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对改进初始强迫风场后的Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式预报性能进行了全面评估。结果表明：1）耦合模式在20世纪90年代预报能力小于80年代；提前0～5个月的耦合模式预报能力小于同期持续预报能力，之后则相反；耦合模式对Nino3区指数预报能力最强。2）在1997／1998年El Nino事件期间，耦合模式对东太平洋SSTA场预报能力大于其对中西太平洋SSTA场的预报能力，且提前0～2个月之后的耦合模式对东太平洋SSTA场预报能力远远大于持续预报。 相似文献
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本文基于以925hPaNCEP／NCAR再分析风应力距平为初始强迫场的Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式对1997／1998E1Nino事件集合预报平均结果,对1997／1998E1Nino事件进行热力学诊断分析。结果表明：（1）在整个E1Nino事件过程中,在赤道太平洋从西到东的各个Nino区中,平流作用主要起促进作用,而热力阻尼项则基本为衰减或抑止作用。（2）从Nino4区到Nino1＋2区,纬向平流对SSTA上升的促进强度变化不大,而经向平流和垂直上升流对SSTA增加的促进作用在逐渐增强。同时,热力阻尼项对SSTA变化的抑制作用也呈依次增强。（3）平流项中,经向平流的贡献相对湿著。 相似文献
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基于美国哥伦比亚大学Lamont—Doherty地球观象台LDEO（Lamont—DohertyEarth Observatory）海表温度资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析风场资料,分析了1997／1998年El Nino3期间西太平洋暖池海表温度和西风距平的时间演变特征,同时也分析了东太平洋暖池海表温度和北风距平的时间演变特征。结果表明,1997／1998年El Nino3事件期间,西太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常西风和东太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常北风都与Nino3指数变化密切相关。将东、西太平洋暖池及异常北风、西风一并结合起来考虑,进一步研究了1997／1998年El Nino3事件发生、发展的可能机制：异常西风驱动西太平洋暖池东端暖水向东伸展直接有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;异常西风激发东传的暖Kelvin波对东太平洋的冷上升流有抑制作用,从而有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;东传的异常西风可以通过埃克曼漂流效应将赤道两侧的海表暖水向赤道辐合从而加强了赤道附近的下沉流,也有利于赤道东太平洋赤道附近海表温度增加。几乎与此同时,北风距平通过产生北风吹流将东太平洋暖池暖水由北向南输送至赤道附近直接导致Nino3区海表温度增加。上述增温因素的叠加作用共同导致了1997／1998年El Nino事件迅速发生、异常强大。 相似文献
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结合观测的海表温度距平（SSTA）对925hPa NCEP／NCAR再分析风应力距平（以下简称NCEP风应力距平）资料与FSU风应力距平资料进行了比较分析。对比分析了分别以NCEP、FSU风应力距平作为初始强迫风场时的Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式（简称ZC耦合模式）的预报能力。结果表明：1980、1990年代NCEP风应力距平较FSU风应力距平与观测SSTA匹配更为合理。NCEP风应力距平不仅较FSU风应力距平对ZC海洋模式初始化效果好，尤其在1990年代更为显著，而且在1980、1990年代以NCEP风应力距平替代FSU风应力距平作为ZC耦合模式的初始强迫风场，都提高了该耦合模式预报能力，尤其是可提前6-8个月成功地预报出1997／1998年EI Nifio事件。进一步分析表明，在1997／1998年EI Nifio事件前兆、爆发阶段，NCEP风应力距平驱动海洋模式产生的SSTA比FSU风应力距平驱动海洋模式产生的SSTA更接近观测SSTA的水平冷、暖分布特征，这为ZC耦合模式提供了更为合理的预报初始强迫场，从而有利于提高其预报能力。 相似文献
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利用一个中等复杂程度的海气耦合模式来研究热带西太平洋地区风应力异常对ENSO循环的影响,并以1997/1998年的El Nino事件为例,分析了模式结果中热带西太平洋地区风应力异常对El Nino事件形成影响的动力学及热力学作用.结果表明,热带西太平洋地区的风应力异常对ENSO循环有很重要的作用.在耦合模式中,当热带西太平洋地区的风应力异常由观测给定时,耦合模式基本上可以模拟出自1971年以来的EI Nino事件,观测与模拟的Nino 3区海面温度异常(SSTA)的相关系数可达0.63.赤道西太平洋地区的风应力异常可加强该地区大气的辐合,从而加强了大气的加热场,进而加强了海气相互作用的不稳定.赤道西太平洋地区西风异常激发出来的Kelvin波及水平平流对EI Nino事件初始阶段的发展起重要作用;海气相互作用及东边界的反射对EI Nino事件的发展及维持起重要作用. 相似文献
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使用一个动力海洋与统计大气耦合的热带太平洋模式,对２０ 世纪９０ 年代的厄尔尼诺事件进行了数值模拟和预报。结果表明,模式能较好地再现３ 次暖事件的发展和演化过程,也能模拟１９９５／１９９６ 年的冷海温过程。预报试验的结果指出,２０ 世纪 ９０ 年代发生的厄尔尼诺事件具有其特殊性,很难在发展阶段作出准确预报,而一旦形成后,模式仍可对这类事件的成熟位相阶段作出大致提前 ６ 个月的有效预报。文中还用该模式对 １９９７ 年的热带太平洋海表温度作了预报试验,预测 １９９７ 年年底可能发生一次新的厄尔尼诺事件。关键词：２０ 世纪９０ 年代厄尔尼诺,简单海气耦合模式,预报试验。 相似文献
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印度洋-太平洋各季海温年际变异模的相关性及其与我国夏季降水的关系 总被引：7，自引：10，他引：7
用1958～1998年NCEP再分析资料、Reynolds海温及中国160站月降水资料分析了印度洋．太平洋不同季节海温年际变异的主要空间分布特征以及它们之间的相互联系，探讨了夏季亚澳季风区海温异常型与我国夏季降水的关系。结果表明：冬季印度洋一太平洋海温年际变化的第一模态与随后春季的第一模态、夏秋季亚澳季风区的海温异常型（第二模态）有非常显著的相关关系，即如果冬季海温异常为E1 Nino（La Nina）型，则其后的春季也为E1 Nino（La Nina）型，而随后的夏、秋季在亚澳季风区的热带海温有暖（冷）异常。夏季亚澳季风区海温异常与我国长江中游至江南的夏季降水有显著的正相关，即夏季亚澳季风区热带海温暖（冷）异常对应长江中游及江南的夏季降水偏多（少）。与东亚冬季风异常有关的冬季北太平洋海温异常型，可以通过与夏季亚澳季风区海温的异常有显著相关性进而影响到东亚夏季风。 相似文献
