共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Stephen F. Wathen 《Climatic change》2011,108(1-2):333-356
This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events. 相似文献
2.
A. V. Frolov V. V. Asmus S. V. Borshch R. M. Vil’fand I. I. Zhabina V. V. Zatyagalova V. A. Krovotyntsev O. I. Kudryavtseva E. A. Leont’eva Yu. A. Simonov Yu. A. Stepanov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2016,41(3):157-169
GIS-Amur system offlood monitoring, forecasting, and early warning was developed at the Hydrometcenter of Russia and Planeta Research Center for Space Hydrometeorology for the effective surveill ance of hydrological conditions in the Amur River basin. The system is based on the use of hydrometeorological information, that is, observational data from weather and gaging stations, data from hydrological forecasts, and satellite data. The GIS- and web-based GIS-Amur system provides high reliability, safety, and operational speed. During the operational practice in the spring and summer 2015, the system demonstrated the forecast accuracy and reliability, the timely delivery of output products to end users, and the great variety of the output product types and formats. The system provides near-real time access to all available hydrometeorological data in the Amur River basin that favors correct and timely decision-making for flood risk reduction. 相似文献
3.
利用1960～2000年青岛、射阳、徐州3站08时探空资料及日照站08时地面气象资料，分析了日照地区出现的16次降雹天气的时空分布特征，在对降雹天气分型的基础上利用积云数值模式计算降雹因子，用降雹因子和单站要素因子建立历史降雹因子个例库，用历史实况资料建立实况个例库，用距离相似法实现日照地区短时冰雹定时、定点、定量的客观预报。 相似文献
4.
Data of stratospheric ozone measurements with the AK-3 lidar over Obninsk in 2012–2015 are compared with Aura/MLS and Aura/OMI satellite data and parallel surface observations of total ozone (TO) with the Brewer spectrophotometer. The maximum difference in mean ozone concentration between the lidar and Aura/MLS data in the altitude range of 13 to 32 km does not exceed 0.2 x 1012 mol./cm3 (or the maximum of 9% at the altitude of 13 km). At the same time, Aura/OMI data have a positive bias of about 20% relative to lidar data in the range of 13 to 20 km that is associated with OMI measurement errors according to literature data. Total ozone values calculated from lidar measurements jointly with the known climatology data are compared with those measured with the Brewer spectrophotometer. It is demonstrated that the correlation between the results of measurements obtained by two methods is close to linear, and the mean relative difference in the overall measurement range does not exceed 5%. 相似文献
5.
《Atmospheric Research》2010,95(4):512-533
This review paper deals with four aspects of precipitation: measurement, remote sensing, climatology and modeling. The measurement of precipitation is summarized in terms of the instruments that count and measure drop sizes (defined as disdrometers) and the instruments that measure an average quantity proportional to the integrated volume of an ensemble of raindrops (these instruments are normally called rain gauges). Remote sensing of precipitation is accomplished with ground based radar and from satellite retrievals and these two approaches are separately discussed. The climatology of precipitation has evolved through the years from the traditional rain gauge data analyses to the more sophisticated data bases that result from a coalescence of data and information on precipitation that is available from several sources into amalgamated products. Recently, rain observations from both ground and space have been assimilated into regional and global numerical weather prediction models aiming at improved moisture analysis and better forecasts of extreme weather events. The current status and the main outstanding issues related to precipitation forecasting are discussed, providing a basic structure for research coordination aimed at the improvement of modeling, observation and data assimilation applicable to global and regional scales. 相似文献
6.
S. Michaelides V. Levizzani E. Anagnostou P. Bauer T. Kasparis J.E. Lane 《Atmospheric Research》2009,94(4):512-533
This review paper deals with four aspects of precipitation: measurement, remote sensing, climatology and modeling. The measurement of precipitation is summarized in terms of the instruments that count and measure drop sizes (defined as disdrometers) and the instruments that measure an average quantity proportional to the integrated volume of an ensemble of raindrops (these instruments are normally called rain gauges). Remote sensing of precipitation is accomplished with ground based radar and from satellite retrievals and these two approaches are separately discussed. The climatology of precipitation has evolved through the years from the traditional rain gauge data analyses to the more sophisticated data bases that result from a coalescence of data and information on precipitation that is available from several sources into amalgamated products. Recently, rain observations from both ground and space have been assimilated into regional and global numerical weather prediction models aiming at improved moisture analysis and better forecasts of extreme weather events. The current status and the main outstanding issues related to precipitation forecasting are discussed, providing a basic structure for research coordination aimed at the improvement of modeling, observation and data assimilation applicable to global and regional scales. 相似文献
7.
