming from a concurrent decline in the number of snow‐covered days. This shortening of the frost‐covered period has important implications for forest ecosystem processes such as tree phenology and growth, hydrological flowpaths during winter, and biogeochemical processes in soil. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献