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1.
秸秆燃烧对北京秋季气溶胶浓度和短波辐射影响的模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用地面细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学—天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7～11日的一次重霾事件及其天气形势、边界层气象特征、输送路径、PM2.5及其化学成分浓度变化等特征,以及秸秆燃烧对华北和北京地区细颗粒物浓度和地面短波辐射的影响。与观测资料的对比结果显示,模式可以很好地模拟北京地区地面气象要素和PM2.5质量浓度,考虑秸秆燃烧排放源可以明显改进北京PM2.5浓度模拟的准确性,但在重度污染情况下,模式总体上低估气溶胶光学厚度和高估地面短波辐射。10月7～11日北京地区重霾事件主要是不利气象条件下人为污染物累积和区域输送造成,也受到华北地区南部秸秆燃烧的影响。河南北部、河北南部和山东西部大面积秸秆燃烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物在南风的作用下输送至北京,秸秆燃烧对北京地区地面PM2.5、有机碳（OC）、硝酸盐、铵盐、硫酸盐和黑碳（BC）的平均贡献率分别为24.6%、36.8%、23.2%、22.6%、7.1%和19.8%,秸秆燃烧产生的气溶胶可以导致北京地面平均短波辐射最大减小超过20 W m－2,约占总气溶胶导致地表短波辐射变化的24%。 相似文献
2.
2020年1月23日起,武汉地区施行了严格的交通管控措施,对当地的人为活动产生了重大影响。本文基于地面监测站网和卫星遥感分析了管控期间武汉地区的主要大气成分的变化,并研究了人为排放下降对O3和细颗粒物（PM2.5）污染的影响。研究发现,由于管控期间施行机动车禁行政策,武汉地区的NO2浓度与2019年同期相比下降53.2%,挥发性有机物（VOCs）下降了25.1%;与NO2和VOCs的显著下降不同,O3日最大8小时滑动平均第90百分位浓度平均值与去年同期相比上升16.5%,尤其是2月温度同比增高超过5°C,紫外辐射增长超过100%,O3浓度显著高于去年同期,说明应基于O3前体物NOx和VOCs 活性种类的非线性定量关系加强协同减排;同时,管控期间PM2.5浓度与去年同期相比下降了35.6%,但是PM2.5浓度低值主要集中在风速较大、扩散较好的2月,其他时段PM2.5浓度下降并不明显;值得注意的是,与2月的显著下降不同,3月硝酸盐的浓度同比变化不大,说明导致NOx转化为硝酸盐的大气氧化能力并未受到较大削减,武汉地区颗粒物减排应基于颗粒物不同组分的形成机理,加强颗粒物一次排放源和关键前体物控制。 相似文献
3.
广州地区旱季一次典型灰霾过程的特征及成因分析 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
通过研究2009年11月广州市气溶胶颗粒物质量浓度(PM10、PM2.5、PM1)、黑碳浓度、散射系数(Scatter)等大气成分要素,以及微波辐射计、激光雷达及风廓线雷达所探测的风、温、湿等边界层结构,统计分析广州旱季一次典型灰霾过程(2009年11月23—29日)中气溶胶颗粒物及其光学特性的时空变化特征,并配合天气形势背景、边界层结构对其形成原因进行详细分析。在典型灰霾过程中,黑碳浓度高达58.7μg/m3,散射系数高达1 902.7 Mm-1,PM10浓度高达423.5μg/m3,PM2.5浓度高达355.7μg/m3,PM1浓度高达286.5μg/m3。通过对同期的气象条件分析表明在广州地区旱季,区域性污染过程,特别是灰霾天气的形成具有以下三种气象条件:大气边界层高度较低;高压变性出海的天气形势与之密切相关;在偏东和偏南气流带来的高湿度环境下,气溶胶吸湿增长效应显著,导致出现严重灰霾天气。 相似文献
4.
基于WRF/Chem（Weather Research Forecasting/Chemistry）模式对2015年11月25日至12月2日我国北方一次大范围PM2.5（空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5 μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物）重污染过程进行了模拟。与观测资料对比表明,模式能够较好地模拟出PM2.5浓度及气象因素的变化趋势,结果适用于此次污染事件的机理分析。动力、热力条件及化学转化等因素对此次强污染事件形成的机理分析表明,动力因子主要通过表面风和垂直风切变的减弱对此次污染事件造成影响,边界层逆温等热力因子促进了大气稳定性的增强,不利于污染物扩散。依据PM2.5组成成分变化分析可知,硝酸盐、硫酸盐和有机碳在此次事件中含量增加,说明机动车汽车尾气和燃煤排放所致的二次气溶胶生成对PM2.5污染加剧起重要贡献。多元线性回归分析和多因子相对贡献率量化解析结果表明,热力因子在此次污染过程中起主要作用,方差贡献率为52%,动力因子次之,方差贡献率为34%,而化学转化方差贡献率约为14%,说明气象条件,尤其是热力条件是引起此次污染事件的主要原因。 相似文献
5.