A calibrated spectroradiometer was used for the measurement of spectra of the absolute actinic flux F during the POPCORN field campaign in Pennewitt (53.8° N, 11.7° E, sea level) in August 1994. The obtained set of actinic flux spectra was used to determine the photolysis frequencies J(O1D), J(NO2), J(HCHO), J(H2O2), J(HONO), and J(CH3CHO), using molecular photodissociation data from literature. The accuracy of the actinic flux measurement was about ±5%. The accuracy of the photolysis frequency determination is limited by the uncertainties of the molecular absorption cross section and quantum yield data. A good agreement within the experimental uncertainties was found in comparison with measurements of J(O1D) and J(NO2) by filterradiometer which were calibrated absolutely against chemical actinometer. A comparison of this work's photolysis frequency measurements at 40° solar zenith angle with respective measured and modeled data from the literature also shows good agreement for most of the processes considered in this work. However, in the case of J(NO2) data reported in the literature as a function of solar zenith angle differences up to a factor of 1.6 with respect to this work's J(NO2) data are observed. Since this is far beyond the estimated experimental uncertainties, other atmospheric variables, such as aerosols, seem to affect J(NO2) to an extent that is underestimated by now and make indirect comparisons of J(NO2) measurements difficult. 相似文献
8.
Data collected in 2007 from a dense commercial network (operated by AWS Convergence Technologies, Inc.) of roof-mounted temperature
sensors are used to explore the heat island characteristics of Washington, DC, and New York City, NY. Considerable spatial
detail is revealed, but aggregating data in annuli centered on assumed central locations in the business districts of the
two cities reveals that the heat islands extend out to more than 30 km, with the New York City island being somewhat larger.
The results from both arrays reveal the influence of the surroundings, with large scatter of daytime results being characteristic
of sites with the greatest local surface inhomogeneity. Nighttime data are more ordered, and suggest that surface air temperatures
decrease by about 0.02°C km−1 for the Washington case, and 0.04°C km−1 for New York, with the winter behaviour being more pronounced than for other seasons. Scatter of the data in the daytime
is a common feature for all seasons, but mainly for those with the strongest insolation. Comparison between working day and
weekend temperatures provides convincing verification that the air responds quite slowly to changes in surface (radiometric)
temperatures, with distance constants of the order of many tens of km. There appears to be a small wind speed effect, which
is evident in the nighttime data but is largely obscured by scatter for the daytime. 相似文献
9.
基于1992~2010年全国778个农业气象站土壤湿度观测资料、ERA-Interim、JRA55、NCEP-DOE R2和20CR土壤湿度再分析资料,通过平均差值、相关系数、差值标准差、标准差比四个参数,利用Brunke排名方法和EOF(Empirical Orthogonal Function)分析,对四套土壤湿度再分析资料在中国西北东部—华北—江淮区域的适用性进行了分析。主要结论如下:不同季节的平均偏差空间分布上,JRA55资料同观测数据的平均偏差在±0.08m~3 m~(-3)之间,春、夏季西北东部JRA55土壤湿度偏小,ERA-Interim、NCEP-DOE R2、20CR资料较观测数据偏湿,华北南部、江淮地区平均偏差小于西北东部、华北北部。在年际变化上,各个季节ERA-Interim资料同观测资料最为接近,能稳定地再现西北东部、华北、江淮地区土壤湿度干湿变化趋势,反映出重要的旱涝年。整体而言,四套再分析资料中ERA-Interim资料同观测资料接近,JRA55、NCEP-DOE R2资料次之,20CR资料最差。 相似文献
10.
2011年7月24—25日呼伦贝尔市强降雨天气过程分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规气象资料、多普勒雷达资料和红外云图资料,对2011年7月24—25日呼伦贝尔市一次强降雨天气过程进行成因分析。结果表明：当鄂霍次克海阻塞高压强盛西伸并稳定少动,形成强大的阻挡系统时,使得西来低槽在我市西部停滞少动为强降水发生提供了有利的环流背景。中低层深厚的湿层以及西南低空急流为强降水提供充沛的水汽及能量条件。地面冷锋位置适宜且稳定少动为强降水提供了冷暖空气的触发条件。本地强对流天气潜势指数都充分表明层结的不稳定。卫星云图及雷达产品均有一定的指示意义。 相似文献
11.
