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1.
Numerical Study on a Severe Downburst-Producing Thunderstorm on 23 August 2001 in Beijing 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A thunderstorm that produced severe wind, heavy rain and hail on 23 August 2001 in Beijing was studied by a three-dimensional cloud model including hail-bin microphysics. This model can provide important information for hail size at the surface, which is not available in hail parameterization cloud models. The results shows that the cloud model, using hail-bin microphysics, could reasonably reflect the storm＇s characteristics such as life cycle, rainfall distribution and the diameter of the hailstones and also can reproduce developing processes of downbursts, where they can then be compared with the observed features of the storm. The downburst formation mechanism was investigated based on the cloud microphysics of the simulated storm and it was found that the downburst was primarily produced by hail-loading and enhanced by cooling processes that were due to hail melting and rain evaporation. The loading and melting of hail played crucial roles in the formation of downbursts within the storm. 相似文献
2.
该文首次利用我国新一代天气雷达资料对一次系列下击暴流过程进行了详细分析。2003年6月6日在安徽定远县和肥东县交界处附近发展起来的一个孤立的强烈多单体风暴, 产生了一次伴随强降雹的系列下击暴流事件。此次系列下击暴流事件实际上是由多单体风暴中3个相继发展的对流单体分别产生的3次下击暴流构成的。每轮下击暴流触地前, 都伴随着相应对流单体反射率因子核心的逐渐下降。在首轮下沉气流触地前6 min, 1.5°到4.3°仰角的径向速度图上都出现向着风暴中心的辐合, 其中以2.4°仰角 (地面以上约3~4 km) 的辐合最明显。因此, 反射率因子核心的逐渐降低并伴随云底以上的速度辐合的多普勒雷达回波特征, 可以用来提前数分钟预警下击暴流的发生。 相似文献
3.
北京一次大风和强降水天气过程形成机理的数值模拟 总被引：23，自引：5，他引：23
利用3维强风暴冰雹分档模式(IPA—HBM)对2001年8月23日北京的一次伴有大风、暴雨和冰雹的强对流天气过程进行模拟和分析，并与部分观测资料进行了比较分析。结果表明，该模式对此次强风暴的生命史、降水分布、降雹的大小等要素做了较好的模拟，并能够模拟出伴随强风暴过程所产生的强下沉气流和及地面强风速切变(下去暴流)。从云微物理学角度分析了此次局地性大风的形成原因，认为由高空冰雹粒子的拖曳产生的负浮力作用是促发强下沉气流产生的主要原因，其次是冰雹的融化和雨水蒸发冷却对下沉气流起加速作用，冰雹的拖曳和融化作用对下沉气流具有决定性作用。强风暴所产生的爆发性强下沉气流最终导致了局地大风的形成。 相似文献
4.
武汉"6·22"空难下击暴流的三维数值模拟研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
使用武汉实测探空资料,利用三维强风暴冰雹分档模式对2000年6月22日发生在武汉的一次引起坠机事件的下击暴流进行了模拟和分析,并与实际观测进行了比较研究,结果表明:造成此次空难的下击暴流的发生发展与大的天气背景紧密相关;模拟微下击暴流的各种主要结构和生消演变特征与实测结果吻合较好;该下击暴流产生的直接原因是冰雹的重力拖曳作用引起,其次是冰雹的融化和雨水蒸发的冷却作用.空中散度和涡度的分布与变化同下击暴流也存在密切的联系. 相似文献
5.
为了研究江苏地区下击暴流的结构特征,利用常规天气资料、雷达探测资料、自动气象站观测资料和ERA5再分析资料等,选取2007—2018年江苏地区19个典型下击暴流过程进行统计分析。结果表明:江苏下击暴流的分布呈北多南少,以湿下击暴流为主,7月是下击暴流的高发月份,孤立风暴型下击暴流具有弱的天气尺度强迫和上干下湿的结构,风暴移速较慢,飑线镶嵌型下击暴流具有很强的天气尺度强迫特征,风暴移速较快。下击暴流影响期间地面温度变化剧烈,温度降低伴随有明显风速增大过程。统计显示,产生下击暴流风暴的环境温度平均垂直递减率为6.8℃/km,能够保证负浮力的维持,干冷空气被中层辐合气流夹卷进入风暴内进一步加强了下沉气流,使得下击暴流得以维持和加强。下击暴流的初生阶段,强反射率因子核心和中层径向辐合出现在下击暴流发生前20—30 min,成熟阶段,强反射率因子核心高度有明显降低,低层呈辐散结构。 相似文献
6.
