共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
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给出了梅雨期暴雨过程中水汽输送３种内在输送过程的空间分布实例。指出无论在对流层中层或低层，无论是０８时或２０时的资料分析，均以扰动风场输送平均水汽场和平均风场输送扰动水汽场为主要输送过程，其中又以扰动风场输送平均水汽场占主导地位，故突出扰动场作用对预报降水落区更有参考意义。 相似文献
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飞机颠簸是飞机飞经大气中的湍流扰动层而有的现象,因此,颠簸的预报,首先是对大气中湍流扰动的预报。晴空湍流一般出现在６～１５ｋｍ高度,湍流区常有明显的边界,飞机一旦进入,往往突然产生颠簸,特别是产生强颠簸时,对于飞机结构、操纵飞机、仪表指示、旅客安全都... 相似文献
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青藏高原地面加热场强度的气候特征 总被引：15，自引：12，他引：15
本文用1961－1985年共25年青藏高原60个站的地气温差资料，用季国良的回归方程计算了高原地面加热场强度。并且分析了它的气候特征。结果发现高原地面加热场强度比叶笃正（1979）的计算值小29％。根据自然正交函数分析和载荷量计算，发现玉树和日喀则两站地面加热场强度的平均距平可以粗略地代表整个高原。高原地面加热场具有显著的3年、准5年和准11年周期，在冬季和春季地面加的热场的持续性很强。 相似文献
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刘作华 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》1988,(11)
一、引言航空气象中的飞机颠簸是航空气象预报人员必须重视和研究的课题.飞机颠簸是飞机进入扰动的空气层中或大气湍流区飞行时,使飞机产生左右摇晃,前后冲激,上下投掷以及机身振颤等现象.如何有效准确地做好飞机颠簸的预报,世界各国的航空气象专家还在摸索和研究,我国也是如此.本文主要应用天气学、动力气象学、飞机动力学的理论来对颠簸进行分析. 相似文献
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徐祥德 《南京气象学院学报》1983,(1)
本文根据简化的热带气旋环流模型,对描述热带气旋扰动的偏微分方程近似解析解进行了定性分析,进而讨论了热带气旋演变特征,探讨了加热场分布、边界层水汽因素,初始风场对扰动发展的影响,为研究热带气旋扰动发展问题提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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结合2014年2月10日和11日拉萨航路的13例飞机颠簸航空器空中报告,检验了世界区域预报系统(WAFS)风场对高空急流的预报能力,并对新增下发的晴空颠簸网格点数据的预报效果和业务化应用进行分析。结果表明:WAFS风场资料具有较高的预报能力,最大晴空颠簸预报比平均晴空颠簸预报具有更高的辨识能力,可选择4为阈值的最大晴空颠簸网格点数据绘制拉萨航路颠簸预报区域图,在业务应用中验证修订使用。 相似文献
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Summary A method for the calculation of atmospheric turbulent diffusivity over complex terrain during day-time is presented, which may improve the predictions based on diagnostic meteorological models. The proposed procedure takes into account the geographic location of the area (latitude and longitude), the time of the day, the inclination and exposition of the surface, the soil type and the cloud cover. These data are used to compute the amount of solar heat flux contributing to the heating of the air mass above the ground level, and, consequently, the atmospheric turbulence. The model accounts for the effect of shadows generated by mountain profiles, which determine a differential heating at the valley floor and induce spatial and temporal variations of turbulent diffusivity. Model calibration has been performed through ground data collected during a field campaign in the Adige valley in the surrounding of the town of Trento. 相似文献
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Zbigniew Sorbjan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):121-142
Results of large-eddy simulations of shallow, quasi-steady, shear-less convection in the Martian boundary layer are presented
and discussed. In the considered three cases, turbulence is forced by the radiative flux divergence, prescribed as given functions
of height, and the strength of the surface heat flux. It is constrained by the temperature inversion at the boundary-layer
top. The resulting convective boundary layer exhibits horizontal cellular structures. The presence of radiative heating causes
dimensionless statistics of turbulence to depend on the parameter F, defined in terms of the integrated radiative and turbulent heating rates in the boundary layer. 相似文献
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Radiative Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Part II. The Development of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
J. M. Edwards 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,131(2):127-146
The interaction between radiation and turbulence in the stable boundary layer over land is explored using an idealized model,
with a focus on the surface layer after the evening transition. It is shown that finer vertical resolution is required in
transitional boundary layers than in developed ones. In very light winds radiative cooling determines the temperature profile,
even if similarity functions without a critical Richardson number are used; standard surface similarity theory applied over
thick layers then yields poor forecasts of near-surface air temperatures. These points are illustrated with field data. Simulations
of the developing nocturnal boundary layer are used to explore the wider role of radiation. Comparatively, radiation is less
significant within the developed stable boundary layer than during the transition; although, as previous studies have found,
it remains important towards the top of the stable layer and in the residual layer. Near the ground, reducing the surface
emissivity below one is found to yield modest relative radiative warming rather than intense cooling, which reduces the potential
importance of radiation in the developed surface layer. The profile of the radiative heating rate may be strongly dependent
on other processes, leading to quite varied behaviour. 相似文献
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The development and characteristics of coastal internal boundary layers were investigated in 28 tests. These were made at all seasons and in both gradient and sea-breeze flows but only during mid-day periods. Measurements of turbulence and temperature were taken from a light aircraft which flew traverses across Long Island at successive altitudes parallel to the wind direction. These were used to locate the boundary between modified and unmodified air as a function of height and distance from the coast. The same measurements plus tower measurements of wind, turbulence and temperature, pilot balloon soundings and measurements of land and water surface temperatures by a remote sensing IR thermometer were used to quantify the characteristics of the modified and unmodified air. The boundary layer slope was steep close to the land-water interface and became shallower with downwind distance. Growth of the boundary layer was initially slower with stable lapse rates upwind than with neutral or unstable conditions over the water. An equilibrium height was found in many tests except under conditions of free convection when the internal boundary layer merged into the mixed layer inland and with sea-breeze conditions. The equilibrium height depended on downwind conditions and was greater with low wind speeds and strong land surface heating than with stronger winds and small land-water temperature differences. Current theoretical models are not adequate to predict the height of the boundary layer at the altitudes and distances studied but reasonably good predictions were given by an empirical model developed earlier. Wind speed in the modified air averaged about 70% of that at the coast but turbulence levels were several times higher both near the surface and aloft. These findings have important implications for diffusion from coastal sites. 相似文献