The deep ocean below 2000 m is a large water body with the sparsest data coverage, challenging the closure of the sea-level budget and the estimation of the Earth's energy imbalance. Whether the deep ocean below 2000 m is warming globally has been debated in the recent decade. However, as the regional signals are generally larger than the global average, it is intriguing to investigate the regional temperature changes. Here, we adopt an indirect method that combines altimetry, GRACE, and Argo data to examine the global and regional deep ocean temperature changes below 2000 m. The consistency between high-quality conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data from repeated hydrographic sections and our results confirms the validity of the indirect method. We find that the deep oceans are warming in the Middle East Indian Ocean, the subtropical North and Southwest Pacific, and the Northeast Atlantic, but cooling in the Northwest Atlantic and Southern oceans from 2005 to 2015. 相似文献
12.
Non-linear dependence and teleconnections in climate data: sources,relevance, nonstationarity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jaroslav Hlinka David Hartman Martin Vejmelka Dagmar Novotná Milan Paluš 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(7-8):1873-1886
Quantification of relations between measured variables of interest by statistical measures of dependence is a common step in analysis of climate data. The choice of dependence measure is key for the results of the subsequent analysis and interpretation. The use of linear Pearson’s correlation coefficient is widespread and convenient. On the other side, as the climate is widely acknowledged to be a nonlinear system, nonlinear dependence quantification methods, such as those based on information-theoretical concepts, are increasingly used for this purpose. In this paper we outline an approach that enables well informed choice of dependence measure for a given type of data, improving the subsequent interpretation of the results. The presented multi-step approach includes statistical testing, quantification of the specific non-linear contribution to the interaction information, localization of areas with strongest nonlinear contribution and assessment of the role of specific temporal patterns, including signal nonstationarities. In detail we study the consequences of the choice of a general nonlinear dependence measure, namely mutual information, focusing on its relevance and potential alterations in the discovered dependence structure. We document the method by applying it to monthly mean temperature data from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset as well as the ERA dataset. We have been able to identify main sources of observed non-linearity in inter-node couplings. Detailed analysis suggested an important role of several sources of nonstationarity within the climate data. The quantitative role of genuine nonlinear coupling at monthly scale has proven to be almost negligible, providing quantitative support for the use of linear methods for monthly temperature data. 相似文献
13.
14.
Anna Lawrence 《Global Environmental Change》2009,19(2):173-179
Biological recording is a long-established feature of amateur natural history in Britain. Phenology (the recording of seasonal events) in particular has provided scientists with important long-term data sets. These data are of increasing interest as indicators of climate change and its impacts. Most scientists treat the data as the object of interest, while less attention has been paid to the two-way process of knowledge creation, and the significance of the inner, personal part of that. Phenological recording provides an interesting window on this because it is relatively straightforward (and therefore involves a wider range of people than more technically demanding recording), and because it is linked to the climate change discourse (and therefore connected with emotional and moral framings of the situation). This paper describes the rise of popular phenology in the UK and explores these dynamically related aspects of knowledge creation by drawing on accounts in the media and by participants. It concludes that reflexivity and credibility are important aspects of both personal and interpersonal meaning-making, and suggests that attention to both subjective integration of data, and the scale of local cultures of knowledge, are important in understanding the potential for connecting networks of citizen science. Phenology therefore appears to have a particular role to play in public understanding of climate change, which extends beyond the merely extractive collection of data to a more deeply integrated connection between observation and meaning. 相似文献
15.
A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE PRECIPITATION RECORDS AT THE PIC DU MIDI OBSERVATORY, PYRENEES, FRANCE
The set of meteorological data collected from 1882 to 1984 at the Pic du Midi Observatory, a mountain station located at 2862 m MSL in the central part of the Pyrenees, includes precipitation measurements. It is well known that the quality of rain and snow precipitation measurements at a mountain station is poor. However, the new interest for all types of meteorological data at high elevation sites in relation with climatic changes leads to critically examine the precipitation data too. A homogeneity test of the Pic du Midi series, using a regional precipitation series in the surrounding plain of Aquitaine, confirms a warning made by the observers indicating that, since January 1937, the precipitation data may not be used. The test also suggests either not to use the data of the years 1923 to 1936, or to use them with a multiplying factor of 1.17. The data of the 1882–1922 period show that the precipitation amount at the Pic du Midi is nearly the same as in the surrounding valleys from May to November, but that it is about twice during the cold months. The seasonal and annual relationships between temperature and precipitation suggest that the increase in temperature observed from 1882 to 1984 at the Pic du Midi has resulted in a decrease in the winter and spring precipitation, but in no change in the summer and autumn precipitation. 相似文献
16.
