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1.
球面斜压大气中上传行星波与纬向平均气流的相互作用 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
本文指出在球面斜压大气中的行星尺度扰动与纬向平均气流相互作用中必须考虑非地转风分量对位涡度南北方向输送的作用,从而证明了球面大气中行星尺度运动的波作用守恒,并求得球面大气中的行星尺度扰动与纬向平均气流相互作用的欧拉平均运动方程组。 本义利用1979年2月的实际天气观测资料分析了北半球一次对流层阻塞形势建立与平流层爆发性增温过程的行星波与纬向平均气流的相互作用。从分析结果可以看到:由于行星波向上传播,使得在高纬度对流层中、上层出现行星波的波作用通量(也称E-P通量)辐合,使得西风气流减速,因而在高纬度对流层中、上层形成阻塞形势。并且,随着行星波的继续向上传播,使得平流层下、中层的基本气流相继减速并出现东风,因而在平流层下、中层出现爆发性增温。然而,由于高纬度对流层低层出现东风,行星波不能往上传播,在上层波的E-P通量矢量变成辐散,气流由东风又变成西风。 相似文献
2.
从两层模式的基本方程出发，推导了描述平均流对波振幅反馈的A－B混合方程，并通过适当变换把混合方程转化为洛仑兹系统，用于研究平均流对边缘波扰动振幅增长的反馈机制，以及在中性廓线附近边缘波的稳定性问题。这是对研究波流相互作用的E-P通量理论的一个重要扩充。同时，作者还指出了A－B混合方程理论在研究大气中的波流相互作用及对流方面有相当应用前景。 相似文献
3.
从两层模式的基本方程出发,推导了描述平均流对波振幅反馈的A-B混合方程,并通过适当变换把混合方程转化为洛仑兹系统,用于研究平均流对边缘波扰动振幅增长的反馈机制,以及在中性廓线附近边缘波的稳定性问题。这是对研究波流相互作用的E-P通量理论的一个重要扩充。同时,作者还指出了A-B混合方程理论在研究大气中的波流相互作用及对流方面有相当应用前景。 相似文献
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利用变换欧拉平均方程讨论了行星波动力学，观测和模拟结果都表明，在北半球冬季准定常行星波的经向传播存在两支波导。一支为高纬度波导，另一支则为低纬度波导。这些结果与理论分析相当一致。通过对EP通量进一步的研究表明，平流层爆发性增温是沿高纬度波导传播的异常行星波与平均气流相互作用的结果。而热带风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）是低纬度平流层下层大气纬向平均流的一个重要年际变化，它可以影响行星波沿低纬度波导的传播；此外，由一个行星波－平均流耦合模式模拟的结果表明，这个热带风场的变化还可以通过波流相互作用调制行星波沿高纬度波导的传播。行星波对臭氧的输运作用在中也进行了分析，行星波强迫出的剩余平均环流表明，耗散的行星波有强的输运作用；向北的涡动热量输送可以强迫出一个正的输运环流，其在低纬度上升并在高纬度下沉。同时研究还表明，热带风场的QBO对行星波传播的调制对输运环流也有重要影响，模式结果表明，在QBO的东风位相期间行星波引起的输运作用明显增强，其结果可用于解释平流层高纬度臭氧的年际变化。 相似文献
8.
郭爱清 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》1988,(2)
一、引言七十年代以来,气象研究工作者为了弄清不同区域的环流和天气演变如何相联系以及这种联系以什么方式出现,对大气环流的遥相关,大气对外源的强迫响应和大气中的低频系统活动进行了广泛和深入的研究。研究结果表明:它们包含着一些共同的特征,在球面上都表现为类似的波列。Hoskins 的研究指出:波射线基本遵循大圆路经理论。人们用二维 Rossby波的能最频散来解释波列的传播。Young 和 Khines 研究了 Rossby 波传播过程中的波能,波作用量、位涡拟能的守恒。本文主要介绍这些守恒定理。从中可以了解关于 Rossby 波的这些守恒定理是如何产生的。二、Rossby 的基本理论P 坐标、定常、层结稳定下的准地转方 相似文献
9.
