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1.
利用考虑了生物因子(叶面积指数)和环境因子(太阳高度角、表层土壤湿度)影响的地表反照率α动态参数化方案对BATS1e模型进行改进,基于2008年玉米农田生态系统的通量、气象及生物因子的连续观测资料,研究α动态参数化对玉米农田生态系统与大气间通量交换的影响.结果表明,引入α动态参数化方案后,模型实现了地表反照率α的日、季动态模拟,模型效率系数提高0.65,误差明显减小,使陆气通量交换热力作用的模拟准确性有所提高,其中,净入射短波辐射模拟改进最为明显,全年改进量为81772 kJ/m2,占年总辐射的1.7％;表层土壤温度的年均改进量为0.62 K,多数月份的改进量在1 K以上.另外,模型改进实现了叶面积指数和植被覆盖度等决定下垫面性质各参数的动态变化,使各种通量交换过程更接近于实际,感热和潜热模拟的模型效率系数分别提高0.516和0.1,模拟值对实测值的解释能力在生长季分别提高6％和9％,大于非生长季.  相似文献   

2.
对流层臭氧(O_3)作为最重要的大气污染物之一,对植物的形态特征和生理生化指标有着重要影响;并通过作用于陆面植被间接改变全球和区域的碳循环以及气候和环境。本文系统地回顾了对流层臭氧影响陆面植被的观测事实,主要包括其对光合作用、气孔导度、叶面积、生物量、产量等方面的影响;归纳和分析了常用的O_3暴露指数(ozone exposure index)和O_3影响植被的参数化方案的优缺点;并介绍这些参数化方案应用于生态模式和地球系统模式,模拟O_3通过作用于陆面植被对碳、水、能量通量和状态的影响。最后探讨了O_3影响植被在观测、参数化方案及其模拟应用方面亟需解决的问题以及未来发展方向。  相似文献   

3.
北方黑云杉林冠内空气CO2浓度及其上方通量模拟   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
考虑植物阴叶和阳叶对环境的反应、植物叶片丛聚特性以及叶片氮素水平的垂直差异,建立了黑云杉林与大气之间物质输送和能量交换的一维完全多层模式.模式中对阳叶和阴叶的叶面积指数借用Chen J M等提出的方法,并经过修改以适用于多层模拟.叶水平的光合作用c运用Farq uhar方程并与CO2传导方程联列获得.模式验证的资料取自BOREAS(Boreal Ecosystem-fAtmosphere Study)研究计划中加拿大Saskatchewan的南试验区,属于温带气候.通过对冠.层上方的显热、感热和CO2通量、以及植物光合作用、蒸腾作用和气孔传导等生理作用t过程的实测值进行了计算结果的验证,结果表明计算的显热通量比实测值偏低,潜热通量则略高于实测值,而CO2通量只有在较高水平时偏高,3个通量的计算值与实测值比较接近,R 2分别为0.71,0.78和0.65,取得了较好的效果.气孔导度、光合作用和蒸腾作用的模拟结果表明,三者的实测与模拟值之间的R 2分别达到0.57,0.69和0.66,均通过0.01显著度检验,且无显著的系统偏差.因此,可以认为在多层模拟中充分考虑叶片不同受光状况,不同氮素水平以及叶片丛聚特性的影响有助于更好地研究植被与大气的交换过程.  相似文献   

4.
毛嘉富  王斌  戴永久 《大气科学》2008,32(6):1379-1391
对动态全球植被模型M-SDGVM (Modified Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model), 在1996～1998年15个欧洲森林通量站碳通量和水汽通量的季节和年际变化进行模拟和评估研究, 总的来说, 模型能够合理再现各个站点春、 夏季节碳的吸收, 秋、 冬季节碳的释放, 以及水汽释放的季节变化趋势, 其中, 对水汽通量的模拟更为理想。对模型的上述适应性评估研究表明, 改进后的M-SDGVM有能力研究不同气候条件下欧洲森林生态系统碳、 水循环过程及其响应机制, 但是, 模型对部分站点的模拟仍存在不确定性, 通过对这些偏差及其可能的产生机理进行分析, 有助于模型的进一步发展和应用研究。  相似文献   

