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1.
Global gridded daily mean data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis(1948-2012) are used to obtain the onset date,retreat date and duration time series of the South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) for the past 65 years.The summer monsoon onset(retreat) date is defined as the time when the mean zonal wind at 850 hPa shifts steadily from easterly(westerly) to westerly(easterly) and the pseudo-equivalent potential temperature at the same level remains steady at greater than 335 K(less than 335 K) in the South China Sea area[110-120°E(10-20°N)].The clockwise vortex of the equatorial Indian Ocean region,together with the cross-equatorial flow and the subtropical high,plays a decisive role in the burst of the SCSSM.The onset date of the SCSSM is closely related to its intensity.With late(early) onset of the summer monsoon,its intensity is relatively strong(weak),and the zonal wind undergoes an early(late) abrupt change in the upper troposphere.Climate warming significantly affects the onset and retreat dates of the SCSSM and its intensity.With climate warming,the number of early-onset(-retreat) years of the SCSSM is clearly greater(less),and the SCSSM is clearly weakened. 相似文献
2.
Previous studies have suggested that the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon onset is concurrent with the arrival of a 30–60-day
northward-propagating trough. On the other hand, from a synoptic viewpoint, some studies pointed out that the arrival of a
mid-latitude front may be the triggering mechanism of the SCSSM onset. This study attempts to link these two viewpoints and
to investigate their relative role in inducing the SCSSM onset. Composites of low-level zonal winds, geopotential heights
and temperatures during the 1991–1999 SCSSM onsets based on the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast ERA-40 data
indicate that both the Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO)/Kelvin waves and mid-latitude trough are apparently involved in
the onset. The MJO/Kelvin waves play a major role in inducing the large-scale easterly-westerly shift over the central SCS,
while the effect of the acceleration of westerlies ahead of the mid-latitude trough is limited to the northern SCS only. Numerical
experiments using a regional climate model further demonstrate that the MJO/Kelvin waves control the timing of the onset by
changing the background meridional geopotential height gradient over the SCS. When the MJO is at its peak phase over the Maritime
continent, it imposes a positive meridional geopotential height gradient over the SCS such that easterly winds are induced,
which significantly reduces the strength of a mid-latitude trough. After the equatorial convection has dissipated, a Rossby-wave
response is induced, leading to the formation of a northward-moving trough. When this trough moves northward, the meridional
geopotential height gradient is reversed and westerly winds are induced. At the same time, if a mid-latitude trough arrives
in south China, the westerlies associated with the mid-latitude trough will strengthen because of the background meridional
geopotential height gradient, which gives the impression that both the northward-moving trough and mid-latitude trough are
in phase and work together to induce the onset. 相似文献
3.
Summary Interannual variations of the summer monsoon onset over the South China Sea (SCS) have been studied using data from over
seventeen years (1979–1995) of NMC global analysis and of Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) observed with NOAA polar-orbitting
satellites. It was found that the summer monsoon onset in the SCS occurs abruptly with a sudden change of zonal wind direction
from easterly to westerly and an exploding development of deep convection in the whole SCS region in the middle of May.
Based on the criteria defined in this paper for the SCS summer monsoon onset, the average onset date over the SCS from 1979
to 1995 is around the fourth pentad of May. The airflow and general circulation over the SCS changes dramatically after the
onset. The ridge of the subtropical high in the western Pacific in the lower troposphere weakens and retreats eastward from
the SCS region with an establishment of westerly winds over the whole region. During the SCS monsoon onset, the most direct
impact in the vicinity of the SCS are the equatorial westerlies in the Bay of Bengal through their eastward extension and
northward movement. An indirect influence on the SCS onset is also caused by the enhancement of the Somali cross-equatorial
flow and the vanishing Arabian High over the sea; the latter may be a signal for the SCS onset.
There are quite significant interannual variations in the SCS onset. In the years of a delayed onset, the most profound feature
is that the easterly winds stay longer in the SCS than on average. Deep convection activities are suppressed. The direct cause
is the abnormal existence of the western Pacific subtropical high over the SCS region. Moreover, compared to the average,
the equatorial westerlies in the Bay of Bengal are also weaker in the years of a delayed onset. No significant changes for
the cross-equatorial flow at 105 °E are observed for these years. It has also been found that the interannual variations of
the SCS onset are closely related with the ENSO events. In the years of a delay, the Walker circulation is weaker, and the
sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the western Pacific are negative.