Bjerknes提出了大气对外界强迫响应的概念。大量研究已证明这一遥响应机制的存在,且大气对强迫源的遥响应及其低频活动的共同特征都表现为类似大圆路径的波列,Hoskins的理论研究揭示了这现象的实质,他把叶笃正所提出的Rossby波的频散理论推广到球面上。黄荣辉曾利用波折射指数平方与EP通量系统地研究了北半球冬夏准定常行星波的传播规律。邹晓蕾、叶笃正、吴国雄提出了中高纬的相关链、定常地形波链,并指出北美与东亚相关型的差异与两区域地形准定常波在不同纬向流中传播的差异有关。观测分析亦表明,青藏高原是大气低频振荡的强迫源,且在此区域可产生向北、向南或向东、向西传播的波列。 相似文献
10.
北半球冬季行星波的传播及其输运作用 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
利用变换欧拉平均方程讨论了行星波动力学。观测和模拟结果都表明,在北半球冬季准定常行星波的经向传播存在两支波导。一支为高纬度波导,另一支则为低纬度波导。这些结果与理论分析相当一致。通过对EP通量进一步的研究表明,平流层爆发性增温是沿高纬度波导传播的异常行星波与平均气流相互作用的结果。而热带风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）是低纬度平流层下层大气纬向平均流的一个重要年际变化,它可以影响行星波沿低纬度波导的传播;此外,由一个行星波一平均流耦合模式模拟的结果表明,这个热带风场的变化还可以通过波流相互作用调制行星波沿高纬度波导的传播。 行星波对臭氧的输运作用在文中也进行了分析。行星波强迫出的剩余平均环流表明,耗散的行星波有强的输运作用;向北的涡动热量输送可以强迫出一个正的输运环流,其在低纬度上升并在高纬度下沉。同时研究还表明,热带风场的QBO对行星波传播的调制对输运环流也有重要影响,模式结果表明,在QBO的东风位相期间行星波引起的输运作用明显增强,其结果可用于解释平流层高纬度臭氧的年际变化。 相似文献
11.
The East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) is one of the most important factors modulating the Meiyu rainfall in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, China. This article analyzed periods of the medium-term EASWJ variation,wave packet distribution and energy propagation of Rossby waves along the EASWJ during Meiyu season, and investigated their possible influence on abnormal Meiyu rain. The results showed that during the medium-term scale atmospheric dynamic process, the evolution of the EASWJ in Meiyu season was mainly characterized by the changes of3-8 d synoptic-scale and 10-15 d low-frequency Rossby waves. The strong perturbation wave packet and energy propagation of the 3-8 d synoptic-scale and 10-15 d low-frequency Rossby waves are mostly concentrated in the East Asian region of 90°-150°E, where the two wave trains of perturbation wave packets and wave-activity flux divergence coexist in zonal and meridional directions, and converge on the EASWJ. Besides, the wave trains of perturbation wave packet and wave-activity flux divergence in wet Meiyu years are more systematically westward than those in dry Meiyu years, and they are shown in the inverse phases between each other. In wet(dry) Meiyu year, the perturbation wave packet high-value area of the 10-15 d low-frequency variability is located between the Aral Sea and the Lake Balkhash(in the northeastern part of China), while over eastern China the wave-activity flux is convergent and strong(divergent and weak), and the high-level jets are strong and southward(weak and northward). Because of the coupling of high and low level atmosphere and high-level strong(weak) divergence on the south side of the jet over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, the low-level southwest wind and vertically ascending motion are strengthened(weakened), which is(is not)conducive to precipitation increase in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin. These findings would help to better understand the impact mechanisms of the EASWJ activities on abnormal Meiyu from the perspective of medium-term scale Rossby wave energy propagation. 相似文献
12.
利用北半球1951－2000年冬季（1月）200hPa,500hPa的月平均资料，计算出E－P通量，并根据平均环流的E－P通量剖面图，研究了北半球冬季在大地形作用下，波动对基本气流的作用，以及波流相互作用下行星波的传播。北半球冬季平均E－P通量的辐合辐散与地形作用形成的大槽大脊相对应，其强度也与槽脊的强度相一致。另外，根据多年夏季（7月）的月平均高度场、风场及降水资料得到E－P通量和副热带高压的关系，进一步得到E－P通量与异常天气的关系。 相似文献
13.