5.
云对云中大气臭氧影响因子的分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
应用一个较详细的气相光化学和液相化学耦合的箱体模式, 研究了云层对云中大气臭氧的影响过程。这一过程可分解为三个因子来考虑： 因子Ａ （云的辐射效应）, 由于云的存在改变太阳光辐射通量, 使得对流层光化学反应减弱或增强, 从而降低或增加臭氧浓度; 因子Ｂ（云的吸收效应）, 云层中液态水对大气臭氧及其前体物 （ＮＯｘ、ＮＭＨＣ、自由基等） 的直接吸收作用; 因子Ｃ（云的液相化学效应）, 吸收进入云中的物质发生液相化学反应从而改变大气臭氧浓度。数值研究结果表明： 上述三因子对云中臭氧浓度影响的程度差别很大, 并且与云层的物理结构有密切关系。讨论了云的吸收及液相化学效应影响臭氧浓度的主要原因  相似文献   

6.
传统的空气质量模型多使用简化的光化学反应机制来模拟大气污染物的形成.这些机制主要基于烟雾箱实验拟合的反应速率和产物来模拟二次产物（如臭氧（O3））前体物的氧化反应,具有一定的不确定性,导致模拟结果产生偏差.针对该问题,本研究将详细的大气化学机理（MCMv3.3.1）与美国国家环境保护局研制的第三代空气质量预报和评估系统CMAQ相结合（CMAQ-MCM）,模拟研究长三角地区2015年8月27—9月5日臭氧高发时段的空气质量.CMAQ-MCM模型可以较好地模拟长三角地区6个代表城市O3和其前体物随时间的变化趋势.对模拟的O3日最大8 h平均浓度的统计分析表明,徐州表现最好（标准平均误差=-0.15,标准平均偏差=0.23）.在长三角地区,居民源对挥发性有机物（VOCs）的贡献最大,占39.08%,其次是交通运输（33.25%）和工业（25.56%）.能源对总VOCs的贡献最小,约为2.11%.对活性氧化氮（NOy）的分析表明,其主要组分是NOx（80%）,其次是硝酸（HNO3）（<10%）.O3的空间分布与NOy和NOx非常相似.HCHO等其他氧化产物的分布与NOx相似,这很可能是由于在高NOx条件下VOCs氧化产生的产物.甲基乙烯基酮（MVK）和甲基丙烯醛（MACR）的空间分布与自然源VOCs （BVOCs）非常相似,表明长三角地区MVK和MACR主要由BVOCs氧化生成.长三角地区受到人为源和自然源排放相互作用的影响.  相似文献   

7.
平流层臭氧变化对大气加热率及到达地面紫外辐射的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  
孙学金 《气象科学》1997,17(1):71-82
平流层臭氧的变化对平流层的温度结构，整个大气环流以及到达地面的紫外辐射均有影响。本文采用一个计算臭氧吸收太阳辐射的参数化方法和有关资料，研究了臭氧变化对大气最大加热率和到达地面的紫外辐射通量密度的影响情况。文中给出的参数化方法可直接应用于大气环流模式计算臭氧吸收太阳辐射的加热率。  相似文献   

8.
《高原气象》2021,40(3):632-643
利用LI-6400XT便携式光合作用测定系统和Model 1505植物压力室对河西走廊中部荒漠-绿洲过渡带3种优势种C_4植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)和C_3植物泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)的水分交换过程和叶片水势(Ψ)变化进行了观测试验,对比了荒漠植物生长季降水前后水分传输因子的变化;模拟了气孔导度对主要环境因子和叶片水势的响应;从饱和水汽压差(VPD)对气孔导度的制约作用研究了荒漠植物蒸腾的调控机制。结果表明:影响3种灌木气孔导度的主要因子依次为VPD、气温(T)和Ψ,气孔导度随着VPD和T的升高而降低,随着Ψ的降低逐渐减小;不同荒漠植物气孔导度对环境因子和叶片水势的综合响应模拟研究表明,模型能够很好地模拟气孔导度日内变化,C_3植物泡泡刺对这些因子变化的响应比C_4植物梭梭和沙拐枣更敏感;通过类比于欧姆定律,表明可用气孔导度和VPD的乘积来对蒸腾速率进行线性模拟,相关性很强。  相似文献   