Received April 14, 1997 Revised July 11, 1997 相似文献
4.
使用1998年南海季风试验期问高质量资料和NCEP／NCAR40年再分析资料分析了南海季风建立前后的大尺度环流特征和要素的突变及爆发过程。发现南亚高压迅速从菲律宾以东移到中南半岛北部，孟加拉湾槽加深加强，赤道印度洋西风加强并向东向北迅速扩展和传播，以及伴随的中低纬相互作用和西太平洋副高连续东撤是南海夏季风建立的大尺度特征。与此同时，亚洲低纬地区的南北温差和纬向风切变也发生相应的突变。数值试验结果表明，印度半岛地形的陆面加热作用在其东侧激发的气旋性环流对于孟加拉湾槽的加强有重要作用，并进而有利于南海夏季风先于印度夏季风爆发。 相似文献
5.
The South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset experiences evidently an interdecadal change around mid-1990s. Generally, the SCSSM broke out half a month earlier during 1994–2010 than IN 1978–1993. Possible causes are analyzed in this study. The results suggest that the earlier onset of the SCSSM is due to earlier retreat of the subtropical high (STH) over the western Pacific, which is closely related to enhanced intraseasonal oscillations of tropical convections. The enhanced convective activities can be found in three regions: the eastern tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), the equatorial SCS-Kalimantan (ESK) and the tropical western Pacific (TWP). Both convections in the TIO and the ESK are greatly influenced by the interaction of the westerly wind from the TIO and the easterly wind from the TWP. The convections in the TIO are never found to propagate to the east of 100°E, while those in the ESK are usually quite weak and not great help to the SCSSM onset. Our results suggest that the earlier retreat of the STH is mainly caused by the enhanced convections in the TWP, while the later may be the consequence of warming over the TWP on the interdecadal timescale. Therefore, the La Niña-like interdecadal change of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific is likely to be responsible for the interdecadal advance of the SCSSM onset. 相似文献
6.
根据热带西太平洋（１３０°－１６０°Ｅ,１０°－２０°Ｎ）上空对流的年际变化,对表面温度、向外长波幅射、８５０ ｈＰａ纬向风进行了合成分析。合成分析结果表明,热带西太平洋上空的弱（强）对流对应着前冬和春季厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）型的海温异常。与以前的研究结果进行了比较,说明上述海温异常的时空分布也与热带西太平洋和南海季风的爆发早晚相关联。合成分析结果还表明,热带西太平洋上空的弱（强）对流对应着从热带西太平洋向西伸展到盂加拉湾的东风（西风）异常。数值模拟也得到类似的结果。此外,在对流弱（强）的夏季,热带西太平洋上空的对流和南海低层纬向风均表现出弱（强）的季节演变特征。 相似文献
7.
利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料及中国753个测站日降水资料,采用带通滤波、小波功率谱、合成分析等方法研究了青藏高原春季500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国南方降水的关系.结果表明,青藏高原春季500 hPa纬向风存在明显的10~30 d季节内振荡特征,该低频振荡主要表现为自西向东和自北向南的传播特征.通过位相合成分析发现,这种季节内振荡对我国南方春季降水有重要影响.当高原500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡处于2~3位相时(即高原上盛行西风异常),对应于我国南方地区春季降水明显偏多;反之,当季节内振荡处于相反位相时(6~7位相,即高原上盛行东风异常),对应于我国南方春季降水明显偏少.南方春季最大正(负)异常降水的出现滞后于高原季节内振荡的峰值(谷值)位相,其滞后时间为2 d.分析结果还表明,高原上空纬向风的季节内振荡活动主要通过中纬度大尺度环流异常对我国南方春季降水产生影响. 相似文献
8.
利用重建的华南区域黑碳气溶胶(Black Carbon, BC)浓度资料,分析其与南海夏季风在年际尺度上的关系。结果表明,华南区域BC浓度与南海夏季风的关系在2000年前后有明显的突变,由显著负相关变为显著正相关,即由高BC浓度弱季风变为高BC浓度强季风。通过合成对比分析,发现1988—1999年(第一时间段)的华南BC主要气候效应是间接辐射强迫作用:华南BC使云粒子半径减小,抑制华南区域春季降水,增加了云的生命期,从而使到达地面的短波辐射减少,表面和低层大气降温。负温度异常激发了异常反气旋,在南海区域即有东风异常。到夏季,东风异常减弱了季风强度,同时抑制了南海地区的降水。2000—2010年(第二时间段)的华南BC主要气候效应是直接辐射强迫作用:春季高BC浓度通过直接气候效应,增暖大气,加强降水,但是雨日减少,从而使到达地面的短波辐射增多,表面和低层大气增温。正温度异常激发了异常气旋,在南海区域即有西风异常一直维持到夏季,增大了季风强度,同时增强了南海地区的降水。 相似文献
9.
