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1.
选取2016—2019年共61次山东区域性辐射雾天气过程,利用山东122个国家级气象观测站逐小时观测资料,对其时空分布及地面气象要素特征进行分析。结果表明：1）山东辐射雾具有显著的季节和日变化特征,主要发生在10月—次年2月,持续性大雾主要发生在1月和12月,一天中20时以后大雾频次增加,02—08时为雾最集中的时段,07时前后达到峰值,下午一般无强浓雾出现。2）辐射雾空间分布呈现明显“西多东少”格局,主要出现在鲁西北和鲁西南地区,山区和半岛沿海地区较少,强浓雾和特强浓雾主要分布在德州、聊城及菏泽等地。3）区域性辐射雾发生时,地面无突出风向,北风略占优势,风速多在3 m·s-1以下;各等级雾形成前气温和露点温度均存在不同程度的下降,20时气温与次日最低气温温差在2～6 ℃、14时地面露点与最低能见度时刻地面露点的温差在1～5 ℃时最有利于辐射雾的发生;随着辐射雾强度的增强,对温度露点差和地面相对湿度的要求越来越高,出现大雾时的温度露点差主要在2 ℃以下,相对湿度大于90%;出现浓雾、强浓雾和特强浓雾时的温度露点差小于1 ℃,相对湿度大于95%。 相似文献
2.
南岭山地高速公路雾区恶劣能见度研究 总被引：13，自引：8，他引：13
使用2003年10月-2005年3月南岭山地京珠高速公路粤北段云岩雾区路段5套能见度仪的每分钟能见度资料和3套自动气象站的每分钟温度、湿度、风向、风速等气象要素资料, 分析研究了南岭山地高速公路雾区浓雾的能见度特征.结果表明, 南岭山地高速公路雾区各月雾日频率以1月最多, 近一半的天数都有雾; 3月次之, 7月最少.11月到次年5月雾日占全年雾日的80%以上, 形成明显的"雾季".南岭山地高速公路雾区浓雾存在日变化, 雾的频率在一天内凌晨最高, 午后最低, 明显比辐射雾的日变化小, 说明夜间辐射降温虽然不是南岭山地高速公路雾区起雾的主要原因, 但还是起到了一定的加强作用.虽然南岭山地雾区大气中含有丰富的凝结核, 南岭山地形成浓雾还是需要较高的相对湿度, 相对湿度至少要达到91%以上才能形成雾.在雾区出现5.2 m/s的大风时仍然有雾, 有雾时90%以上的风速在3 m/s以下, 有几乎一半的浓雾出现时风速在2 m/s左右, 这与辐射雾形成时大都是静小风的情况形成了鲜明对照.南岭山地高速公路雾区浓雾受地形影响比较大, 迎风坡出现雾的频率比背风坡高. 相似文献
3.
江苏沿海高速公路低能见度浓雾的气候特征和影响因子研究 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
文章对2012年6月至2014年6月期间发生于江苏省沿海高速公路的浓雾过程(能见度0.5 km)进行统计分析,探讨了低能见度浓雾的气候特征、气象要素变化以及主要环流形势背景。研究结果表明:(1)低能见度浓雾月分布次数有显著差异,3-6月、12月至次年2月雾发生次数最高,春、冬季高于夏、秋季;03:00-05:00为低能见度生成的高峰时段,08:00左右为消散峰值时段。(2)能见度低于0.5 km后,如果相对湿度继续增大到97%左右、温度处于0~4℃、风速在0~2 m·s~(-1)、风向在ENE-SSE,能见度可能继续下降到0.2 km以下。(3)对150366个样本的环流背景统计分析表明,中北部路段的低能见度天气大多数是由锋前雾引起的,主要出现在中低层暖区域内,地面为冷锋前部弱气压场的环流条件下。全路段大面积低能见度天气由辐射雾和平流雾造成,辐射雾天气形势主要是高层为下沉气流,配合地面受弱高压或高压南下;平流雾出现在中低层暖性系统,地面位于入海高压后部或低压倒槽东侧,低层盛行偏东风或东南风。(4)"象鼻型"先期振荡现象适用于沿海高速公路低能见度预报过程,尤其对能见度稳定维持0.2 km以下的浓雾过程有很好的预警和监测作用。 相似文献
4.
