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从欧拉算符出发,用泰勒级数展开,给出二阶时空微商余项预报方程,进而讨论一种数值分析新算法———双三次曲面拟合(插值)的准拉格朗日时间积分方案与数值模式。它是将大气运动描述成为非线性的三次运动,即是通过对原始大气运动方程中包括标量、矢量的压、温、湿、风、以及旋转地球上广义牛顿力加速度场和散度场等,做双三次曲面拟合,实现对各个大气运动变量场的二阶可导,即限定气块上游点在各个不同双三次曲面(片)、具有斜率、曲率和挠率的非线性三次变量场上活动,从而可对各个大气运动方程做时间离散积分,即为双三次曲面拟合—时间步积分—双三次曲面拟合……,实现成为一种新动力框架数值模式。由于双三次曲面具有数学定律收敛性和二阶可导最优性,故选用双三次曲面插值求算二阶余差上游点,具有充分必要的数学理由:它包含了大气运动变量场之斜率、曲率和挠率。因此,埃尔米特双三次曲面片具有对网格变量场二阶可导运算等价性、及其数学收敛性与最佳曲率最优性,并且将准拉格朗日法与欧拉法,以及柯朗-弗里德里希斯-列维判据统一起来。容易实现全球网格变量场的双三次曲面拟合,和可按双三次曲面变量场的斜率、曲率或挠率判断,作变量场局域或单点平滑,以此保持三次模式的时间积分稳定... 相似文献
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从大气运动原始方程和欧拉算符出发,用泰勒级数展开,给出二阶时空微商余项预报方程。进而讨论用三次插值函数——双三次曲面拟合求上游点的准拉格朗日时间积分方案与相应的二阶时空余差数值模式——“双三次模式”。则双三次模式是通过实现各个大气物理量场的二阶可导,从而可对预报方程做空间非线性(“三次”)时间离散积分,成为“双三次曲面拟合——时间步积分——双三次曲面拟合——……”一种新算法数值模式。讨论双三次数值模式的数学基础:三次插值函数及其数值分析极性定律用于数值模式。指出:双三次模式和谱模式都具有数学“收敛性”;而Coons双三次曲面具有对变量场拟合二阶可导“最优性”;和Hermite双三次曲面片具有对网格变量场二阶可导运算“等价性”。又指出:有限差分模式的中央差近似斜率和曲率,分别是三次样条斜率和曲率作“三点平滑”。双三次模式适合采用原始大气运动方程,适合采用准拉格朗日时间积分方案,并给出一个理想全球模拟个例。因大气运动本质上是非线性的,理论上可按变量场双三次曲面曲率判断,以采用符合物理诠释的局域或单点平滑,以保持模式时间积分稳定性。且未来容易实现全球多重/时变套网格双三次数值模式。 相似文献
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初论双三次数值模式 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
讨论在数学Rn空间里,存在孔斯双三次曲面拟合的可能数值模式(以下称双三次数值模式)。双三次数值模式特点是,在诊断上对天气系统中的由各个物理定律表述的(离散点)大气物理量场,可通过数学三次样条函数做双三次曲面拟合,则模式大气(包括天气系统)的各个物理量场均达到二阶可导,即是大气运动方程中的各个物理量场都存在各自的一、二阶空间微商,从而可以对模式大气与天气系统做时间积分。与有限差分模式和谱模式存在所谓的空间截断误差和波数截断误差相比较,双三次数值模式存在所谓的空间拟合误差,恰是现行有限差分模式空间截断误差的高阶小量。而双三次数值模式具有谱模式准确计算空间微商的优点,且双三次数值模式的数学构架能够较好地适应大气运动动力框架,是可与有限差分模式和谱模式相比较的另一数值分析新算法的气象数值模式。 相似文献
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通过"双三次曲面拟合—时间步长积分—双三次曲面拟合……",实现成为一种双三次曲面拟合新算法数值模式。它对模式大气作非线性(空间二阶可导)描述,是用数值分析(三次样条/双三次曲面)与计算方法近似求解大气运动非线性偏微分方程组。用Z坐标系高分辨率双三次数值模式,采用原始大气运动方程组和采用欧拉时间积分方案,设置理想扰动,对大气声波Lamb波做数值模拟;采用大气不可压假定,除去声波,对大气重力波龙卷扰动做数值模拟。对比模拟发现:理想Lamb波以声速在水平方向传播,扰动能量频散快,仅能在原地持续数秒钟;理想龙卷扰动则在原地可持续约1 min,且波动内圈(外圈)自下至上始终处于风场辐合(辐散)状态,具冷心结构和气压驻波特征,可因水汽进入扰动与借助凝结潜热释放而得到发展。 相似文献
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《湖北气象》2016,(6)
采用样条格式二阶时空离散预报方程与显式-准拉格朗日积分方案,建立非静力全可压数值模式动力框架,对气压、气温(位温)、风及广义牛顿力(加速度)场做三次样条函数拟合,实现各个变量场二阶可导,并且按牛顿运动定律,显式迭代插值求上游点"三次运动"路径(三维位移)与预报变量值,同时求得一个时间步长三维位移的平均散度场,并以此绝热变率预报压、温场。其中,通过对静力方程做三次样条拟合,可从非静力气压场分离出(满足静力方程)时变的静压场,从而无须引入大气参考廓线,并因此准确(二阶精度)计算出垂直气压梯度力与位移。密度流试验表明,上述非静力全可压动力框架能够模拟出高度非线性的密度流,初步验证样条格式做"三次"数值模式动力框架的一致性和精确性,同时分析了与密度流试验benchmark参考解相比较存在差别的原因。 相似文献
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一种新型高度地形追随坐标在GRAPES区域模式中的实现:理想试验与比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将一种新的高度地形追随坐标(Klemp坐标)引入了GRAPES区域模式,并与传统追随坐标(Gal-Chen坐标)和平缓地形追随坐标(SLEVE,Smooth Level Vertical coordinate)进行了比较。对不同坐标下气压梯度力的计算误差通过理想静止大气试验进行了评估,结果表明:与Gal-Chen坐标和SLEVE坐标相比,Klemp坐标有效地减小了气压梯度力的计算误差。理想重力波模拟试验表明,Klemp坐标下对重力波的模拟相比其他两种坐标也更接近于解析解。模式进一步采用了Mahrer气压梯度计算方案减少了计算误差,并提高了模式的精度和稳定性。实际个例试验与理想试验的结论相似。 相似文献
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引入双三次数值模式:双三次数值模式是通过作三次样条与双三次曲面拟合,实现各个大气要素量场的二阶可导,从而可对各个预报方程作时间积分。双三次数值模式适合采用大气运动原始方程组和采用水平方向准拉格朗日/垂直方向欧拉时间积分方案。且本文的全球(Z)双三次数值模式与个例模拟实际采用Navier-Stokes"浅薄大气"原始方程组,建立球面Z坐标系上的非静力、全可压、干/湿绝热大气运动动力框架。其离散化气压、气温预报方程与个例模拟揭示出大气运动中凝结降水,其天气学原因不仅是湿空气作Z坐标垂直上升运动,而且是湿空气被"减压/减温",即湿空气作P坐标"垂直上升运动",后者可由大气平流运动(如Rossby波)引起。 相似文献
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反演台风海平面气压场与NCEP及报文资料的对比 总被引：8，自引：8，他引：0