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利用1951－1992年的热带太平洋每月海表温度资料，采用3－5年带通滤波，得到SSTA在这种时间尺度的低频振荡（LF），SSTA的LF振荡的经验正交分析第1主分量的时突变化突出地表现了E1 Nino和La Nina循环的特征。对热带大气环流850hPa月风场异常进行3－5年带通滤波，再对纬向风作经验正交分析，得到第1主分量明显地表现了热带大气环流在纬向上不均匀分布的循环特征。为了探讨上述两个循环的物理关系，建立了一个简单的热带大气模式，其中包括蒸发，感热和风场之间的反馈以及凝结潜热和流场的反馈作用。当E1 Nino和La Nina所形成的SSTA为定常已知的分布时，模拟了热带大气纬向风和降水对海表温度异常的响应。 相似文献
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利用位于江苏海岸陆地的两座测风塔以及福建海面的一座测风塔气象要素资料,分析了这两种下垫面风速、湍流等要素的日变化规律及廓线特征,探讨了这两种不同下垫面特征导致的风力特征差异。结果表明:海岸陆面日最大风速出现时间较内陆滞后,最小风速出现时间与内陆相差不大,风速日变化位相随高度滞后,日振幅随高度减小,冬季70 m高度风速日变化特征与10 m高度风速日变化特征相反,夜间大于白天,说明冬季的过渡层转换高度低于夏季;海面风速的日变化位相、日振幅等特征随高度变化很小。两种下垫面的风廓线用对数律、指数律拟合的效果相当,海岸陆面的风廓线指数呈现的规律为离岸风组大于向岸风组,冬季大于夏季;海面风廓线指数呈现的规律则是向岸风组大于离岸风组,夏季大于冬季。 相似文献
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Our aim is to theorize the shifting relationship between cities and the biosphere in ways that can incorporate vanguard scientific, technical and social innovations. We specify that the city (a) generates third natures - specific new environments - such as heat islands, that today are destructive of the biosphere, and (b) that the city has systemic properties that correspond to those of the biosphere, but today are mostly flattened out of action through the ruptures that dominate today's articulation between cities and biosphere. That is to say, our specific project agrees with the problematizing of the category “nature,” which pertains to our presence in the biosphere. But we do not take Harvey's more absolute statement that the city itself is nature nor do we confine our analysis only to Latourian natures-cultures. Our analysis is less centered in the work of correcting a false binary, as is the case with both Latour and Harvey, notwithstanding their different objects of study. We focus on the complex in-between space that is the site of both the transactions between city and biosphere, as well as the site of the ruptures that characterize these transactions. 相似文献
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The notion that pathways can be identified and followed towards more sustainable futures has become an increasingly prevalent idea across the science and policy of global environmental change. Focusing on the debate within literatures on socio-technical systems, we find that pathways are often tied to the concept of scaling up such that they are dependent on trajectories which extend from the geographically small to large scale or from singular incidences to widespread adoption. Building on relational approaches to scaling, in this paper we argue that sustainability pathways need to be conceived as emerging from the catalytic interaction of multiple and overlapping efforts to change the status quo. We suggest that pathways can be conceptualized as being composed of ‘stepping stones’: bundles of related interventions that seize or create opportunities to build momentum for the implementation of innovations, the form of which is not predetermined. Drawing on 243 interviews, participant observation, and document analysis examining urban nature-based