南京一次持续性浓雾天气过程的边界层特征及水汽来源分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文选取2006年12月24—27日（平流辐射雾）南京大雾的外场观测资料及NCEP的2.5°×2.5° NC再分析资料和GDAS全球1°×1°气象资料,结合天气形势、气象要素、物理量场,并利用轨迹分析方法,对这次浓雾的边界层特征及水汽输送进行分析,探讨这次浓雾形成和持续的主要边界层物理和天气学成因。分析表明：（1）这次浓雾过程期间始终存在深厚的逆温层结,甚至出现多层逆温。浓雾过程中,在中上空不同逆温层顶温度比地面温度高出2~5℃。逆温层厚多在200 m以上,26日08时逆温层厚达500 m。逆温层的存在,使大气层结更加稳定,在雾形成前期利于低层水汽聚集,雾形成后又抑制水汽的扩散,利于雾体的发展和维持,是这次浓雾能持续约64 h,强浓雾时段（能见度＜50 m）持续约37 h的重要因素。（2）这次平流雾过程低层水汽通量散度呈负值,上空持续出现水汽辐合,最强水汽辐合出现在25日02时左右,为-30×10-7 g·s-1·cm-2·hPa-1。低层辐合利于水汽的聚集,雾得以形成和发展,而雾过程后期水汽辐散则加快雾的消亡。贯穿整个雾过程的水汽辐合是这次平流辐射雾长时间维持的重要条件。（3）这次平流辐射雾过程中水汽输送路径是自中国东部沿海抵达南京;雾期间,水汽又来自海上源源不断的输送,最大时南京上空水汽通量达到2 g·s-1·hPa-1·cm-1。水汽的供应和后期补充量,决定了浓雾的持续时间。 相似文献
5.
本文利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)和宾夕法尼亚州立大学联合研制的第5代中尺度气象模式系统MM5对珠江三角洲地区夏季出现的一次辐射雾过程进行了数值模拟研究。模拟的结果在辐射雾出现的时间以及辐射雾的高度方面都与实况十分相近。我们对辐射雾的形成机制也进行了分析和数值试验．结果表明．地面的长波辐射冷却促使辐射雾形成．而短波辐射的加热是辐射雾消散的主要原因。另外．增加模式的垂直分辨率以及改变珠江三角洲地区的下垫面类型都可以使模式模拟的辐射雾的结果有明显的改善。 相似文献
6.
江苏地区一次罕见持续性强浓雾过程的成因分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
2013年11月30日—12月9日,江苏出现持续10 d的强浓雾天气。利用秒级探空资料、能见度资料、江苏省高速公路沿线高时空密度的交通气象观测站资料以及NCEP/NCAR的1°×1°的分析资料,结合天气形势、气象要素、物理量场,对这次持续性强浓雾的特点和形成、维持机制进行分析。结果表明,(1)此次雾过程持续时间长、范围广、强度大、污染重。(2)在大陆高压控制下,江苏长时间处于高压带的均压区内是这次连续性强浓雾过程的重要天气条件。(3)地面辐射冷却、低空下沉气流以及东南暖湿气流是强浓雾形成的重要原因。(4)双层逆温和深厚的逆温层是出现强浓雾的重要热力条件。(5)弱冷空气入侵,是雾体爆发增强的促发因子。 相似文献
7.
选取2016—2017年乌鲁木齐机场冬季浓雾个例,根据浓雾出现时环流形势分为槽后—脊前和偏西气流弱短波两类,进一步分析微波辐射计监测气象要素变化,结果表明浓雾出现、持续、结束与气象要素变化紧密相关:90%浓雾个例出现在综合水汽含量持续下降阶段,浓雾出现前1 h综合水汽含量降幅0.1~1.5 kg/m2。浓雾出现前1 h近地面相对湿度增幅5%~15%,浓雾出现时近地面空气相对湿度出现90%以上的湿区,多数出现相对湿度为95%以上的湿区,并向垂直方向扩展、接地;近地面相对湿度为95%以上的湿区消失,主导能见度好转。浓雾出现前30~60 min近地面探空气温持续降温,同时出现贴地逆温层,500~1500 m高度探空气温增温出现更早;浓雾结束前形成脱地逆温层,近地面出现等温层或减温层;浓雾结束时近地面增温,或近地面等温层或减温层高度达到300 m以上。 相似文献
8.