大气动力学中三种Rossby波作用通量的特征差异和适用性比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大气动力学诊断Rossby波的传播时,通常用波作用通量来表示。常用的三种波作用通量分别为Plumb波作用通量,T-N波作用通量和局地E-P通量。本文详细讨论了这三种方法的特征差异,并结合2016年1月的一次寒潮事件,比较了三种方法在该事件中的适用性。结果表明:1)Plumb波作用通量的纬向分量较大而经向分量较小,适用于振幅较小的纬向均匀的西风带Rossby长波的诊断。2)T-N波作用通量是对Plumb波作用通量的改进,经向分量得以增强,能更好地描述纬向非均匀气流中的较大振幅的西风带Rossby长波扰动。T-N波作用通量计算时,背景场取多年平均的当月气候场较合适,能更好地反映当前季节内的Rossby波传播异常。3)局地E-P通量可以诊断一段时间内天气尺度瞬变波对背景场(定常波)总的调控作用,但无法直接反映Rossby长波的逐时演变(T-N波或Plumb波作用通量则可以)。 相似文献
14.
早期的理论分析认为大气中临界纬度的存在使得热带-热带外的大气活动互不影响。然而,大量的观测事实表明中低纬度大气运动存在着明显的动力联系。为了帮助人们更好地理解大气中的遥相关现象,在大量文献的基础上,综述了几种波能量传播理论:(1) 大圆理论指出了罗斯贝波在球形大气中的传播特征;(2) 西风通道理论发现了中纬度瞬变扰动越赤道传播的“走廊”;(3) 能量堆积-波列发射理论揭示了热带扰动影响到更高纬度大气活动的可能过程;(4) 赤道波侧向膨胀理论则利用转折纬度的概念更进一步解释了这种中低纬度大气相互作用的物理机制;(5) 经向基本流理论则认为在一定的条件下定常波可以穿过热带东风带传播到另一半球。此外,文中还回顾了在波-流相互作用诊断方面的研究进展,尤其是关于罗斯贝波、惯性重力波和赤道开尔文波。大气能量的经向传播具有显著的年变化和年际变化,这与ENSO、西风急流、大洋中部槽等的变化密切相关。 相似文献
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Early theoretical analyses indicated that the tropics and extratropics are relatively independent due to the existence of critical latitudes. However, considerable observational evidence has shown that a clear dynamical link exists between the tropics and midlatitudes. To better understand such atmospheric teleconnection, several theories of wave energy propagation are reviewed in this paper: (1) great circle theory, which reveals the characteristics of Rossby waves propagating in the spherical atmosphere; (2) westerly duct theory, which suggests a “corridor” through which the midlatitude disturbances in one hemisphere can propagate into the other hemisphere; (3) energy accumulation-wave emanation theory, which proposes processes through which tropical disturbances can affect the atmospheric motion in higher latitudes; (4) equatorial wave expansion theory, which further explains the physical mechanisms involved in the interaction between the tropics and extratropics; and (5) meridional basic flow theory, which argues that stationary waves can propagate across the tropical easterlies under certain conditions. In addition, the progress made in diagnosing wave-flow interaction, particularly for Rossby waves, inertial-gravity waves, and Kelvin waves, is also reviewed. The meridional propagation of atmospheric energy exhibits significant annual and interannual variations, closely related to ENSO and variation in the westerly jets and tropical upper-tropospheric troughs, amongst others. 相似文献
16.
Taking into account the effect of moisture, we derive a three-dimensional pseudoenergy wave-activity relation for moist atmosphere from the primitive zonal momentum and total energy equations in Cartesian coordinates by using the energy-Casimir method. In the derivation, a Casimir function is introduced, which is a single-wlue function of virtual potential temperature. Since the pseudoenergy wave-activity relation is constructed in the ageostrophic and nonhydrostatic dynamical framework, it may be applicable to diagnosing the stability of mesoscale disturbance systems in a steady-stratified atmosphere. The theoretical analysis shows that the wave-activity relation takes a nonconservative form in which the pseudoenergy wave-activity density is composed of perturbation kinetic energy, available potential energy, and buoyant energy. The local change of pseudoenergy wave-activity density depends on the combined effects of zonal basic flow shear, Coriolis force work and wave-activity source or sink as well as wave-activity flux divergence. The diagnosis shows that horizontal distribution and temporal trend of pseudoenergy wave-activity density are similar to those of the observed 6-h accumulated surface rainfall. This suggests that the pseudoenergy wave-activity density is capable of representing the dynamical and thermodynamic features of mesoscale precipitable systems in the mid-lower troposphere, so it is closely related to the observed surface rainfall. The calculation of the terms in the wave-activity relation reveals that the wave-activity flux divergence shares a similar temporal trend with the local change of pseudoenergy wave-activity density and the observed surface rainfall. Although the terms of zonal basic flow shear and Coriolis force contribute to the local change of pseudoenergy wave-activity density, the contribution from the wave-activity flux divergence is much more significant. 相似文献
17.