选取2016年12月17—22日青岛一次典型重污染天气,利用大气污染物监测结果、地面气象要素观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）ERA5再分析数据对此次过程中大气污染物及气象场的变化特征进行分析。观测分析表明此次污染过程持续时间长达5 d以上,其中19—21日为重污染天气（PM 2.5 日均质量浓度ρ>150 μg·m-3）。根据气象场和PM2.5质量浓度变化特征,此次污染过程可分为3个阶段：17日02时—19日08时为青岛污染物累积阶段,研究区受西南风控制,PM2.5质量浓度逐渐上升,700 hPa等压面上高空槽的维持及槽前持续的南风、西南风有利于污染物累积,同时近地面相对湿度增加,是此次持续性重污染天气形成的重要条件;19日09时—20日20时为青岛污染维持加剧阶段,相对湿度大、风速很小,污染物扩散条件差,PM2.5质量浓度最高;20日21时—22日08时为青岛污染消散阶段,青岛对流层中下层及地面风速均增大并产生弱降水,有利于污染物扩散稀释和湿清除,PM2.5质量浓度逐渐降低。WRF-Chem数值模式能够较好地模拟出主要气象要素和青岛PM2.5 质量浓度的变化特征,模拟结果表明山东省内污染物排放贡献了青岛PM2.5的49.5%;污染物跨省输送对此次污染事件也有重要贡献,其中来自研究区以南的安徽和江苏的排放对青岛PM2.5的贡献率可达25.5%。 相似文献
6.
2014年10月京津冀地区一次PM2.5污染过程的数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
近年来我国东部尤其是华北地区的PM2.5污染逐年加重,引起广泛关注。本文利用WRF Chem模拟了2014年10月京津冀地区一次PM2.5重度污染过程,研究造成此次过程的天气形势、污染物的时空分布特征以及一次、二次PM2.5对总浓度的贡献率,并对污染最严重当日的PM2.5垂直分布进行详细分析。结果表明：造成本次污染过程的是弱高压控制下的静稳天气系统,地面主导风向为南风,垂直方向上有逆温层,抑制了污染物垂直方向上的扩散。发生污染时,PM2.5的高浓度主要分布在北京南部、天津北部与河北接壤的区域,二次PM2.5的贡献率大于一次PM2.5,在清洁大气中则一次PM2.5的贡献更大。垂直方向上,PM2.5中的一次颗粒物只在近地面有高浓度中心,1.2~1.6 km的上空高值区以二次生成的颗粒物为主,是由前体物上升到高空后再通过氧化反应生成的,当这部分颗粒物随着边界层落回近地面时会加重污染。随着时间的变化,污染物的分布高度和边界层高度呈明显的正相关。 相似文献
7.
为了深入研究曹妃甸工业区的建立和大型工业企业的迁入对京津冀地区空气质量的影响,利用嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统NAQPMS(Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System)研究该工业区和周边地区在2016年秋、冬季空气质量状况,并对PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物)来源与区域输送进行分析。结果表明:模式能很好地再现气象要素和污染物浓度分布特征;曹妃甸地区本地排放在1月和10月的月均贡献分别为17.8%和25.8%。当空气质量为优良时,曹妃甸地区PM2.5主要受短距离周边传输影响,唐山和天津贡献率之和达23%～53%;当空气出现轻度及以上污染时,曹妃甸地区PM2.5浓度主要受到长距离输送的影响,河北中南部和山东地区贡献之和达40%～50%。曹妃甸工业园区排放对周边地区PM2.5浓度贡献相对较小,对唐山和天津地区贡献为3%～7%,对京津冀地区其他城市PM2.5浓度贡献可忽略不计。空气质量转差时,曹妃甸、北京和天津地区PM2.5中一次排放占比相较于空气质量优良时明显下降,二次生成的无机盐类和二次有机气溶胶贡献率增加;曹妃甸地区10月二次生成硫酸盐贡献率较1月明显增加,月均贡献率为22%。因此,在致力于削减京津冀地区PM2.5一次排放的同时,对SO2、NOx等进行控制,能有效改善该地区空气质量。 相似文献
8.
