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1.
In a globally warming world,subtropical regions are generally expected to become drier while the tropics and mid–high latitudes become wetter.In line with this,Southwest China,close to 25?N,is expected to become increasingly prone to drought if annual mean precipitation decreases.However,despite this trend,changes in the temporal distribution of moisture supply might actually result in increased extreme rainfall in the region,whose climate is characterized by distinct dry and wet seasons.Using hourly and daily gauge observations,rainfall intensity changes since 1971 are examined for a network of 142 locations in the region.From the analysis,dry season changes are negligible but wet season changes exhibit a significantly strong downward trend [-2.4%(10 yr)~(-1)],particularly during the past 15 years [-17.7%(10 yr)~(-1)].However,the intensity of events during the wettest of 5% hours appears to steadily increase during the whole period [1.4%(10 yr)~(-1)],tying in with government statistical reports of recent droughts and flooding.If the opposing trends are a consequence of a warming climate,it is reasonable to expect the contradictory trend to continue with an enhanced risk of flash flooding in coming decades in the region concerned. 相似文献
2.
基于中国气象局国家基准气象观测站逐日观测资料,采用百分位法对1980~2019年夏季青藏高原中东部地区极端日降水进行定义,分析了不同分位极端日降水的气候分布特征。结果表明:（1）青藏高原中东部夏季降水呈东多西少、中间多南北少的反位相分布特征,且存在显著的年际和年代际变化。（2）99%分位降水阈值普遍在24 mm/d以上,95%分位和90%分位降水阈值维持在12~20 mm/d,75%分位降水阈值则进一步下降至7~9 mm/d。（3）从长期变化趋势看,青藏高原中东部99%分位的极端日降水出现频次呈显著的上升趋势,其余几个分位则以下降趋势为主。（4）相较于99%和90%分位而言,95%分位在青藏高原中东部夏季降水中具有更为突出的贡献,且近40 a来99%分位的贡献在不断增加。（5）青藏高原中东部日降水量介于0.1~10.5 mm,但日降水量的频次波峰和总降水量的波峰位置存在差异,2.4~5.1 mm日降水量在青藏高原中东部降水中具有重要作用。 相似文献
3.
Deo Anil Chand Savin S. Ramsay Hamish Holbrook Neil J. McGree Simon Magee Andrew Bell Samuel Titimaea Mulipola Haruhiru Alick Malsale Philip Mulitalo Silipa Daphne Arieta Prakash Bipen Vainikolo Vaiola Koshiba Shirley 《Climate Dynamics》2021,56(11):3967-3993
Southwest Pacific nations are among some of the worst impacted and most vulnerable globally in terms of tropical cyclone (TC)-induced flooding and accompanying risks. This study objectively quantifies the fractional contribution of TCs to extreme rainfall (hereafter, TC contributions) in the context of climate variability and change. We show that TC contributions to extreme rainfall are substantially enhanced during active phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and by El Niño conditions (particularly over the eastern southwest Pacific region); this enhancement is primarily attributed to increased TC activity during these event periods. There are also indications of increasing intensities of TC-induced extreme rainfall events over the past few decades. A key part of this work involves development of sophisticated Bayesian regression models for individual island nations in order to better understand the synergistic relationships between TC-induced extreme rainfall and combinations of various climatic drivers that modulate the relationship. Such models are found to be very useful for not only assessing probabilities of TC- and non-TC induced extreme rainfall events but also evaluating probabilities of extreme rainfall for cases with different underlying climatic conditions. For example, TC-induced extreme rainfall probability over Samoa can vary from ~ 95 to ~ 75% during a La Niña period, if it coincides with an active or inactive phase of the MJO, and can be reduced to ~ 30% during a combination of El Niño period and inactive phase of the MJO. Several other such cases have been assessed for different island nations, providing information that have potentially important implications for planning and preparing for TC risks in vulnerable Pacific Island nations.
相似文献4.