采用分钟级加密自动气象站观测资料,盐城、淮安和岳阳、荆州雷达探测数据,以及欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）高分辨率的ERA-Interim全球再分析数据,对比分析了2016年6月23日江苏阜宁龙卷灾害和2015年6月1日湖北监利下击暴流大风灾害的环境特征与超级单体的结构特征。结果表明:（1）两次强对流大风灾害发生在相似的低空环流背景下:风灾发生在低空急流出口区左侧的暖区内、850 hPa低涡中心东侧6—7个经距的位置;环境大气的对流有效位能大于2000 J/kg。但是风灾的类型不同,江苏阜宁大风灾害主要由超级单体龙卷造成,监利“东方之星”沉船事故主要是超级单体触发的下击暴流造成。短时强降水中心与风灾中心的相对位置不同:阜宁龙卷移动方向的左侧伴随着最强短时降水;湖北监利沉船事件发生期间,风灾中心与短时强降水中心基本重合。鉴于不同性质的对流大风位置与超级单体母体的中心位置对应关系上存在差异,通过比较地面观测的瞬时大风与瞬时强降水中心的相对位置将有助于区分强对流大风的性质。（2）环境风垂直切变强度对对流风暴结构、发展、维持有重要影响:阜宁龙卷发生时,其上空0—6 km风垂直切变达4×10-3 s-1,超级单体有明显的向前倾斜结构,形成有界弱回波区;而监利强对流沉船位置0—6 km风垂直切变只有2.3×10-3 s-1左右,风暴单体中的上升气流近乎于垂直。阜宁超级单体中气旋,首先出现在0—1.5 km风垂直切变和0—3 km风暴相对螺旋度带状大值区,在向抬升凝结高度更低的环境移动过程中,其底部不断下降,形成龙卷;而在监利沉船区,中低层风切变和风暴相对螺旋度相对要弱得多,对应风暴单体中的中气旋强度、持续性较弱,中气旋底部高度维持在1.6 km左右。（3）环境湿度垂直结构特征不同可能是风暴单体形成不同类型灾害大风的重要环境因子。监利下击暴流造成的风灾发生时,在地面气温迅速下降过程中,气压变化呈现快速跳升又快速下降的“尖锥”形,气压峰值比降水峰值提前4 min出现。它与对流层中高层环境大气中较为深厚的干空气卷入对流风暴中造成水物质强烈蒸发、冷却过程有关。而阜宁风灾过程中,环境大气中层仅存在非常浅薄的干层,加之低层较为深厚的饱和大气环境,对应的地面冷池效应相对较弱。 相似文献
7.
2019年3月21日广西桂林市临桂区发生一次极端大风天气过程(以下简称"3·21"临桂大风),当日21:13临桂观测站记录最大阵风风速为60.3 m·s-1(17级)。通过风灾现场调查判断这是强度为EF2级的微下击暴流过程。应用常规观测资料以及加密自动气象站、探空、多普勒雷达等资料,分析了"3·21"临桂大风的环流背景与影响系统及其形成原因。结果表明:低层暖湿气流活跃,中层显著干层,强的低层垂直风切变是大风发生的有利条件,地面中尺度辐合线、冷锋南压为其提供了触发机制。"3·21"临桂大风由2个超级单体风暴合并加强造成,在下击暴流发生前,风暴单体最强反射率因子核心高度(HGT)超过6 km,有中等强度中气旋伴随,中层径向辐合明显,辐合值达36 m·s-1;当反射率因子减弱、风暴顶高下降、HGT下降时,下击暴流发生;当HGT剧降,一个体扫间隔下降3.5 km,17级极端大风发生,低层0.5°仰角在强中气旋的出流区观测到强的径向辐散,其值达27 m·s-1;中气旋表现出最强切变加强,底高迅速下降到1 km以下等特征。本次下击暴流发生与极端强降水和冰雹的拖曳作用有密切关系,冰雹与雨水粒子的拖曳和融化蒸发作用使下击暴流加强。当分钟降水量大于3 mm时,风速超过12级;当分钟降水量大于6 mm时,则出现17级极大风速。 相似文献
8.