solutions across six European countries and the EU, we identify 20 stepping stones that can be used to accelerate the uptake of urban NBS in European cities. In the case of urban NBS in Europe, we find that the capacity of stepping stones to generate catalytic change strongly depends on how they interact with one another. We illustrate that pathways are not given but rather assembled through key interventions that collectively generate the capacities and momentum needed to overcome inertia and generate new socio-material orders in which such interventions are normalized as mainstream responses to sustainability challenges. 相似文献
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States have been widely criticized for failing to advance the international climate regime. Many observers now believe that a “new” climate governance is emerging through transnational and/or local forms of action that will eventually plug the resulting governance gaps. Yet states, which remain oddly absent from most discussions of the “new” governance, will remain key players as governance becomes more polycentric. This paper introduces a special issue that explores the ability of states to rise to these interconnected challenges through the analytical prism of policy innovation. It reveals that policy innovation is much more multi-dimensional than is often thought; it encompasses three vital activities: invention (centering on the ‘source’ of new policy elements), diffusion (that produces different ‘patterns’ of policy adoption), and the evaluation of the ‘effects’ that such innovations create in reality. The papers, which range from qualitative case studies to large ‘n’ quantitative studies, offer new insights into the varied roles that states play in relation to all three.They show, for instance that: the policy activity of states has risen dramatically in the past decade; that state innovation is affected to similar degrees by internal and external factors; and that policies that offer flexibility to target groups on how to meet policy goals are most effective but that voluntary reporting requirements are ineffective. This paper draws upon these and many other insights to offer a much more nuanced reflection on the future of climate governance; one that deservedly puts states at the front and center of analysis. 相似文献
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降水强迫对戈壁局地气候系统水、热输送的影响 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
用黑河实验中化音站（戈壁）加强期的湍流脉动场资料对降水强迫影响戈壁局地气候系统水、热输送的过程进行了系统分析。结果表明：降水强迫会使戈壁局地气候系统出现暂时的不平衡状态，要重新回到平衡状态需要通过物质和能量的重新调配来实现。该过程可划分为４个阶段，各个阶段间的感热、潜热和水汽通量均有较大差异。从近地层水、热输送特征看，受降水强迫后非平衡状态的张弛时段大约为４ｄ。在整个张弛期间，地表接收到的降水约有２／３通过地表蒸发后输送到大气，其余部分可能被渗入地下 相似文献
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乌鲁木齐市降水对大气污染的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据2002—2003年乌鲁木齐市SO2、NO2、PM10的日平均浓度和日降水量分析了乌鲁木齐市降水对3种大气污染物的湿清除能力。分析表明大雨对SO2和PM10的湿清除能力大于小雨,而小雨大于中雨。中雪对SO2和PM10的湿清除能力大于大雪,而大雪大于小雪。小量以上降水(降雨和降雪)对NO2的湿清除能力基本相当。微雨对3种大气污染物具有湿清除能力,而微雪使3种大气污染物的浓度增加。 相似文献