利用内蒙古自治区116个气象站1961—2008年逐日降水量资料,以年序列的第90和95个百分位,分别建立了单站日降水量极端气候事件的阈值,检测了近48年来内蒙古逐日降水量极端事件的出现频率,分析了极端事件阈值、频数及降水量的空间分布和年际、年代际及季节变化的差异,对比分析了1987年前后极端事件频次和降水量的变化。结果显示：1) 内蒙古日降水极端事件的阈值普遍较小,在2.1～23.8 mm之间;全年极端事件出现的频次在2.4～20.9 d之间;降水极端事件的阈值、频次、降水量等空间差异十分明显。2) 近48年来内蒙古区域平均的夏季和全年降水极端事件没有显著的增减变化趋势,但进入21世纪后,7—8月内蒙古极端降水事件和极端事件的降水量明显减少。3) 1987年气温显著升高以后,中部大部地区和东南部降水极端事件减少,东北部大部和西部增加。 相似文献
5.
利用1949—2006年西北太平洋及南海的热带气旋（TC）资料,分析了登陆我国的TC强度、登陆时间、登陆后路径趋向及强度变化等气候特征,并重点讨论了直接登陆华东和登陆台湾后再次登陆华东的TC路径和强度趋势差异。结果表明,直接登陆华东的TC比登陆台湾后再次登陆华东（以下简称为间接登陆）的TC更易北上或北上转向,而间接登陆的TC更易维持西偏北行;另外直接登陆华东的TC登陆后的强度更易维持,其登陆后路径趋向在西北偏西和西南方位的强度明显减弱的百分比率比其它方位的大。 相似文献
6.
南宁市极端天气气候事件频率和强度变化 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
采用南宁市城区1951~2005年的月降雨量及暴雨、高温、大风、雷暴、大雾的年日数资料,统计干旱、暴雨、高温等极端天气气候事件的出现频率、强度,应用低通滤波和线性倾向估计方法,分析极端天气气候事件出现频率的演变趋势。结果显示,55年来,南宁市城区干旱频率变化率为0.0127%/10a,呈平稳变化趋势,但强度增大;暴雨日数变化率为0.276d/10a,呈增多态势,大暴雨频率为0.275%/10a,呈增大趋势;高温频率线性倾向为0.1%/10a,呈平稳趋势变化;大风、雷暴、浓雾频率的线性倾向分别为-0.5%/10a,-0.13%/10a和-0.3%/10a,均呈显著减小趋势。 相似文献
7.
北京地区夏季极端降水变化特征及城市化的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
应用北京地区20站1971—2010年降水记录及城市发展数据,采用百分位方法定义极端降水事件的阈值,分析了北京地区夏季极端降水事件的时空变化特征及城市化的影响。结果表明：(1)北京夏季极端降水阈值及频数存在较强局地性特征,基本沿地形高度分布,极端降水频数多发区与高阈值区不完全对应;(2)近40年极端降水频率及强度均呈现下降趋势,年际及年代际差异显著;(3)城市化发展不同阶段极端降水强度及频数均有不同的分布形态,城市化对城市不同区域极端降水影响不一样,城市化导致城市下风向近郊区极端降水强度、次数均表现为增多趋势;(4)城市对极端降水的影响还与天气过程强度有关,强天气背景下城市对极端降水频数的影响程度高于对降水强度的影响。 相似文献
8.
近50年广东省分级降水的时空分布特征及其变化趋势的研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
利用广东省86个常规气象观测站1961—2010年的逐日降水资料,分析近50年广东省降水气候特征,探讨不同等级降水空间分布及随时间变化特征。结果表明:广东省降水丰沛,年均降水量多为1 500~2 000 mm;降水气候特征的区域差异较大,不同区域降水量与降水日数分布差异显著;各月的降水日数差异没有降水量月分布的差异明显,非汛期的日降水量较小,而汛期降水日数多且日降水量大;小雨日和中雨日的区域差异小,大雨日、暴雨日、大暴雨日的大值中心主要集中在广东省的三大暴雨中心地区 (清远中心、阳江中心、海陆丰中心),雨日量级分布大致由北向南逐渐增强,且随着降水等级的增加降雨日数迅速减少;小雨、中雨和大雨的降水贡献率均由粤北地区向沿海地区递减,暴雨和大暴雨的贡献率由粤北向沿海递增;小雨日数显著减少、大雨以上日数略有增多,总降水日数也呈减少趋势;小雨和中雨的贡献率呈减少趋势,大雨以上贡献率增多,使年均降水量呈增多趋势。 相似文献
9.