风能资源评估技术方法研究 总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36
全球性的能源危急和气候变化,驱动了风力发电在世界范围内迅速发展,搞清风能资源是大规模发展风电的关键步骤。文中首先回顾了近10年来开展风能资源评估的技术方法发展历程,阐述了数值模拟技术的应用对风能资源评估技术方法的发展所起的重要作用。风能资源的数值模拟可以给出风能利用高度上的风能资源分布;可以模拟出基于气象站观测资料的统计分析无法找到的风能资源;可以弥补海上测风资料不足的缺陷,进行海上风能资源的评估。文中运用中国气象局的风能资源数值模式系统地对江苏省和青海省的风能资源分布进行了高分辨率的数值模拟,并采用气象站观测资料对数值模拟结果进行了检验,结果表明数值模拟可以较准确地模拟区域风能资源的分布趋势,但在风速值大小会有系统性偏差,需要有测风塔观测资料对数值模拟结果进行订正,说明了数值模拟技术与风能资源测量相结合是风能资源评估的有效技术手段。最后对中国风能资源数值模拟技术的发展进行了展望,表明了中国风能资源的开发利用对自主发展小尺度数值模式的迫切需求。 相似文献
17.
S. H. Ferguson D. Berteaux A. J. Gaston J. W. Higdon N. Lecomte N. Lunn M. L. Mallory J. Reist D. Russell N. G. Yoccoz X. Zhu 《Climatic change》2012,115(1):235-258
Long-term data are critically important to science, management, and policy formation. Here we describe a number of data collections from arctic Canada that monitor vertebrate population trends of freshwater and marine fish, marine birds, marine and terrestrial mammals. These time series data cover the last ca. 30?years and capture a period from the onset of global changes affecting the Arctic up to recent years with a rapid increase in temperature. While many of these data collections were initiated through a variety of government and university programs, they also include a surge in polar research launched with the recent International Polar Year (2007?C2008). We estimated the long-term vertebrate index from our data that summarizes various taxa abundance trends within a global context and observed a continuous decline of about 30?% in population abundance since the 1990s. Though most data collections are biased towards few taxa, we conduct time-series analyses to show that the potential value of long-term data emerges as individual monitoring sites can be spread across space and time scales. Despite covering a handful of populations, the different time series data covered a large spectrum of dynamics, cyclic to non-cyclic, including coherence with the North Atlantic Oscillation, lag effects, and density dependence. We describe a synthesis framework to integrate ecological time-series research and thereby derive additional benefits to management, science, and policy. Future requirements include: (1) continuation of current observation systems; (2) expansion of current monitoring sites to include additional trophic links and taxonomic indicators; (3) expansion beyond the existing program to include greater spatial coverage into less-sampled ecosystems and key representative locations; and (4) integration of circumpolar observations and comprehensive analyses. Development of a circumpolar observation system is necessary for innovative science, large-scale adaptive management, and policy revision essential to respond to rapid global change. 相似文献
18.
19.
利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,通过对发生在江苏的三次不同量级的区域性暴雪、大雪和中雪过程典型个例进行对比分析,发现降雪时,700hPa低空急流的位置和强度是影响降雪量级的主要因素之一;降雪区上空涡度的垂直分布遵循低层负涡度、中层正涡度和高层负涡度的配置,暴雪时正涡度强且正涡度区最为深厚,动力抬升作用强,中雪发生时正涡度区相对最为浅薄,不利于形成强辐合抬升,动力抬升作用弱。且暴雪和大雪发生时基本上整层都为垂直螺旋度正值区,中雪时没有出现明显的正值区;暴雪和大雪过程时中低层都具有明显的逆温层,中高层西南急流造成的对流层中层的爆发性增温是逆温层形成的关键,中雪发生时不一定有逆温层结;降雪强度与湿位涡分量绝对值存在一定的正相关关系。 相似文献
20.
The workshop focused on methodologies to assess the impacts of climate change on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and their socioeconomic consequences. It did not deal in any detail with the other components (i.e., models designed to estimate changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases or in climatic factors) of an integrated assessment shown in Figure 2 of the introduction. This final chapter discusses some of the issues addressed during the San Diego workshop and highlights a few of the major findings of the papers. Issues discussed below include limitations of past modeling efforts and impediments to developing better models of the impacts of climate change on forest, grassland, and water resources; suggestions for future research both to develop better data and models and to employ existing data and modeling capabilities to improve the usefulness of climate impact assessments for policy purposes; and the need for developing a common assessment framework.The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of their institutions or the other participants in the February 28 to March 3, 1993 workshop held in San Diego, California. 相似文献