9.
传统的谣言传播模型不考虑人群评价对谣言传播的影响,但随着弹幕、评论点赞、评论排序等新机制的广泛应用,人群评论对谣言传播产生了不可忽视的影响.基于上述情况,本文提出一类新型的基于评价机制的ICST谣言传播模型,该模型将人群细化为无知者（I）、评论者（C）、传播者（S）和静默者（T）四类.在验证平衡点存在性的基础上给出了谣言传播阈值R0,并依据模型的网络结构构造李雅普诺夫函数证明平衡点的全局稳定性.最后,设计仿真算法验证了理论结果的正确性.  相似文献   

10.
秋季在北京城郊草地下垫面上的一次臭氧干沉降观测试验   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
2007年9月23日至10月13日, 在北京昌平区蟒山森林公园内, 利用浓度梯度观测法研究了秋季草地下垫面上臭氧的干沉降特征。研究结果表明: (1) 整个观测期间, 臭氧干沉降通量和干沉降速率平均值分别为-0.40 μg?m-2?s-1(负号表示方向指向地面) 和0.55 cm/s。 (2) 臭氧干沉降通量和干沉降速率受观测点山谷风的影响, 当白天谷风主导时, 臭氧的干沉降通量最大, 其平均值为－0.67 μg?m-2?s-1; 在山风、 谷风转换期间, 其平均值为－0.44 μg?m-2?s-1; 夜间山风主导时最小, 为－0.26 μg?m-2?s-1。臭氧干沉降速率也呈现同样的变化规律, 三种情形下的平均沉降速率分别为0.74 cm/s、 0.50 cm/s和0.47 cm/s。 (3) 利用阻力模型计算了臭氧的植被冠层阻力 (Rc), 结果表明: 由于白天植被的光合作用, 叶面气孔打开, 冠层阻力相对较小, Rc 的平均值为109.0 s/m; 夜间植被叶面气孔关闭, 阻力有明显升高, Rc的平均值为217.7 s/m; 在整个观测期间, Rc的平均值为184.0 s/m。  相似文献   

11.
To evaluate the damaging effect of tropospheric ozone on vegetation, it is important to evaluate the stomatal uptake of ozone. Although the stomatal flux is a dominant pathway of ozone deposition onto vegetated surfaces, non-stomatal uptake mechanisms such as soil and cuticular deposition also play a vital role, especially when the leaf area index \({LAI}< 4\). In this study, we partitioned the canopy conductance into stomatal and non-stomatal components. To calculate the stomatal conductance of water vapour for sparse vegetation, we firstly partitioned the latent heat flux into effects of transpiration and evaporation using the Shuttleworth–Wallace (SW) model. We then derived the stomatal conductance of ozone using the Penman–Monteith (PM) theory based on the similarity to water vapour conductance. The non-stomatal conductance was calculated by subtracting the stomatal conductance from the canopy conductance derived from directly-measured fluxes. Our results show that for short vegetation (LAI \(=\) 0.25) dry deposition of ozone was dominated by the non-stomatal flux, which exceeded the stomatal flux even during the daytime. At night the stomatal uptake of ozone was found to be negligibly small. In the case of vegetation with \({LAI}\approx 1\), the daytime stomatal and non-stomatal fluxes were of the same order of magnitude. These results emphasize that non-stomatal processes must be considered even in the case of well-developed vegetation where cuticular uptake is comparable in magnitude with stomatal uptake, and especially in the case of vegetated surfaces with \({LAI}< 4\) where soil uptake also has a role in ozone deposition.  相似文献   

12.
A mesoscale meteorological model (FOOT3DK) is coupled with a gas exchange model to simulate surface fluxes of CO2 and H2O under field conditions. The gas exchange model consists of a C3 single leaf photosynthesis sub-model and an extended big leaf (sun/shade) sub-model that divides the canopy into sunlit and shaded fractions. Simulated CO2 fluxes of the stand-alone version of the gas exchange model correspond well to eddy-covariance measurements at a test site in a rural area in the west of Germany. The coupled FOOT3DK/gas exchange model is validated for the diurnal cycle at singular grid points, and delivers realistic fluxes with respect to their order of magnitude and to the general daily course. Compared to the Jarvis-based big leaf scheme, simulations of latent heat fluxes with a photosynthesis-based scheme for stomatal conductance are more realistic. As expected, flux averages are strongly influenced by the underlying land cover. While the simulated net ecosystem exchange is highly correlated with leaf area index, this correlation is much weaker for the latent heat flux. Photosynthetic CO2 uptake is associated with transpirational water loss via the stomata, and the resulting opposing surface fluxes of CO2 and H2O are reproduced with the model approach. Over vegetated surfaces it is shown that the coupling of a photosynthesis-based gas exchange model with the land-surface scheme of a mesoscale model results in more realistic simulated latent heat fluxes.  相似文献   