1951~2008年北京极端天气事件分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用1951~2008北京国家气候观象台的气温、降水、雷暴、雾、沙尘、大风、霜冻、相对湿度等逐日观测资料以及逐时降水资料, 分析了北京极端天气事件的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）年平均气温、极端最低气温分别以0.39 ℃·(10 a) -1、1.0 ℃·(10 a) -1的趋势升高;轻雾天气增加趋势比较明显[12.4 d·(10 a)-1];日最大降水量以-10.8 mm·(10 a)-1的速率呈渐弱趋势;降水日数、相对湿度、大风和雷暴天气均有不同程〖JP2〗度的减少,变化趋势分别为-1.90 d·(10 a)-1、-1.17% (10 a)-1、-2.64 d·(10 a)-1和-1.24 d·(10 a)-1;沙尘天气减少较明显[-9.39 d·(10 a)-1];极端最高气温、小时雨强最大值、暴雨天气日数、霜冻、大雾、高温天气日数波动幅度较大,总体变化趋势不明显。（2）暴雨、高温、极端最高温度和沙尘事件不存在明显的周期性变化;大风、大雾事件周期性特征在不同时段表现不同。雷暴、霜冻、极端最低温度、日最大降水量事件分别有6年、7年、16年、12年左右的周期性变化。轻雾除存在12年左右的主周期外,不同时段具有不同尺度次周期。（3）城市的扩展对记录到的变暖趋势有重要的贡献。各种极端天气事件与特定的天气系统相联系,受城市发展影响可能较小。 相似文献
10.
Tropical cyclone extreme rainfall(TCER)causes devastating floods and severe damage in China and it is therefore important to determine its long-term climatological distribution for both disaster prevention and operational forecasting.Based on the tropical cyclone(TC)best-track dataset and TC precipitation data from 1960 to 2019,the spatiotemporal distribution of TCER affecting China is analyzed.Results show that there were large regional differences in the threshold for TCER in China,decreasing from the southeastern coast to the northwest inland.TCER occurred infrequently in northern China but had a high intensity and was highly localized.The frequency and intensity of TCER showed slightly increasing trends over time and was most likely to occur in August(41.0%).Most of the TC precipitation processes with extreme rainfall lasted for four to six days,with TCER mainly occurring on the third to fourth days.TCER with wide areas showed a northwestward prevailing track and a westward prevailing track.Strong TCs are not always accompanied by extreme precipitation while some weak TCs can lead to very extreme rainfall.A total of 64.7%(35.3%)of the TCER samples occurred when the TC was centered over the land(sea).TCER≥250 mm was located within 3°of the center of the TC.When the center of the TC was located over the sea(land),the extreme rainfall over land was most likely to appear on its northwestern(northeastern)side with a dispersed(concentrated)distribution.TCER has unique climatic characteristics relative to the TC precipitation. 相似文献
11.
Based on hourly rainfall observational data from 442 stations during 1960–2014, a regional frequency analysis of the annual maxima(AM) sub-daily rainfall series(1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h rainfall, using a moving window approach) for eastern China was conducted. Eastern China was divided into 13 homogeneous regions: Northeast(NE1, NE2), Central(C), Central North(CN1, CN2), Central East(CE1, CE2, CE3), Southeast(SE1, SE2, SE3, SE4), and Southwest(SW).The generalized extreme value performed best for the AM series in regions NE, C, CN2, CE1, CE2, SE2, and SW, and the generalized logistic distribution was appropriate in the other regions. Maximum return levels were in the SE4 region, with value ranges of 80–270 mm(1-h to 24-h rainfall) and 108–390 mm(1-h to 24-h rainfall) for 20- and 100 yr, respectively.Minimum return levels were in the CN1 and NE1 regions, with values of 37–104 mm and 53–140 mm for 20 and 100 yr,respectively. Comparing return levels using the optimal and commonly used Pearson-III distribution, the mean return-level differences in eastern China for 1–24-h rainfall varied from-3–4 mm to-23–11 mm(-10%–10%) for 20-yr events, reaching-6–26 mm(-10%–30%) and-10–133 mm(-10%–90%) for 100-yr events. In view of the large differences in estimated return levels, more attention should be given to frequency analysis of sub-daily rainfall over China, for improved water management and disaster reduction. 相似文献
12.