1990s年代际转型前后南海季风系统的气候季节内振荡(CISO)特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用多变量经验正交分解(MV-EOF)等方法,研究了在季节内振荡尺度上南海季风系统的时空分布特征。结果表明:南海夏季风的爆发时间在1993/1994年前后存在显著的年代际转型,由爆发偏晚转变成爆发偏早。第一模态反映了南海夏季风爆发时季风系统的时空特征,转型前后特征类似,降水场自赤道向北依次呈现干-湿-干交替分布的特征,南海中心为异常气旋。相应的大范围环流场主要反映了转型前的偏晚年,南海夏季风槽位置偏南,转型后的偏早年,南海夏季风槽位置偏北。第二模态体现了南海季风系统夏季的时空特征,转型前后共同特征表现为南海地区夏季北湿南干的南北偶极子降水分布及南海中心区的异常西风。相应的大范围环流场主要反映了南海季风活动与东亚季风呈现反位相的特点,且对流信号向北传播。转型前的偏晚年,季风活动受准双周振荡控制,对流信号由西北方向传入南海;转型后的偏早年,季风活动以30～60天振荡为主,对流信号由东南方向传播至南海。 相似文献
10.
低平流层准两年变率研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
分析ＮＣＡＲ／ＮＣＥＰ４０年分析资料得出,赤道低平流层纬向风年际变率的平均周期约２８．２个月,最大振幅的２０ｈＰａ,西（东）风距平平垂直下传平均速度１．２１（１．０４）ｋｍ／月。用１０ｈＰａ和７０ｈＰａ月平均纬向风标准化距平之差反映整层准两年变率的相位。低平流层两半球中纬气温有与之配合的振荡,西（东）风切变时,中纬气温偏低（高）。赤道纬向风准两年变率引起的经圈环流异常是联系低续续向风与中纬气温准年 相似文献
11.
12.
通过资料分析,研究了发生在热带西太平洋海表面西风或东风应力异常与El Ni?o事件的关系。分析结果表明,对应着El Ni?o事件从发生到消亡的过程,热带西太平洋纬向风应力存在着从西风应力异常到东风应力异常的变化,并且在这个过程中,西风应力异常向东传,东风应力异常紧接其后也向东传。本文还根据观测资料的分析结果建立了理想风应力,并利用简单热带海洋模式,对热带西太平洋纬向风应力异常及其东传在ENSO循环中的作用进行了动力学分析,指出了它们在El Ni?o事件发生和消亡中起着重要的作用。西风应力异常通过激发出海洋中东传的暖Kelvin波及其在大洋东边界反射产生的暖Rossby波、以及西风应力异常本身东传到赤道东太平洋,引起正的海洋混合层扰动厚度异常,导致了El Ni?o事件的发生;而异常东风应力则通过激发出东传的冷Kelvin波及其在大洋东边界反射产生的冷Rossby波、以及东风应力异常本身东传到赤道东太平洋,引起负的海洋混合层扰动厚度异常,导致了El Ni?o事件的消亡。对于热带西太平洋上风应力异常的形式是东部为异常西风应力而其西部为异常东风应力,并且它们同时向东传时,则大洋东部混合层厚度对异常风应力的响应随异常东风和西风应力的强度不同而不同,它们强度的相对大小对El Ni?o的持续时间具有重要的作用。 相似文献
13.
南海夏季风爆发与大气对流低频振荡的年际变化 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
根据1980～1991年云顶黑体温度（TBB）相位和强度的变化确定了南海夏季风爆发的时间,分析研究了夏季风爆发期间TBB场和850hPa风场的变化过程及其与海温的关系。结果表明:南海夏季风爆发平均时间是5月第4候,它爆发的时间和强度有显著的年际变化,并与大气的低频振荡及前期海洋的热力状况有密切关系。南海夏季风爆发早年（4月第6候）,副热带高压较弱,撤离南海较快,从赤道东印度洋到赤道西太平洋,大气对流活动较强,夏季风爆发南海早于孟加拉湾,季风爆发时90～100°E区域过赤道气流显著加强。夏季风爆发晚年（6月第1候）情况相反。南海夏季风爆发早晚与大气30～60天振荡到达南海的位相有关,前冬和早春南海海温的高低和4月中旬至5月中南半岛强对流区的出现时间,是南海夏季风爆发年际变化的前期征兆。根据前冬南海海温预测1998年南海夏季风爆发的时间和强度与实际相符。 相似文献
14.