The Role of Stationary and Transient Planetary Waves in the Maintenance of Stratospheric Polar Vortex Regimes in Northern Hemisphere Winter 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Using 1958-2002 NCEPNCAR reanalysis data, we investigate stationary and transient planetary wave propagation and its role in wave-mean flow interaction which influences the state of the polar vortex (PV) in the stratosphere in Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. This is done by analyzing the Eliassen-Palm (E-P) flux and its divergence. We find that the stationary and transient waves propagate upward and equatorward in NH winter, with stronger upward propagation of stationary waves from the troposphere to the stratosphere, and stronger equatorward propagation of transient waves from mid-latitudes to the subtropics in the troposphere. Stationary waves exhibit more upward propagation in the polar stratosphere during the weak polar vortex regime (WVR) than during the strong polar vortex regime (SVR). On the other hand, transient waves have more upward propagation during SVR than during WVR in the subpolar stratosphere, with a domain of low frequency waves. With different paths of upward propagation, both stationary and transient waves contribute to the maintenance of the observed stratospheric PV regimes in NH winter. 相似文献
18.
Energy-Casimir方法在中尺度扰动稳定性研究中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
考虑湿空气中的水汽效应,引进Casimir函数(它是虚位温的单值函数),在x方向动量方程和总能量方程的基础上,采用Energy-Casimir方法建立了三维非地转平衡和非静力平衡的拟能量波作用方程,由于该方程建立在非地转平衡和非静力平衡的动力框架下,因此可用于讨论层结稳定大气内中尺度扰动系统的发展演变.理论分析表明,拟能量波作用方程具有非守恒形式,其中的拟能量波作用密度主要由扰动动能、有效化能和浮力能三部分组成;拟能量波作用密度局地变化除了受拟能量波作用通量散度影响之外,纬向基本气流切变、科氏力作功以及山非绝热加热和水汽相变所构成的波作用源汇项对其也都有贡献.诊断分析结果表明,对流层中低层的拟能量波作用密度与观测的6 h累积地面降水在水平空间分布和时间演变趋势上比较接近,说明拟能量波作用密度能够较好地抓住强降水区上空对流层中低层动力场和热力场的扰动特征,并在一定程度上可以有效地表征降水系统的发展演变,因而与地面降水量存在紧密联系.波作用方程各项的计算分析表明,波作用通量散度与拟能量波作用密度局地变化的倾向以及强降水区的变化比较一致,并且在强度上强于纬向基本气流切变项和科氏力作功项,因此波作用通量散度对拟能量波作用密度的局地变化具有重要贡献. 相似文献
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1.IntroductionThelow~frequencyoscillation(LFO)isaveryimPOrtantweatherphenomenonintheatmosphere.The30--50--dayandquasichiweeklyoscillationsinthetropicalatmospherearemostintensivelystudied,andcomParativelyspeaking,anotherkindofLFOconcernillgtheQBOofthestratosphericzonalwindsismuchlessstudied,which,althoughoccurringinthestratosphere,bearsacloserelationtothetroposphericactivitiesandtheevolutionoflow--latitudecirculationssothatitisworthwhiletoexploreindepththephysicalmechanismfortheQBOoccurre… 相似文献
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DIAGNOSIS OF WAVE ACTIVITY OVER RAINBAND OF LANDFALL TYPHOON 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A generalized wave-activity density, which is defined as an absolute value of production of
three-dimensional vorticity vector perturbation and gradient of general potential temperature perturbation,
is introduced and its wave-activity law is derived in Cartesian coordinates. Constructed in an agoestrophic
and nonhydrostatic dynamical framework, the generalized wave-activity law may be applicable to diagnose
mesoscale weather systems leading to heavy rainfall. The generalized wave-activity density and
wave-activity flux divergence were calculated with the objective analysis data to investigate the character
of wave activity over heavy-rainfall regions. The primary dynamical processes responsible for disturbance
associated with heavy rainfall were also analyzed. It was shown that the generalized wave-activity density
was closely correlated to the observed 6-h accumulative rainfall. This indicated that the wave activity or
disturbance was evident over the frontal and landfall-typhoon heavy-rainfall regions in middle and lower
troposphere. For the landfall-typhoon rainband, the portion of generalized wave-activity flux divergence,
denoting the interaction between the basic-state cyclonic circulation of landfall typhoon and mesoscale
waves, was the primary dynamic process responsible for the evolution of generalized wave-activity density. 相似文献