利用内蒙古地区117站1991—2013年夏季(6—8月)逐时降水量资料,采用Gumbel极值方法确定内蒙古逐时极端降水阈值,研究内蒙古夏季逐时极端降水持续性和演变特征。结果表明:(1)内蒙古地区逐时极端降水阈值自西(5～10 mm)向东(40～55 mm)递增,但极端降水过程相对强度自西向东逐渐递减。内蒙古西部偏南地区、阴山山脉以南和大兴安岭东部极端降水过程持续时间较长,在7 h以上,其余地区极端降水过程持续时间较短,在6 h以内。(2)持续时间在1～3 h的极端降水过程发生次数最高,极端降水过程持续时间越短,降水量峰值出现前降水强度越大。极端降水持续时间4～6 h降水量偏离程度最大,1～3 h和7～12 h次之。(3)近23 a极端降水过程集中出现在7月下旬,峰值出现时刻由17:00滞后到20:00。1991—2010年极端降水过程偏少,可能是因为4～6 h和7～12 h极端降水过程次数偏少;进入2011—2013年,极端降水过程增加明显,主要与持续时间1～3 h、4～6 h和7～12 h极端降水过程同时增多有关。 相似文献
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利用逐5 min地面观测资料、探空资料、风云四号卫星云图以及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,分析2020年2月1—2日出现在榆林市的一次浓雾天气成因及维持机制。结果表明：此次浓雾属于辐射雾,发生在500 hPa为较平直纬向气流,700 hPa和850 hPa盛行弱偏北风,地面处于均压场中的大尺度环流背景下。大雾出现前雾区有降雪,降雪后空气湿度达到饱和,地面维持3 m/s以下弱偏北风,夜间辐射降温,气温下降至露点温度,饱和水汽凝结成小水珠,大雾得以形成和发展;雾区上空850 hPa上逆温层稳定存在,影响动量的垂直交换,使得水汽在近地层长时间集聚,是浓雾得以维持12 h的主要原因;日出后地面气温回升,近地面动量下传和冷空气入侵,垂直扩散增强,浓雾得以快速消散。分析浓雾期间动力和水汽条件发现,大雾出现前,水汽在雾区上空辐合,为大雾的形成提供了水汽基础;大雾维持阶段,雾区上空层结稳定,近地面有逆温层存在;大雾消散阶段,逆温层被破坏,低层转为辐散气流,浓雾快速消散。 相似文献
10.
对影响乌鲁木齐国际机场运行的"持续双低浓雾"的天气标准进行了定义,选取了2014—2017年47个个例作为研究对象,使用天气学和统计学分析方法,从气候背景、环流形势、时间特征、地面气象要素特征进行分析,结果表明:(1)持续双低浓雾主要出现在冬季11月—次年3月,12月发生频率最高,占比约42.6%,其频繁出现与冬季气温偏高有关,一般乌鲁木齐先期有降水或地面有积雪。(2)主导能见度和跑道视程(RVR)的高频区间有显著差别,分别为50～100 m和200～300 m区间,频数分布为40%和26.4%。(3)高空环流形势以高压脊控制类型最多,占46.8%,西风波动型次之,占38.3%,高压脊前型最少,占14.9%。地面形势以蒙古冷高后部型为主,北疆沿天山多为均压或弱气压场;(4)多在夜间—上午出现,在中午—下午结束,持续时间均在24 h内。(5)持续双低浓雾容易出现在气温-5～-15℃、相对湿度≥85%、温度露点差≤2℃、0～1 m/s的风向不定或静风条件下。(6)局地风向与雾的生消维持有密切关联,偏北风有利于雾的出现和维持,东南风常使雾消散。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
13.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献