利用QuikSCAT散射计获取的海面风场资料,借助UWPBL模式,对2006年3个台风个例的海平面气压场进行了反演。通过将反演结果与NCEP海平面气压场及台风报文资料的对比分析,表明反演的台风海平面气压场准确性较NCEP海平面气压场高,但与报文资料相比,中心气压明显偏高,因此这种利用散射计风场反演海平面气压的方法虽有一定的准确性,但精确度还有待提高。 相似文献
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大气数值预报模式中高度地形追随坐标的设计研究：理论分析与理想试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用一种统一的地形追随坐标的形式,对Gal-Chen & Somerville(简称Gal.C.S坐标)、平缓坐标(smoothed level vertical coordinate,简称SLEVE坐标)等几种典型的高度地形追随坐标进行了气压梯度力计算误差影响和二维质量平流试验的理论分析,并与一种新提出的高度地形追随坐标——三角函数平缓坐标(简称COS坐标)进行比较.气压梯度力计算误差分析结果显示,与Gal.C.S坐标相比,单尺度平缓坐标(简称SLEVE1坐标)、双尺度平缓坐标(简称SLEVE2坐标)和COS坐标在减小气压梯度力计算误差上有不同程度的改进,SLEVE2坐标和COS坐标比其他两种坐标更具优势,衰减系数b和坐标转换的雅可比项对减小误差起决定性作用.二维质量平流试验也有类似的结果,与无地形的参考试验结果相比,COS坐标的质量输送计算误差最小,且经优化的COS坐标的质量输送计算误差几乎和参考计算误差完全重合,在4种坐标中最优. 相似文献
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我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格. 相似文献
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准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：6
NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。 相似文献
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Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Terence Meaden S. Kochev L. Kolendowicz A. Kosa-Kiss Izolda Marcinoniene Michalis Sioutas Heino Tooming John Tyrrell 《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):446-449
2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness. 相似文献
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流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：10
本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用. 相似文献
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The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features. 相似文献
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由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张德二 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(2):126-130
2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡. 相似文献
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Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over
the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature
(SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds.
Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early)
onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in
these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly
correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with
respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases.
The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by
the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America
during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region.
The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple
regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation
coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill
to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully
predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed.
Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002 相似文献
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Chunguang CUI Wen ZHOU Hao YANG Xiaokang WANG Yi DENG Xiaofang WANG Guirong XU Jingyu WANG 《大气科学进展》2023,40(4):711-724
Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230... 相似文献