13.
海洋对人为CO2吸收的三维模式研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
文中用包含海洋化学过程和一个简单生物过程的三维碳循环模式模拟了海洋对大气CO2的吸收,并分析了碳吸收的纬度分布。模拟工业革命以来海洋对大气CO2的吸收表明:海洋碳吸收再加上大气CO2的增加只占由化石燃料燃烧、森林砍伐和土地利用的变化而释放到大气中的CO2的2/3。1980～1989年期间海洋年平均吸收2.05GtC。海洋人为CO2的吸收有明显的纬度特征。模式计算的海洋CO2的吸收在总量与纬度分布上与观测结果比较相符。  相似文献   

14.
Daytime variations of ozone eddy fluxes to maize   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The vertical fluxes of ozone, momentum and heat in the atmospheric surface layer have been measured by eddy correlation above both mature and senescent maize canopies. Aerodynamic formulae are applied to find that the bulk canopy surface resistancer c to ozone uptake and destruction varies between 4.0 and 0.5 s cm−1 during the daytime. Apparently, surface properties tend to control the removal of ozone at the surface of the earth. For a lush canopy, the stomatal diffusion resistance is the most important property, while changes in surface temperature have little effect. Destruction at the soil and exterior plant surfaces appears to account for 20–50% of the total loss if leaf mesophyll resistances are assumed to be very small. Free water at leaf surfaces may at times inhibit ozone removal by both senescent and healthy plants.  相似文献   

15.
This paper reports on measurements of sensible and latent heat and CO2 fluxes made over an irrigated potato field, growing next to a patch of desert. The study was conducted using two eddy correlation systems. One measurement system was located within the equilibrium boundary layer 800 m downwind from the edge of the potato field. The other measurement system was mobile and was placed at various downwind positions to probe the horizontal transition of vertical scalar fluxes. Latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat fluxes, measured at 4 m above the surface, exhibited marked variations with downwind distance over the field. Only after the fetch to height ratio exceeded 75 to 1 didLE andH become invariant with downwind distance. When latent and sensible heat fluxes were measured upwind of this threshold, significant advection of humidity-deficit occurred, causing a vertical flux divergence ofH andLE.The measured fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture were compared with predictions from a second-order closure two-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer model. There is good agreement between measurements and model predictions. A soil-plant-atmosphere model was used to examine nonlinear feedbacks between humidity-deficits, stomatal conductance and evaporation. Data interpretation with this model revealed that the advection of hot dry air did not enhance surface evaporation rates near the upwind edge of the potato field, because of negative feedbacks among stomatal conductance, humidity-deficits, andLE. This finding is consistent with results from several recent studies.  相似文献   

16.
The spatial variability and temporal behavior of the vertical flux of ozone have been investigated from turbulence measurements collected on aircraft flight legs in the daytime period during two consecutive summer experimental field programs. The data were obtained during horizontal flight legs conducted over agricultural crops and forested land in three different regions of the eastern United States.Results from individual experimental cases and statistics derived from all cases in each region are presented. Ozone flux generally exhibited a significant height dependency. The strongest negative (downward) fluxes in the lowest-level flight legs were primarily attributed to the uptake of ozone by the surface and vegetative cover. Fluxes were near-zero in the middle of the convective boundary layer (CBL) in the afternoon period. As ozone flux was proportional to concentration, slightly stronger fluxes were found in low-level urban plume segments where ozone concentrations were 10–20 ppb higher than in the surrounding area. The derived deposition velocity showed no such bias as a function of position across the urban plume. Ozone flux differences were not apparent between the more heavily forested sections and the primarily agricultural cropland areas in these regions. During the afternoon period when no clear temporal trend was evident, means from values obtained below 0.15Z i (Z i being the CBL height) were -0.421 and -0.431 ppb m-2 s-1 for ozone flux and 0.81 and 0.82 cm s-1 for the derived mean deposition velocity in the southeastern Pennsylvania and central Ohio areas, respectively. These experimental results for ozone provide support to a dry deposition parameterization module which computes grid-area averaged deposition velocities for use in regional-scale models.On assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.  相似文献   

