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1.
陕西省精细化网格预报业务系统技术方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
精细化网格预报不仅是目前中国气象局主推的预报业务,而且是未来天气预报的发展方向。本文详细阐述了陕西省精细化网格预报业务系统中数据产品的技术方法。主要包括4个方面:(1)建立了陕西网格预报技术框架,提出"动态交叉最优要素预报"(DCOEF)的方法来建立基础网格预报场。(2)提出"站点订正值向格点场传递"的格点连续性要素订正方法,交叉检验表明该方法在格点场上24h最低、最高温度2℃的准确率较模式降尺度数据分别提高34%和23%,此外,该方法在背景场协同,主观站点预报和客观格点预报要素值融合一致方面有较好的应用价值。(3)基于"偏差订正"方法订正格点降水,结果表明通过计算预报偏差Bias,来"消空"小雨频率,"补漏"暴雨频率,ECMWF降水预报24h小雨、暴雨TS评分较原模式分别提高2.5%和4.82%。(4)提出"反向离差数据归一化"算法,处理因客观方法或主观订正后数据在时间序列上的矛盾问题,该方法不改变原模式对要素的预报趋势,同时使得要素在时间上协同一致,很好地解决了网格要素预报的时间协同性问题。 相似文献
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一个简单的格点温度预报订正方法 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
格点气象要素预报是中国气象局目前的主推业务和未来天气预报的发展方向。本文基于欧洲中期数值预报中心ECMWF高分辨率模式2 m温度预报资料,在传统中央气象台站点温度指导预报SCMOC和回归方法建立的站点温度预报的基础上,提出"站点订正值向格点传递"的方法来订正格点温度预报。结果表明:(1)SCMOC站点最高、最低温度24~168 h预报误差2℃准确率分别平均高于ECMWF的10.0%和23.1%,ECMWF存在较大的系统性偏差,最低温度预报偏高,最高温度预报偏低。(2)"站点订正值向格点传递"方法能够订正模式格点温度预报的系统误差,且整体上不改变原ECMWF温度预报场的空间形态和原模式对地形的刻画特征。(3)利用研究区域内98个县级站SCMOC温度预报,订正ECMWF格点场,返回到区域内1289个乡镇站进行检验,结果24 h最低、最高温度1℃的准确率较ECMWF分别提高22.8%和11.9%,2℃的准确率则分别提高29.7%和17.4%。最低(高)温度绝对误差平均减小0.99℃(0.69℃),平均误差(ME)下降到0.7℃(-0.9℃)以内。(4)通过一元线性回归,得到98个县级站的温度预报,返回差值场来订正格点场,也能较好地订正ECMWF的系统性误差。对比两种方法,SCMOC差值传递在最低温度订正方面有较大的优势,而回归方法的最高温度订正效果较好。此外,回归方法能够较好地改善逐时温度预报效果。该方法已成功运用于陕西省精细化格点预报业务系统中。 相似文献
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以山东省乡镇级精细化要素预报为例,预报站点由县级123个增至1 561个。在精细化要素客观预报方法开发中,如何处理多量预报站（格）点问题？利用山东省稠密的区域自动站观测资料,通过分析不同站点空间分辨和地形属性的观测要素的统计学差异,研究各种气象要素的站点差异性。结果表明：温度、降水等要素具有明显的局地小气候特征,需要更高空间分辨率的预报站点来捕捉;市区、郊区以及不同高度山区等站点间最低气温各分位数统计值差异均较大,但相关系数较高,且频率分布形态相似;风对地形更敏感,不同测站间相关系数较低,分位数统计值和频率分布形态差异均较大。上述结果可为精细化要素客观预报业务中的站（格）点处理提供理论和技术支撑。 相似文献
4.
精细化逐时滚动温度预报方法及检验 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
以Grapes数值模式预报为基础,首先利用卡尔曼滤波方法对Grapes模式的温度预报进行释用,再将模式统计输出方法应用于卡尔曼滤波结果,从而得到站点逐时滚动温度预报,最后通过站点-格点映射方法将站点预报误差反馈到最匹配的格点上,实现精细化逐时滚动温度预报(SHUF)。检验结果表明,Grapes模式的24小时温度预报CSI评分稳定在0.4左右;卡尔曼滤波方法的CSI评分介于0.47～0.43之间;而SHUF的CSI评分在1～6小时内由0.91降至0.64,7～16小时的CSI评分由0.6逐渐降低至0.52,17～24小时的CSI介于0.5～0.45之间,均优于同期Grapes模式预报和卡尔曼滤波释用结果。精细化逐时滚动温度预报方法利用最新的气象观测要素对数值模式预报的结果进行订正,可有效改进数值模式的短时温度预报能力。 相似文献
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应用国家基本观测站资料、自动站逐时降水资料,基于客观统计检验方法,针对降水(12h、24h累积雨量)、近地面要素(2m温度、10m风)和高空要素(风场、温度场、高度场),分别评估SWCWARMS模式和GRAPES模式对2015年西南地区预报能力,得到如下几点结论:(1)SWCWARMS模式降水ETS评分高于GRAPES模式,除24h小雨外SWCWARMS模式偏差值均高于GRAPES模式,两个模式在不同预报时效内对中雨、大雨、暴雨都表现一定程度的空报;(2)12h降水分段评分上,SWCWARMS模式TS评分均高于GRAPES模式,但SWCWARMS模式预报降水范围过大,随着预报时效增长空报多于GRAPES模式;SWCWARMS模式中雨和大雨空报大于其它量级降水,GRAPES模式对大暴雨漏报较多其它量级降水表现为空报;(3)两模式对高度场和温度场预报优于风场,对对流层中层预报优于中低层,SWCWARMS模式对高度场和温度场预报优于GRAPES模式,夏半年SWCWARMS模式均方根误差小于GRAPES模式;(4)两模式都表现出2m温度均方根误差在秋季增加而春季减小这一特征,SWCWARMS模式近地面要素均方根误差均小于GRAPES模式。 相似文献
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《气象》2021,(6)