利用武汉多普勒天气雷达资料,对2007年7月27日发生在武汉及其周边部分地区的一次强对流天气过程,特别是引起武汉、洪湖的冰雹和地面大风灾害的2个强风暴（A、B）进行了详细分析,得到如下结论：（1）这次强对流天气的主要天气背景是,副热带高压西侧强烈的西南气流诱发了中小尺度扰动,强的低层垂直风切变,大的垂直不稳定,低层较干和中高层更干的水汽条件。（2）产生灾害性天气的对流系统最初是一条近乎南北向的断续型对流带,强风暴A和B在其成熟阶段都有低层弱回波和中高层悬垂回波结构,最大回波强度均大于60dBz;风暴A在其崩溃阶段,近地面径向速度迅速增大,随其北移．造成武汉市黄陂区大风灾害;风暴B在平均径向速度图上存在明显的中层气流辐合（MARC）,是即将出现地面强辐散风的标识。（3）强回波中心高度迅速降低是地面灾害性天气发生的标识,VIL密度比VIL本身更能反映风暴的强度,特别是当因雷达扫描策略的影响导致探测不到风暴顶或风暴底时。（4）在用冰雹探测算法（HDA）探测冰雹时,要注意修改可调参数．特别是0℃和-20℃环境温度的高度．这样才能大大降低冰雹误报率。 相似文献
9.
利用高、低空常规气象观测资料、卫星云图和多普勒雷达资料,分析了2006年6月12日发生在太原机场的一次强对流风暴过程,结果表明：高空气旋性冷槽的迅速东移和地面冷锋过境是本次强对流风暴发生的天气尺度系统背景,机场发生的地面大风是由下击暴流引起的,近地面强辐散引起阵风锋发生在弓形回波中低辐合层对应的下方;雷暴单体回波剖面随时间的演变发现确有反射率因子核心重心下降并接地的现象,并据此证实有两次下击暴流过程.第一次出现在16时前后距本场西北90 km处,第二次出现在18时04分,第二轮下击暴流直接造成本场的地面大风.下击暴流发生的过程始终伴随着中低层长时间的辐合和反射率因子核心的重心下降接地过程. 相似文献
10.
多普勒天气雷达下击暴流图像识别 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以下击暴流具有的低层显著辐散特征为基础,引入图像识别中的连通区识别技术,开发出了应用于多普勒天气雷达的下击暴流图像识别算法。首先通过设置的速度阈值将径向速度进行二值化处理,然后运用8邻域法寻找速度大值区,并采用距离、夹角和正、负速度差值等条件进行约束对正、负速度大值区进行配对,最后对未成功配对的速度大值区进行邻近区域的二次匹配,从而识别出下击暴流区域。利用多个下击暴流个例实测的多普勒雷达数据对该算法进行了测试,结果表明该算法对一些较小尺度的下击暴流,尤其对受环境风场影响而具有不对称辐散特征的下击暴流有良好的识别效果。 相似文献
11.
一次弓形回波中超级单体发展造成的大风、冰雹天气分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用Micaps常规资料、自动站资料及灾情调查资料、雷达回波资料等,综合分析了2011年4月15日出现在安顺市的大风、冰雹天气,此次天气直接触发系统是地面辐合线。通过对加密自动站的数据分析表明此次过程是一次典型的飑线过程。对多普勒雷达资料的分析进一步表明是一次＂后续线＂发展型飑线影响,其中有超级单体风暴产生,弓形回波前最凸起部位前侧＂v＂型缺口处的强辐合入流造成镇宁站的大风,弓形回波特征减弱时后部弱回波通道中的下击暴流造成西秀区岩腊乡和紫云县猫营镇大风灾害。这两次大风灾害发生于强对流系统不同的发展阶段,产生的机制有所不同。 相似文献
12.
利用山东威海CINRDA/SA多普勒雷达探测资料,结合常规天气图资料、地面自动气象观测站资料等,对2018年9月8日发生在威海文登机场附近的一次下击暴流天气特征进行分析。结果表明：1)此次下击暴流天气发生在高低空一致的西北气流背景下,午后太阳辐射使得低空大气加热显著,形成了强烈的不稳定层结。2)大气层结特征呈喇叭状温湿分布,850 hPa以下接近干绝热的温度直减率,为下击暴流的发生提供了有利环境条件。3)地面辐合线为风暴单体的产生提供了动力抬升条件。4)从多普勒雷达产品上看,风暴初始回波发生在午后海风锋触发的晴空窄带回波上,通过单体间的合并加强,发展成为多单体风暴;下击暴流出现前,对流风暴回波强度及高度明显发展,成熟阶段的对流风暴伴有回波悬垂结构和三体散射特征,伴随着强反射率因子核心的持续下降,下击暴流迅速到达地面,径向速度图上存在明显的中层辐合、旋转、低层辐散的现象;5 km以上60 dBZ强反射率因子核心的下降,结合径向速度中层辐合、低层辐散特征可提前3～9 min预警下击暴流的发生。 相似文献
13.