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The dominant discourse on the security implications of climate change has asserted that acute environmental scarcity—such as that caused by drought—causes political violence. In contrast, we argue that there are good reasons why water scarcity might have a pacifying effect on armed conflict, and that political violence should be more prevalent during periods of comparatively better agro-climatic conditions. Political violence is more prevalent when basic needs are met and when the tactical environment is more conducive to attacks—conditions that hold when water is comparatively abundant. Empirically, this paper explores the relationship between environmental scarcity and political violence in a global sample of countries, 1970–2006. We find that water abundance is positively correlated with political violence, and that this relationship is stronger in less developed, more agriculturally dependent societies. These findings are robust to several different operationalizations of our variables. We conclude with a brief discussion of the policy implications of our findings. 相似文献
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CCA与SVD分析方法比较研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
文中从理论分析、方法比较以及实例计算几方面,对目前气象资料处理分析中常用的CCA与SVD分析方法进行了比较,结果表明(1) 对同样的变量组X,Y分别用CCA和SVD方法进行相关分析,得到了完全不同的分析结果,CCA所得到的相关就是原始变量组之间的相关;SVD所得到的相关是组合变量L,M5"BZ〗间的相关而不是原始变量组X,Y之间的相关.理论分析和实例计算都表明,两种方法分析得到的最大相关有非常显著的差别,CCA明显比SVD要大得多,且CCA收敛快而SVD收敛慢.所以SVD不能有效地提取两组变量或两个变量场之间相关关系的主要特征,只有CCA才能最大限度地提取它们之间相关关系的主要特征.(2) CCA所得出的两变量组的变量是独立正交变量,所以通过分析CCA组合变量间的相关来表示原变量组间的相关关系是有意义的.而SVD所得到的两变量组的变量不具有独立性和正交性,信息提供重复,存在共线性,所以通过分析SVD组合变量来表示两变量组的相关关系没有CCA方法有意义.(3)CCA是在考虑了各个变量场自身变化的情况下来分解两个变量场间的关系;而SVD是在没有考虑各个变量场自身变化的情况下来分解两个变量场间的协方差关系.很显然,CCA比SVD更全面、更完整和更准确.(4)凡用SVD方法分析得到的结论,由于总可以重新应用CCA方法找到相关更好的不同结果,所以有值得进一步深讨的必要. 相似文献
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Supply chain interventions, which include certification schemes and zero-deforestation commitments that aim to produce environmentally and socially beneficial outcomes, are increasingly common, but evidence of their efficacy is scarce. We quantified avoided deforestation from Brazil's zero-deforestation cattle agreements by exploiting variation in the policy's rollout and the acquisition of slaughterhouses by the agreements’ signatories from 2007 to 2015 in the Amazonian states of Mato Grosso and Pará. We found no average impact of the agreements on forest cover in the regions surrounding signatory slaughterhouses by the end of 2014. Our results show avoided deforestation of about 6% from the agreements on properties that enrolled early in the rural environmental land registry. However, forest loss increased commensurately on those properties that registered later, thus washing out the positive conservation effects from the early registrants. Our results also highlight that slaughterhouses bought plants in regions with higher deforestation both before and after the agreement, suggesting that companies are not avoiding these important hotspots. We conclude that the agreements have led to some avoided deforestation on registered properties, whose boundaries are transparent and publicly accessible, but that more robust reductions in deforestation will require additional action. The agreements could be made more effective by expanding monitoring to include all properties in the supply chain, as well as ensuring that all slaughterhouses monitor. 相似文献