定量降水预报(QPF)是中央气象台最传统且最核心的天气预报业务,随着经济社会的快速发展对降水预报精细化程度需求越来越高,提升降水预报的精细化水平成为中央气象台面临和需要解决的首要问题之一。目前中央气象台制作和发布空间分辨率5 km,未来3天逐1 h时间间隔、未来10天逐3 h时间间隔的网格化定量降水预报产品,并发布雨、雨夹雪、冻雨和雪降水相态及新增积雪深度的精细化预报产品。本文围绕精细化降水预报技术这一关键环节,回顾了中央气象台在数值模式精细化降水预报、时空精细化降水预报技术、降水相态和新增积雪精细化预报技术以及精细化检验评估技术等方面的进展,并思考目前精细化降水预报业务技术发展存在的问题及未来的发展,以期为中央气象台和全国精细化QPF技术的发展提供重要参考。 相似文献
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日本高分辨率模式对中国降水预报能力的客观检验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2012年4月1日-8月31日中国2419个台站逐6 h降水资料、CMORPH(NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method)卫星与中国3万余个自动站逐时降水融合资料,基于客观统计方法,分别检验了日本高分辨率模式对中国逐6 h、12 h和24 h分段站点、格点降水的预报能力。结果表明:(1)模式晴雨预报技巧随分段间隔的增加整体增加,暴雨预报技巧在12 h分段表现相对较好;(2)就站点检验来说,模式晴雨预报的降水频数高于观测,6 h和12 h分段暴雨预报低于观测频数,24 h分段则与观测基本一致,通过计算调整阈值可以明显改善技巧评分;(3)6 h分段降水标准差比值1,出现预报为中雨,而观测为暴雨或小雨的概率增大,24 h分段则相反;(4)整体而言,模式对东南地区的预报技巧高于西北地区,但沿海地区降水的偶然性更大;(5)模式预报与高分辨率卫星、自动站融合降水产品有更好的一致性,阈值调整的空间相对有限;(6)东南地区预报与观测的相关性大于西北地区,模式对东部沿海地区降水量级的预报比西部地区更为合理。 相似文献
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对2018年5 km分辨率中国地面气象要素2 m温度、10 m风速和24 h累积降水格点融合产品进行非独立和独立检验。非独立检验结果表明:(1)相比于站点观测,2 m温度格点融合产品整体偏暖,各月平均均方根误差在1℃左右,35℃以上高温和-20℃以下低温天气时均方根误差分别在1℃和2℃以上。(2)10 m风速格点融合产品可准确地描述0~2级风速,但对3级以上,特别是6级以上大风风速描述能力偏弱,主要表现为比实际偏小。(3)卫星-地面观测的二源融合和卫星-雷达-地面观测的三源融合降水格点产品在0~0.1 mm降水区间出现降水面积过大的现象;随着降水量级的增加,两种产品的均方根误差和平均偏差均随之增加,主要表现为降水融合产品的量级比观测偏小。相对而言,三源融合降水格点产品的准确性优于二源融合产品的。独立检验结果表明,三种要素的检验指标随时间或阈值的变化趋势与非独立检验基本一致,且更能表明格点融合产品与观测之间的偏差。主要是因为独立检验中使用到的观测均未参与格点融合产品的制作过程。综上所述,中国地面气象要素格点融合产品对一般天气描述较好,但在高低温、大风或强降水等极端天气时误差较大。 相似文献
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三种高分辨率格点降水预报检验方法的对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
客观有效的评估高分辨率模式格点降水的预报能力,不仅是模式发展中的基础问题,而且直接关系到目前中国气象局主推的格点天气预报业务。以ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)模式高分辨率降水格点预报资料、CMORPH(NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method)卫星与全国3×104个自动观测站的逐时降水量融合资料为基础,选择2015年6~8月55个降水个例,研究传统检验方法、面向对象MODE(Method for Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation)方法、以及邻域法在高分辨率格点降水预报检验中的适用性及优缺点,以期为高分辨率格点降水的预报性能评估提供参考。主要结论如下:(1)尽管点对点的传统方法在高分辨率格点降水检验中存在一定的局限,但传统方法能够在空间上表现高分辨率格点降水预报技巧的地域性差异,在时间上刻画预报的整体性能,对高分辨率格点预报性能评估仍然具有重要的适用价值;(2)邻域法的显著优点在于一方面能够通过变换邻域窗获得不同空间尺度上的传统预报技巧,另一方面独有的FSS(Fractions Skill Score)技巧评分能够表现预报相对于观测降水在格点数量上的比值,结合FSS和不同邻域窗上的传统技巧评分,可以判别在多大空间尺度上能够获得较好的预报技巧;(3)MODE方法在变换卷积半径的基础上提取降水对象,基于降水对象不仅能统计模式的传统技巧评分和预报性能的尺度变化,还可以表现降水对象的质心距离、轴角、面积、强度、综合收益、位移距离等多种属性,这些属性首先为用户提供了模式预报性能的多视角表现,其次从侧面定量描述了模式对天气系统发展快慢、槽脊强弱等预报误差,具有独特的优势,但如何应用对象属性来提高实际的预报能力还存在一些困难。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
17.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气科学进展》2014,(6)
正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
DING Yihui WU Guoxiong Da-Lin ZHANG ZHANG Renhe Co-Chief Editors 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(5):669-670
As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields. 相似文献