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The development and characteristics of coastal internal boundary layers were investigated in 28 tests. These were made at all seasons and in both gradient and sea-breeze flows but only during mid-day periods. Measurements of turbulence and temperature were taken from a light aircraft which flew traverses across Long Island at successive altitudes parallel to the wind direction. These were used to locate the boundary between modified and unmodified air as a function of height and distance from the coast. The same measurements plus tower measurements of wind, turbulence and temperature, pilot balloon soundings and measurements of land and water surface temperatures by a remote sensing IR thermometer were used to quantify the characteristics of the modified and unmodified air. The boundary layer slope was steep close to the land-water interface and became shallower with downwind distance. Growth of the boundary layer was initially slower with stable lapse rates upwind than with neutral or unstable conditions over the water. An equilibrium height was found in many tests except under conditions of free convection when the internal boundary layer merged into the mixed layer inland and with sea-breeze conditions. The equilibrium height depended on downwind conditions and was greater with low wind speeds and strong land surface heating than with stronger winds and small land-water temperature differences. Current theoretical models are not adequate to predict the height of the boundary layer at the altitudes and distances studied but reasonably good predictions were given by an empirical model developed earlier. Wind speed in the modified air averaged about 70% of that at the coast but turbulence levels were several times higher both near the surface and aloft. These findings have important implications for diffusion from coastal sites. 相似文献
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The effects of street bottom heating and inflow turbulence on urban street-canyon flow are experimentally investigated using a circulating water channel. Three experiments are carried out for a street canyon with a street aspect ratio of 1. Results from each experiment with bottom heating or inflow turbulence are compared with those without bottom heating and appreciable inflow turbulence. It is demonstrated that street bottom heating or inflow turbulence increases the intensity of the canyon vortex. A possible explanation on how street bottom heating or inflow turbulence intensifies the canyon vortex is given from a fluid dynamical viewpoint. 相似文献
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《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2006,41(1):1-27
An analytical model is developed for the initial stage of surface wave generation at an air–water interface by a turbulent shear flow in either the air or in the water. The model treats the problem of wave growth departing from a flat interface and is relevant for small waves whose forcing is dominated by turbulent pressure fluctuations. The wave growth is predicted using the linearised and inviscid equations of motion, essentially following Phillips [Phillips, O.M., 1957. On the generation of waves by turbulent wind. J. Fluid Mech. 2, 417–445], but the pressure fluctuations that generate the waves are treated as unsteady and related to the turbulent velocity field using the rapid-distortion treatment of Durbin [Durbin, P.A., 1978. Rapid distortion theory of turbulent flows. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge]. This model, which assumes a constant mean shear rate Γ, can be viewed as the simplest representation of an oceanic or atmospheric boundary layer.For turbulent flows in the air and in the water producing pressure fluctuations of similar magnitude, the waves generated by turbulence in the water are found to be considerably steeper than those generated by turbulence in the air. For resonant waves, this is shown to be due to the shorter decorrelation time of turbulent pressure in the air (estimated as ∝ 1/Γ), because of the higher shear rate existing in the air flow, and due to the smaller length scale of the turbulence in the water. Non-resonant waves generated by turbulence in the water, although being somewhat gentler, are still steeper than resonant waves generated by turbulence in the air. Hence, it is suggested that turbulence in the water may have a more important role than previously thought in the initiation of the surface waves that are subsequently amplified by feedback instability mechanisms. 相似文献
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Anirban Garai Eric Pardyjak Gert-Jan Steeneveld Jan Kleissl 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,148(1):51-72
Previous laboratory and atmospheric experiments have shown that turbulence influences the surface temperature in a convective boundary layer. The main objective of this study is to examine land-atmosphere coupled heat transport mechanism for different stability conditions. High frequency infrared imagery and sonic anemometer measurements were obtained during the boundary layer late afternoon and sunset turbulence (BLLAST) experimental campaign. Temporal turbulence data in the surface-layer are then analyzed jointly with spatial surface-temperature imagery. The surface-temperature structures (identified using surface-temperature fluctuations) are strongly linked to atmospheric turbulence as manifested in several findings. The surface-temperature coherent structures move at an advection speed similar to the upper surface-layer or mixed-layer wind speed, with a decreasing trend with increase in stability. Also, with increasing instability the streamwise surface-temperature structure size decreases and the structures become more circular. The sequencing of surface- and air-temperature patterns is further examined through conditional averaging. Surface heating causes the initiation of warm ejection events followed by cold sweep events that result in surface cooling. The ejection events occur about 25 % of the time, but account for 60–70 % of the total sensible heat flux and cause fluctuations of up to 30 % in the ground heat flux. Cross-correlation analysis between air and surface temperature confirms the validity of a scalar footprint model. 相似文献