大气污染物质量浓度变化主要受气象条件和人为排放变化所控制。2020年上半年在“新冠”疫情影响背景条件下,四川盆地的六项主要污染物质量浓度较往年有不同程度的变化,为了区分这些变化受气象条件和人为排放变化各自的影响程度,开展了气象条件变化对四川盆地污染物质量浓度影响的初步分析。分析结果表明:2020年1～6月整体空气质量优于2019年同期。主要影响污染物浓度的气象参数中,成都平原、川东北地区平均风速与往年相当,川南地区平均风速低于往年。从2020年3月开始,盆地各个城市的总降水量明显偏少,其中5月降水偏少情况最为严重,对应的相对湿度在5月同比较低。平均温度2020年高于2019年,尤其是5、6月平均温度较往年偏高大约4～5°C。月日照总时长从3、4月开始明显长于往年。用固定污染源,改变初始气象条件的方法进行数值模拟结果表明,PM2.5和PM10相似,1、2月模拟结果低于2019年,3、4月高于往年,5、6月同比偏低,主要偏差区域在川南城市群。SO2 在1、2月气象条件有利于扩散,3月川东北不利扩散,其余月份差距不明显。NO2在2月气象条件较为不利,CO不利的月份为4月。4月气象条件有利于臭氧扩散,而5、6月盆地气象条件对O3污染过程起了较强的推动作用。定量分析各个城市污染物浓度贡献率表明,受疫情影响,除臭氧外的颗粒物和气体污染物在1~4月人为排放贡献为负,5、6月由于全面复工复产,导致盆地的污染物浓度也有所上升,人为排放贡献率也大幅增加。O3由于人为排放增加与不利气象条件叠加,导致盆地O3污染情况较为严重。 相似文献
9.
通过国务院“大气十条”等严格的大气污染治理措施的实施,近年来我国空气质量得到全面改善。对大气污染治理效果开展科学分析研究,可为后续空气质量持续改善、污染科学精准治理提供有效科技支撑。由于气象条件是影响污染物浓度分布的重要因素,治理效果分析的一个重要问题是区分气象条件和减排措施对污染物浓度变化的具体贡献。本文利用京津冀地区13个城市2013～2018年86个监测站点逐日PM2.5浓度以及欧洲中期气象预报中心（ECMWF）气象再分析资料,采用KZ（Kolmogorov–Zurbenko）滤波分析PM2.5浓度观测序列的时频特性,将其分解为短期天气影响分量、中期季节变化分量以及长期趋势分量3个部分,针对分解浓度序列建立气象因子回归模型,实现定量评估气象和减排对治理效果的具体贡献。在研究时间段内,京津冀地区13个城市PM2.5浓度的长期分量显著下降（22.2%～58.0%）,其中邢台市下降幅度最大（58.0%）。整体分析表明,气象条件和排放源均有利于大气污染的改善,但减排措施是空气质量显著改善的决定性原因,具体贡献为气象条件的影响占18.5%,排放源的影响占81.5%。逐城分析表明,唐山市的气象条件最有利于PM2.5浓度的减小（29.2%）,而衡水市的减排措施最有利于PM2.5浓度的减小（92.0%）。 相似文献
10.
为了解邢台沙河市冬季大气污染特征,选取2017年12月至2018年2月沙河市区3个省控站点（司法局、市政府、宣传中心）的逐时监测数据,分析了沙河市主要污染物的时空分布特征和潜在源区。污染物浓度特征分析表明:整个冬季司法局、市政府和宣传中心站点的细颗粒物（PM2.5）平均浓度分别为118.0 μg/m3、121 μg/m3和135 μg/m3。在大气自然活动和人为污染排放的共同作用下,PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO均有明显的日变化特征。整个冬季沙河市的ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)、ρ(SO2)/ρ(NO2)均值分别为0.57和1.05（ρ为各物质的浓度）。且随着污染加重,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)、ρ(SO2)/ρ(NO2)均明显升高,表明燃煤贡献增加;污染物空间分布特征分析表明:位于3个站点东北处的玻璃企业产生的污染物可能对监测站点造成了一定影响。污染物空间差异分析表明,区域污染范围越大、强度越高,大气污染的空间差异性越小;潜在源分析表明:沙河市PM2.5的强潜在源区分布在其周边区域,随着PM2.5浓度增加,强潜在源区呈缩小趋势。沙河市东南部的本地源对PM2.5浓度有主要贡献,而此处正是玻璃企业的聚集地。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
13.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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18.
<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献