Impact of the Thermal State of the Tropical Western Pacific on Onset Date and Process of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Since the early or late onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSM） has a large impact on summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia, the mechanism and process of early or late onset of the SCSM are an worthy issue to study. In this paper, the results analyzed by using the observed data show that the onset date and process of the SCSM are closely associated with the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific in spring. When the tropical western Pacific is in a warming state in spring, the western Pacific subtropical high shifts eastward, and twin cyclones are early caused over the Bay of Bengal and Sumatra before the SCSM onset. In this case, the cyclonic circulation located over the Bay of Bengal can be early intensified and become into a strong trough. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity can be intensified over Sumatra, the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea （SCS） in mid-May. This leads to early onset of the SCSM. In contrast, when the tropical western Pacific is in a cooling state, the western Pacific subtropical high anomalously shifts westward, the twin cyclones located over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean and Sumatra are weakened, and the twin anomaly anticyclones appear over these regions from late April to mid-May. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity cannot be early intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS. Only when the western Pacific subtropical high moves eastward, the weak trough located over the Bay of Bengal can be intensified and become into a strong trough, the strong southwesterly wind and convective activity can be intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS in late May. Thus, this leads to late onset of the SCSM. Moreover, in this paper, the influencing mechanism of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific on the SCSM onset is discussed further from the Walker circulation anomalies in the different thermal states of the tropical western Pacific. 相似文献
15.
The present study identifies a significant influence of the sea surface temperature gradient(SSTG) between the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO; 15°S-15°N, 40°-90°E) and the western Pacific warm pool(WWP; 0°-15°N, 125°-155°E) in boreal spring on tropical cyclone(TC) landfall frequency in mainland China in boreal summer. During the period 1979-2015, a positive spring SSTG induces a zonal inter-basin circulation anomaly with lower-level convergence, mid-tropospheric ascendance and upper-level divergence over the west-central TIO, and the opposite situation over the WWP, which produces lower-level anomalous easterlies and upper-level anomalous westerlies between the TIO and WWP. This zonal circulation anomaly further warms the west-central TIO by driving warm water westward and cools the WWP by inducing local upwelling, which facilitates the persistence of the anomaly until the summer. Consequently, lower-level negative vorticity, strong vertical wind shear and lower-level anticyclonic anomalies prevail over most of the western North Pacific(WNP), which decreases the TC genesis frequency. Meanwhile, there is an anomalous mid-tropospheric anticyclone over the main WNP TC genesis region,meaning a westerly anomaly dominates over coastal regions of mainland China, which is unfavorable for steering TCs to make landfall in mainland China during summer. This implies that the spring SSTG may act as a potential indicator for TC landfall frequency in mainland China. 相似文献
16.
南海夏季风演变的气候学特征 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：17
本文总结南海北部地区夏季风演变的气候学特征，发现南海地区５月第３候对流层高层东风和北风爆发，对流层低层西风第１次跃升，东亚经向季风环流圈开始形成，这可以成为南海地区夏季风爆发的标志。对流层低层西风在６月中旬开始的第２次连续跃升对应江淮地区的梅雨爆发期。类似地，中国大陆夏季对流层低层５月初和６月初有两次爆发性增暖过程，第２次比第１次强烈得多。南海北部地区对流层低层纬向风速、比湿盛夏呈双峰型，纬向风速峰值分别出现在６月第５候和８月第４候，比湿峰值分别出现在６月第６候和８月第５候。比湿突升对应纬向风速突升，但略落后于风速峰值出现的时间。南海北部地区季风爆发前，温度是波动式上升的，南海季风爆发后，温度是波动式下降的。中国大陆东部及南海地区夏季对流层低层比湿分布有３次突变，即４月中旬南海北部比湿突增，并开始出现高比湿中心，而南海南部为最大比湿中心；５月中旬最大比湿中心已从南海南部跳到了南海北部－华南并向江淮流域扩展；６月中旬江淮流域比湿突增并一直维持到８月，同时南海南部高比湿带消失。而５月中旬ＯＬＲ有一次突变，ＯＬＲ低值区爆发性向北扩张，这对应于南海地区夏季风的爆发。而孟加拉湾地区夏季风演变的气候学特征与南海地区有较 相似文献
17.