两广地区热带气旋极端降水特征及成因初探 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
基于1960—2014年中国广东、广西地区（简称两广地区）184个台站的逐日降水资料、热带气旋（TC）最佳路径集以及ERA-Interim、ERA-40再分析资料,利用TC降水天气图客观识别法、TC路径相似面积指数、动态合成法,从TC过程最大日降水的角度,分析了两广地区TC极端降水的时空特征, 并针对主要特征进行成因诊断。结果表明:50年来,两广地区TC过程的最大日降水≥50、100 mm的频数分别呈-0.66和-0.44次/(10年)的下降趋势,而最大日降水≥250 mm频数则表现出0.16次/(10年)的上升趋势;TC最大日降水频数和强度的大值区主要分布在沿海,并由沿海向内陆递减;大值区相对集中于粤东沿海（东部分区）、珠江三角洲西侧沿海（中部分区）和雷州半岛至广西沿海（西部分区）三个分区,且西部分区在TC最大日降水的平均强度及各级别频次上均为三分区之最大。对比分析发现,造成西部分区极端降水的TC路径规律性较强,主要为TC西行路径,且其登陆点集中在西部分区;对TC极端降水成因分析表明,TC移动速度慢和南海夏季风强度增强均有利于极端降水产生。 相似文献
13.
Daily precipitation and temperature records at 13 stations for the period 1960-2008 were analyzed to identify climatic change and possible effects of urbanization on low-temperature precipitation [LTP, precipitation of ≥ 0.1 mm d^-1 occurring under a daily minimum temperature （Tmin） of ≤ 0℃] in the greater Beijing region （B JR）, where a rapid process of urbaniza tion has taken place over the last few decades. The paper provides a climatological overview of LTP in B JR. LTP contributes 61.7% to the total amount of precipitation in B JR in the cold season （November-March）. There is a slight increasing trend [1.22 mm （10 yr）^-1] in the amount of total precipitation for the cold season during 1960-2008. In contrast, the amount of LTP decreases by 0.6 mm （10 yr）^-1. The warming rate of Train in B JR is 0.66℃ （10 yr）^-1. Correspondingly, the frequency of LTP decreases with increasing Tmin by -0.67 times per ℃. The seasonal frequency and amount of LTP in southeast B JR （mostly urban sites） are 17%-20% less than those in the northwestern （rural and montane sites）. The intensity of LTP for the urban sites and northeastern B JR exhibited significant enhancing trends [0.18 and 0.15 mm d^- 1 （10 yr）^- 1, respectively]. The frequency of slight LTP （〈0.2 mm d^-1） significantly decreased throughout B JR [by about -15.74% （10 yr）^-1 in the urban area and northeast B JR], while the contribution of the two heaviest LTP events to total LTP amount significantly increased by 3.2% （10 yr） ^-1. 相似文献
14.
为综合评估卫星和天气雷达在2016年6月23日盐城龙卷风期间的强降水过程的降水估测精度,以国家级雨量站观测数据为基准,结合相关系数(CC)、相对误差(RB)、均方根误差(RMSE)以及分级评分指标,利用S波段的天气雷达定量降雨估测产品(RQPE)和全球降水观测计划多卫星融合产品(IMERG_FRCal,IMERG_FRUncal,IMERG_ERCal)进行比较。结果表明,雷达和卫星的累积降水量与雨量站的空间相关性很强(相关系数大于0.9),基本上能捕捉到整个降水过程的空间分布。降水主要分布在江苏省北部,但卫星高估了江苏省东北部强降水中心的降水量;对于小时时序区域平均降水,卫星高估了降水,而雷达低估了累积降水量。综合降水中心区域分析,IMERG的强降水区域降水量与雨量站的时间序列的偏差显著;RQPE在降水峰值达到之前及峰值之后与地面雨量站的变化趋势基本一致,但对降雨量峰值有明显的偏低。RQPE能较为准确地在时间上捕捉到降雨强度的变化趋势,但对于大雨及暴雨的估测能力不佳;RQPE的POD、SCI值都远远高于IMERG, FAR也较小。IMERG几乎未能监测到强降水的发生。总体上,RQPE对此次龙卷风强降水量的估测表现优于3种IMERG产品,特别是在捕捉强降水区域的空间分布方面,但对于强降水的估测能力仍需进一步改善。 相似文献
15.