多普勒天气雷达识别和预警下击暴流 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
发生在机场周围的下击暴流,对飞机起降安全构成重大威胁。多普勒天气雷达以其高时空分辨率成为监测和预警下击暴流的有力工具。对国内外利用多普勒天气雷达研究下击暴流的现状进行了综述,包括下击暴流的基本概念、回波特征以及目前国内外主要算法:基于切变段法、图像处理法和线性判别分析法。最后对多普勒天气雷达识别和预警下击暴流的研究现状进行了总结,为国内开展这方面研究提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
14.
北京雷暴大风气候特征及短时临近预报方法 总被引：14，自引：6，他引：8
北京地区雷暴大风的预报准确率低而且时效短.为了提高对这种灾害性天气的预警能力,在气候统计的基础上,研究了潜势预报方法和临近预报算法.对1998-2007年134个雷暴大风过程的统计结果表明,北京地区绝大多数的雷暴大风具有下击暴流特征,而且冰雹的落区附近也是大风的爆发区之一.因此,负浮力的作用和对冰雹具有指示性意义的因子是研究雷暴大风预报方法应主要考虑的因素.500hPa环流背景分析表明,尽管绝大多数雷暴大风爆发时对流层中层有干空气侵入,但是还有少数个例产生在偏南暖湿气流中.目前,对后一类大风产生的机制仍然不清楚.研究表明,当对流层中层有干空气侵入时,有利于雷暴大风出现的环境条件是:下沉气流具有较大的不稳定性,同时对流层低层环境大气的温度直减率较大.此外,还讨论了经验指数--大风指数在北京地区的应用.基于上述的研究,形成了北京地区雷暴大风短时潜势预报方法,还使用相关分析和多元回归分析技术建立了基于雷达观测和环境条件的雷暴大风临近预报方程.个例分析表明,临近预报方程对于飑线和弓形回波等带来的地面大风具有一定的预报能力. 相似文献
15.
The occurrence of a severe storm in the Argentine littoral has been analyzed. Although general atmospheric conditions were not favorable to the development of deep convection, this storm produced strong winds and hail of considerable intensity. Its occurrence was associated with the entrance of a pulse of humid air at low levels and could be related to the development of two vorticity centers in the region. Atmospheric conditions existing above a low-level inversion are used to simulate two possible clouds, with base altitudes at 2200 and 3000 m and updraft speeds reaching maximum values of 27 and 29 m s−1 respectively. It is noted that the base temperature of about 13°C, found for the first cloud, can be correlated with the prevalence of frozen drop embryos, observed in an analyzed hailstone sample. Hailstone vertical trajectories are simulated in both modeled clouds, assuming spheroidal and spherical particles and assigning different values to the drag coefficient Cd. 相似文献
16.
Results of a combined analysis of data from a C-band polarimetric Doppler radar and a 3D VHF interferometric lightning mapping system, as obtained during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides project (EULINOX) field campaign, are presented. For 21 July 1998, the lightning data from a supercell thunderstorm weakly indicate a tendency for a bi-level vertical distribution of lightning VHF emissions around the −15°C and −30°C temperature levels. Also, in some parts of the clouds, evidence is found for the presence of a lower positive charge center near the freezing level. However, where strong vertical motions prevail, VHF emissions are not organized in horizontal layers but in oblique or vertical regions. Correlation of VHF signals with radar quantities shows that in the growing storm, peak VHF activity is low and related to reflectivity factors around 30 dBZ, while after the mature stage, the peak VHF activity is about three times larger. The highest density of VHF signals is now found near reflectivity factors of 45 dBZ. A polarimetric hydrometeor classification indicates that during storm development, most lightning activity occurs where graupel and, secondarily, snow and small dry hail are present. In the decaying phase of the supercell hailstorm, however, most lightning VHF emissions stem from the region with hail and heavy rain. Furthermore, while the VHF signal frequency per cubic kilometer in the graupel and rain regions remains nearly constant throughout the supercell life cycle, the signal frequency in the hail region rises during storm decay. 相似文献
17.