17.
盘锦湿地芦苇叶片气孔导度的模拟   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文
基于2005年5～9月盘锦湿地芦苇叶片气体交换观测数据,针对芦苇叶片气孔导度与光合速率以及光合速率与光合有效辐射之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:芦苇叶片气孔导度与光合速率的关系可应用Ball-Berry模型描述,光合速率与光合有效辐射的关系可应用非直角双曲线光合模型描述,联合Ball-Berry模型与非直角双曲线光合模型可通过环境变量求解叶片气孔导度。模型考虑了气孔导度与光合之间的相互作用。利用实验数据对气孔导度模型验证表明,叶片气孔导度模拟值和观测值回归方程的斜率为0.95,方程决定系数R=0.82(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

18.
利用等熵坐标下的Wei公式对青藏高原及附近地区穿越动力学和热力学定义下对流层顶的质量和臭氧通量的时空分布变化进行了计算分析。结果表明,采用这两种定义下的对流层顶时,穿越对流层顶的质量和臭氧通量都表现出在热带纬度带为TST通量,到了副热带则转换为STT通量。由于热力学定义下的对流层顶位置稍高,造成了穿越热力学对流层顶的质量和臭氧通量变化幅度大于动力学对流层顶的情况。另外,还发现在所研究的区域穿越对流层顶质量和臭氧通量交换具有明显的年代际变化特征,在1958—2001年时段内交换是先减弱后增强。青藏高原南部及南侧地区向上的质量和臭氧输送经历了逐渐减弱过程,青藏高原北部地区向下的质量和臭氧通量交换也表现为逐渐减弱的过程,这些区域作为通量输送的通道作用是在减弱的。而接近青藏高原西北侧的塔里木盆地附近的向上输送则是逐渐加强的,表明这一区域交换通道作用在青藏高原及附近地区的质量和臭氧交换过程中起着越来越重要的作用。  相似文献   

19.
The mesoscale model WRF-Chem was used to simulate a severe dust storm event that occurred in March 2010. The storm affected a vast area of East Asia, including the south China region and Hong Kong. This southern region is rarely affected by dust weather. The performance of the WRF-Chem was evaluated by observational data such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data for atmospheric circulation, PM10 concentration from various ground stations, and satellite images of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations. The dependence of the model’s performance on certain important parameterizations was examined in this study. For this particular dust storm event, the model results suggest that the simulation is not very sensitive to certain key physical parameterizations such as threshold wind speed of dust emission and the choice of land surface model. In general, the WRF-Chem is capable of capturing the key physical processes for this severe dust event. The analysis of the dust transport fluxes suggests that the dust transport to the south China region is mainly from the north, although there is a mountainous region in the northern part of the south China region.  相似文献   

20.
Flux measurements of ozone and water vapour employing the eddy correlation technique were used to determine the surface conductance and canopy conductance to ozone. In the surface conductance to ozone, all surfaces at which ozone is destroyed and the transport process to these surfaces are included. The canopy conductance to ozone represents the ozone uptake of transpiring plant parts. The surface conductance to ozone of the maize crop and the underlying soil was generally larger than the canopy conductance to ozone. This means that beside the uptake by stomata, there was another important ozone sink. Under wet soil surface conditions, the surface conductance and the canopy conductance to ozone coincided. This indicates that the resistance of wet soil and the remaining plant parts (cuticle) to ozone was much larger than the stomatal or soil resistance. On the other hand, under dry soil conditions the conductances differ, largely caused by a variation in the transport process to the soil. The transport of ozone to soil increased with increasing friction velocity (u *) and decreased with increasing atmospheric stability, leaf area index (LAI) or crop height (h). These effects for midday (unstable) conditions were parameterized with an in-crop aerodynamic resistance,r inc in a very straightforward way;r inc=13.9 LAIh/u *+67 (cc.=0.77). If the ozone flux in air pollution models is described with a simple resistance model (Big Leaf model), the extra destruction at the soil should be modelled using an in-crop aerodynamic resistance. For these measurements the ozone flux to the soil was 0–65% of the total ozone flux measured above the crop. Under wet soil conditions, this was less than 20%; under dry soil conditions, this was 30–65%.  相似文献   

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