利用江苏省35个测站1960—2004年45 a的逐日最高温度、最低温度、日降水量资料集,分析了近45 a江苏省极端高温、极端低温以及极端降水的基本变化特征。结果表明:(1)多年平均年极端高温的空间分布表现为西高东低,而极端低温则表现为自北向南的显著增加,极端降水的发生频次自南向北逐渐减少;(2)极端高温在江苏中部以及南部大部分地区有上升趋势,而西北地区则有弱的下降趋势;全省极端低温表现为显著的升高趋势;极端降水频次在南部地区有增加的趋势,北部减少趋势,中部则无变化趋势。(3)江苏极端高温、低温和极端降水的年际和年代际变化具有区域性差异,其中极端降水频次变化的区域性差异最为明显。 相似文献
16.
Makarand A. Kulkarni Ankita Singh U. C. Mohanty 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,109(3-4):497-505
The regional trends are evaluated in the frequency of various rain events using the daily gridded (1°?×?1°) rainfall dataset for the time period 1901–2004, prepared by the India Meteorological Department (IMD). In terms of intensity, the events are classified as low, moderate, heavy and extreme heavy, while short and long spells are classified on the basis of duration of rainfall. The analytical (parametric) and the empirical (bootstrap) techniques were used to incorporate the impact of spatial correlation in regional trends. It is observed that, consideration of spatial correlation reduces the significance level of the trends and the effective number of grid points falling under each category. Especially, the noticeable cross-correlation have reduced the significance of the trends in moderate and long spell rain events to a large extent, while the significance of trends in the extreme heavy and short spell events is not highly affected because of small cross-correlation. 相似文献
17.
Recent Progress in Studies of Climate Change in China 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
REN Guoyu DING Yihui ZHAO Zongci ZHENG Jingyun WU Tongwen TANG Guoli XU Ying 《大气科学进展》2012,29(5):958-977
An overview of basic research on climate change in recent years in China is presented. In the past 100 years in China, average annual mean surface air temperature (SAT) has increased at a rate ranging from 0.03℃ (10 yr)-1 to 0.12℃ (10 yr)-1 . This warming is more evident in northern China and is more significant in winter and spring. In the past 50 years in China, at least 27% of the average annual warming has been caused by urbanization. Overall, no significant trends have been detected in annual and/or summer precipitation in China on a whole for the past 100 years or 50 years. Both increases and decreases in frequencies of major extreme climate events have been observed for the past 50 years. The frequencies of extreme temperature events have generally displayed a consistent pattern of change across the country, while the frequencies of extreme precipitation events have shown only regionally and seasonally significant trends. The frequency of tropical cyclone landfall decreased slightly, but the frequency of sand/dust storms decreased significantly. Proxy records indicate that the annual mean SAT in the past a few decades is the highest in the past 400-500 years in China, but it may not have exceeded the highest level of the Medieval Warm Period (1000-1300 AD). Proxy records also indicate that droughts and floods in eastern China have been characterized by continuously abnormal rainfall periods, with the frequencies of extreme droughts and floods in the 20th century most likely being near the average levels of the past 2000 years. The attribution studies suggest that increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere are likely to be a main factor for the observed surface warming nationwide. The Yangtze River and Huaihe River basins underwent a cooling trend in summer over the past 50 years, which might have been caused by increased aerosol concentrations and cloud cover. However, natural climate variability might have been a main driver for the mean and extreme precipitation variations observed over the past century. Climate models generally perform well in simulating the variations of annual mean SAT in China. They have also been used to project future changes in SAT under varied GHG emission scenarios. Large uncertainties have remained in these model-based projections, however, especially for the projected trends of regional precipitation and extreme climate events. 相似文献
18.