越赤道气流的季节变化及其对南海夏季风爆发的影响 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19
基于NCEP/NCAR资料分析了对流层越赤道气流的季节变化,指出越赤道气流中心在低层位于925hPa,在高层位于150 hPa。东半球的越赤道气流是一种典型的季风型气流,而西半球越赤道气流具有信风特征。研究结果还表明,低层的索马里和南海越赤道气流对南海夏季风的爆发有至关重要的作用,在季风爆发前2候,索马里急流有一次迅速的增强,这一增强有利于加速孟加拉湾地区西风的向东扩展,并使控制在南海上空的西太平洋副高东撤;同时,南海越赤道气流的迅速增强也推动副高北上,共同促使南海夏季风全面爆发。不仅如此,二者对季风爆发的早晚也有重要影响,当前期这两支越赤道气流建立偏早、强度偏强时,南海夏季风爆发易偏早。反之,当其建立偏晚、强度偏弱时,季风爆发易偏晚。 相似文献
18.
Summary The transition from a cold to a warm state of the E1 Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle is studied using Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Sets (COADS) for the period 1950–1992.The onset of El Niño (November to December of the year preceding the El Niño) is characterized by an occurrence of minimum sea-level pressure anomalies in the subtropics around the node line of the Southern Oscillation. This pressure fall favors the formation of the anomalous cyclonic circulations over the western Pacific and leads to the establishment of anomalous westerlies in the western equatorial Pacific during the boreal spring of the El Niño year. The westerly anomalies then intensify and propagate into the central Pacific by the end of the El Niño year. This is an essential feature of the development of a basin-wide warming.It is argued that the development of the equatorial westerly anomalies over the western Pacific may result from the thermodynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. In boreal winter and spring the mean zonal winds change from westerly to casterly over the western equatorial Pacific. A moderate equatorial westerly anomaly initially imposed on such a mean state may create eastward SST gradients via changing rates of evaporational cooling and turbulent mixing. The equatorial SST gradients would, in turn, induce differential heating and zonal pressure gradients which reinforce the westerly anomalies. The feedback between the eastward SST gradients and westerly anomalies promotes the eastward propagation of the westerly anomalies.With 9 Figures 相似文献
19.
华南前汛期的锋面降水和夏季风降水 I.划分日期的确定 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
前汛期暴雨常常引发华南地区的洪涝,但是前汛期降水的预报能力却相当低。降水的预报在很大程度上依赖于对降水性质的理解,而华南前汛期降水通常被认为只是锋面性质的降水。事实上,南海夏季风在6月(甚至5月)就可以影响到华南地区并产生季风对流降水。因此,华南前汛期包含了两种不同性质的降水,即锋面降水和夏季风降水,如何区分它们是非常重要的。为了区分它们,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、CMAP资料和中国730站降水资料,分析气候平均(1971~2000年)状态下锋面降水和季风降水期间大气性质和特征的差异,得到华南前汛期夏季风降水开始的基本判据:100 hPa纬向风由西风转为东风并维持5天以上。利用该判据得出气候平均条件下的华南夏季风降水开始于5月24日,并得到1951~2004年逐年华南前汛期锋面降水和季风降水的划分日期。合成分析的结果表明,得到的划分日期是基本合理的,因为它将锋面降水和季风降水期间大气特点的显著差别区分开来。 相似文献
20.
利用NCEP逐日再分析资料,计算和分析了1949~2009年的南海季风爆发时间,并分析讨论了南海季风爆发偏早年和偏晚年大气环流的差异。结果表明:1)南海季风的爆发伴随着该地区降水的显著增加,且爆发时间在1958~1997年间呈偏早趋势。2)在南海季风爆发早年相对于晚年,中高层纬向风在青藏高原和西南太平洋西风异常偏强、孟加拉湾和南海有东风异常偏弱。3)在低层,孟加拉湾、南海和东海西风异常偏强、西南太平洋东风异常偏弱;而青藏高原北部塔里木盆地北风异常偏弱、中国中东部、南海和孟加拉湾南风异常偏弱、东海南风异常偏强。亚欧大陆、印度洋、南海和西南太平洋的大气环流异常与南海地区降水关系密切。 相似文献