Thunder-day occurrences during a 100-year period based on data from carefully screened records of 86 first-order stations distributed across the United States were assessed for temporal fluctuations and trends during 1896–1995. Short-term (<10-year) fluctuations of adjacentstations were often dissimilar reflecting localized differences in storm activity in a few years, making spatial interpretations difficult. But, temporal fluctuations based on 20-year and longer periods exhibited regional coherence reflecting the control of large, synoptic-scale weather systems on the distribution of thunderstorms over broad areas. Classification of station fluctuations based on 20-year periods revealed six types of distributions existed and they formed 12 discrete areas across the nation. One type present in the lower Midwest and the South had a peak in storm activity in 1916–1935 followed by a general decline to 1976–1995.A second type maximizing at the same time had its minimum earlier, in 1956–1975. Another distribution found at stations in the upper Midwest and Northeast had a mid-century peak (1936–1955) with a recent minimum in1976–1995. A fourth distribution also peaked in 1936–1955 but had an early minimumin 1896–1915, and it mainly occurred in the northern plains and Rocky Mountains. A fifth distribution peaked during 1956–1975 and was foundat stations in four areas including the central High Plains, Southwest, northern Great Lakes, and Southeast. The sixth temporal distribution showed a steady increase in storm activity during the 100-year period, peaking in 1976–1995, and covered a large area extending from the Pacific Northwestacross the central Rockies and into the southern High Plains. The national average distribution based on all station values peaked in mid century. The national distribution differs markedly from several regional distributions illustrating the importance of using regional analysis to assess temporal fluctuations in severe weather conditions in the nation. The 100-year linear trends of the 86 stations defined six regions across the U.S. Significant upward trends existed over most of the western two-thirds of the nation, unchanging trends existed in the northern plains and Midwest, and downward trends were found in most of the nation's east. The up trends in storm-day frequencies in the southern plains occurred where storm damage is greatest and where demographic changes have added to storm losses over time. The national patterns of trends and storm distributions were similar to those found for hail. The temporal distributions of storm activity helped explain recent increases in major storms and their losses, conditions which have increased in the west and south. 相似文献
18.
Records to date show that the maximum frequency of tornadoes in Ireland is during the summer months of July and August. However, significant tornadoes have also occurred during the winter months. This study identifies the main characteristics of such events in Ireland and examines one particular case that occurred on 12th January 2004 in the town of Athlone, County Westmeath. It occurred at approximately 2000 UTC, during the hours of darkness. This, together with the severe weather that occurred at the same time, minimised the eyewitness evidence. But site investigations established a recognisable, narrow damage track approximately 4.15 km long and local witness evidence suggests it lasted between 15 and 20 min. The synoptic environment for this event consisted of a cold front that was crossing Ireland from the west. This was in close proximity to a strong jet streak at 300 hPa and an upper level trough with an intense cold pool of air. Overall there was very modest instability. However, both horizontal and vertical wind shear was very marked, at middle levels and, in particular, low levels up to 800 hPa. This appears to have played the major role in the development of a favourable environment for the tornado. Mesoscale detail from radar images suggests that the tornado occurred in a storm cell behind the cold front along a surface boundary between the rear outflow from a storm cell ahead of it and surface winds from the SSW. It is also suggested that low level wind speed shear may have produced a downburst into the flank of the Athlone storm cell and created a bow echo of particularly small space–time dimensions, a mere 11 km long lasting for up to 30 min. The tornado occurred in the northern ‘bookend’ portion of the bow echo. If so, this is the first record of a bow echo tornado for Ireland. 相似文献
19.
使用探空、地面和张掖多普勒天气雷达观测资料对2013年7月30日发生在河西走廊的一次强沙尘暴天气进行了分析。结果表明：这次雷暴大风沙尘天气是对流层低层冷平流作用下,不稳定能量释放形成的β、γ中尺度对流系统造成的,雷暴下击暴流的辐散流和密度流是引发地面强风和沙尘暴的直接因素。高层干、中层相对湿和低层干的层结,易产生雷暴大风天气。1 h正变压和负变温演变能很好地反映雷暴下击暴流形成的雷暴高压和冷池的强弱变化,同时也反映了下击暴流的辐散气流和冷池密度流造成的地面大风及沙尘天气的变化。 相似文献
20.
三门峡一次冰雹天气多普勒雷达资料分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规气象资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从天气形势、物理量场和回波演变特征等方面对2011年7月17日发生在三门峡的一次冰雹天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：本次过程在天气形势上属于华北冷涡型,高空冷空气的侵入对不稳定能量的释放起了触发作用。在多普勒天气雷达资料上表现为单个单体强对流风暴,最大反射率（DBZM）≥60 dBz、回波顶高ET明显跃增、风暴顶高度TOP和最大反射率所在高度HT的跃增与降雹时间有24 min的提前量,降雹发生在DBZM≥60 dBz、TOP和HT减弱阶段、ET和DBZM最大阶段;降雹前垂直积分液态含水量（VIL）和垂直积分液态含水量密度具有明显的跃增,本次过程中二者的预警提前时间为12 min;逆风区和冰雹指数出现＂POS＂报警对降雹具有一定的预报预警指示意义。 相似文献