Combined with TRMM products and Tropical Cyclone (TC) best track data in Northwest Pacific from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2009, a total of 118 TCs, including 336 instantaneous TC precipitation observations are established as the TRMM TC database, and the database is stratified into four intensity classes according to the standard of TC intensity adopted by China Meteorological Administration (CMA): Severe Tropical Storm (STS), Typhoon (TY), Severe Typhoon (STY) and Super Typhoon (SuperTY). For each TC snapshot, the mean rainfall distribution is computed using 10-km annuli from the TC center to a 300-km radius, then the axisymmetric component of TC rainfall is represented by the radial distribution of the azimuthal mean rain rate; the mean rain rates, rain types occurrence and contribution proportion are computed for each TC intensity class; and the mean quadrantal distribution of rain rates along TCs motion is analyzed. The result shows that: (1) TCs mean rain rates increase with their intensity classes, and their radial distributions show single-peak characteristic gradually, and furthermore, the characteristics of rain rates occurrence and contribution proportion change from dual-peak to single-peak distribution, with the peak rain rate at about 5.0 mm/h; (2) Stratiform rain dominate the rain type in the analysis zone, while convective rain mainly occurred in the eye-wall region; (3) The values of mean rain rate in each quadrant along TCs motion are close to each other, relatively, the value in the right-rear quadrant is the smallest one. 相似文献
19.
夏季中国中东部不同历时降水时空分布特征 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
利用1961~2012年台站逐时降水资料,分析了夏季中国中东部不同历时降水的主要气候分布和长期变化特征,为深入认识其时空变化规律和形成机理奠定基础。分析结果表明,降水事件的平均历时由南向北呈"短—长—短"分布型,华南和北方地区以6 h以下的短历时降水为主;而中部地区(28°N~37°N)6 h以上长历时降水占总降水量60%以上。随着降水历时的增加,小雨事件(0.1~1.0 mm/h)的发生概率降低,中雨事件(1.1~10.0 mm/h)的发生概率升高;大雨、暴雨事件(10.0 mm/h)更易出现在35°N以南历时偏短的降水事件中。1961~2012年,中国中东部总降水量呈"南升北降"的趋势分布,夏季南方大部分地区降水强度、时数和事件数均呈上升趋势;而北方地区降水时数和事件数显著减少,不过降水强度呈增强趋势。中东部降水历时总体呈上升趋势,尤其以我国长江与黄河之间的中部地区变化最为显著。同时,该地区短历时(1~6 h)降水无显著的年代际转折,长历时(6 h)降水的年代际增加是20世纪70年代末至20世纪90年代初降水增多的主要原因。20世纪90年代初期以来,南方地区降水的年代际增多则是长、短降水共同作用的结果,但超过6 h降水的影响范围更广,且影响中心较短历时降水偏北。 相似文献
20.
Abdoulaye Bedoum Bell Jean Pierre Issak Adoum Robert Mbiake Laohoté Baohoutou 《大气与海洋》2017,55(1):42-56
[Translated by the editorial staff] An analysis of climate trends and return levels for the period 1960–2008, using the ETCCDI-CLIVAR/JCOMM project approach, has been conducted for Chad, where droughts and flooding are recurrent. Using the RClimDex software, we show that almost all rainfall trends are decreasing, as in Central and Northern Africa. Rare extreme rain events (R99p) decrease significantly: 0.85?mm per decade. However, we note a slightly upward trend of 0.5 day per decade, in the number of consecutive dry days (CDD). Temperature indices are all positive except for the frequencies of very hot days (TX90p) and very cold nights (TN10p), which decrease significantly: ?0.39% day per year per decade, as in Central Africa and globally. Sequences of hot or cold days decrease as well, but by about 1% per year per decade. Return periods identified with the generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions show that they are well defined from 1 to 10 years. Extremely rare events from 10 to 50 years are associated with a mean return level of 660?mm of annual precipitation. 相似文献