共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Cable P.G. Yudichak T.W. Dorfman Y. Knobles D.P. Renhe Zhang Zhaohui Peng Fenghua Li Zhenglin Li 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2006,31(1):145-155
Determinations of bottom scattering strength in the decade below 1 kHz under downward refracting conditions have been made using acoustic reverberation and transmission data from the 2001 East China Sea Asian Seas International Acoustic Experiment (ASIAEX). The measurements were performed using explosive sources and receiving hydrophones in ship-suspended vertical-line arrays. The focus of this paper has been the dependence of bottom scattering strength on the frequency and characterization of the uncertainties associated with the extraction of scattering strength from reverberation. The derived bottom scattering strength gradually rises with frequency from 100-300 Hz and then more rapidly above 300 Hz. A potential explanation suggests that the frequency variation results from two scattering mechanisms, rough layer scattering at the low end of the band and sediment near-surface volume scattering at the high end. The spatial extrapolation of these results is explored by comparing them with similarly derived scattering strengths using data obtained under the Navy's Harsh Environments Program at a somewhat separated site (56 km) under environmental conditions similar to those during ASIAEX. In the ASIAEX analysis, it has been found that the largest source of uncertainty in the scattering-strength frequency dependence arises from persistence of finite-amplitude effects associated with the source signal. 相似文献
2.
Reverberation measurements made by the SACLANT Undersea Research Centre at three shallow-water sites (130-190-m depth) are compared with each other and with estimates from the DREA normal-mode reverberation model OGOPOGO. The experiments over silt-clay and sand seabeds were conducted at slightly bistatic geometries (0.7-6.0-km source-receiver separation), using explosive sources detonated at mid-water depths. The signals were received on hydrophones of either a vertical or horizontal array and analyzed in one-tenth-decade frequency bands from 25 to 1000 Hz. The data are compared with each other to investigate the site differences and frequency dependencies, and with the estimates from the reverberation model OGOPOGO to interpret the data and to obtain a qualitative measure of the scattering. For modeling purposes, geoacoustic models of the seabed were assumed, and the reverberation data were fitted by adjusting the Lambert bottom scattering coefficients. Good model agreement was obtained with both individual hydrophone and data. Though somewhat sensitive to the geoacoustic the Lambert coefficients give a measure of the frequency dependence of the scattering. For the silt-clay bottom, the scattering is weak but is independent of frequency; for the sand bottoms, the scattering is stronger and increases with frequency. These results are compared with estimates from other experiments 相似文献
3.
在南黄海某一典型的砂质海底区域，采用全向性声源和全向性接收水听器开展了频率范围为6-24 kHz的海底反向声散射测量。测量结果表明，在避免海面散射干扰并满足远场条件的情况下，本次实验获得了掠射角范围为18~80°的海底反向声散射强度，其数值为-41.1~24.4 dB。在有效掠射角范围内，声散射强度总体上随掠射角的增大呈现出增大趋势，但对于不同的频率，其变化趋势有所不同，反映出不同的散射机理。在20°、40°和60°掠射角处，在6-24 kHz的频率范围内反向声散射强度总体上呈现出正相关的频率依赖性，其线性相关斜率分别为0.2229 dB/kHz、0.5130 dB/kHz、0.1746 dB/kHz。在最大掠射角80°处，反向声散射强度未呈现出明显的频率相关性。 相似文献
4.
Backscattering measurements were performed in shallow water on sand, gravel, and clay bottoms. The equipment included a parametric array that emitted pulses of differential frequencies (8 to 40 kHz) with a 3° directivity. The ranges did not exceed 50 m. The grazing angles varied from 4° to 90°. The bottom backscattering strength does not depend on the emitted pulse type (frequency and length). If one fits a Lambert law to the variations of the backscattering strength versus the grazing angle, the value at the origin fluctuates between-15 and-22 dB without any clear effect from the different bottom types. Statistical tests show that under the experimental measurement conditions: (1) the alternative received signal does not generally follow a normal distribution; (2) among five classical distributions in sonar and radar that have been fitted to the detected-integrated signal (exponential, Weibull, chi-2, log-normal, Rice), the best-fitted law is the log-normal; (3) signals backscattered by separated areas of the same bottom can hardly be regarded as stationary and, even less, homogeneous; and (4) with an anisotropic bottom topography the statistical properties depend on the aspect under which this topography is seen 相似文献
5.
This paper describes the simulation of backscattering of high frequency sound from complex objects and sand sea-bottom. Backscattering data from complex objects and seabottom were generated using a Universal High Resolution Imaging Sonar Simulation Toolkit (UHRISST) developed by the authors. Our approach here involves the approximation of objects and the sea-bottom through a series of facets that are small compared to the wavelength. The Target Strength of standard objects like the sphere, cylinder, and cone predicted by our model have been compared with various high frequency approximation formulations and produced a good fit. For the prediction of the backscattering strength from the sea-bottom, we have taken into account most of the small-scale features that represent the sand grain properties, intermediate features that represent seabottom roughness and large features that block propagation. Sea-bottom backscattering predictions made using this model were compared with high frequency scattering strength values measured off Panama City, FL, USA, and produced a moderate fit. Nonparametric statistical analysis was carried out on the bottom backscattering signals from a flat isotropic sea-bottom. The probability distribution function and probability of false alarm function of the bottom backscattering data was measured and found to largely follow the normal distribution 相似文献
6.
一种分层海底反向散射模型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In order to predict the bottom backscattering strength more accurately, the stratified structure of the seafloor is considered. The seafloor is viewed as an elastic half-space basement covered by a fluid sediment layer with finite thickness. On the basis of calculating acoustic field in the water, the sediment layer, and the basement, four kinds of scattering mechanisms are taken into account, including roughness scattering from the water-sediment interface, volume scattering from the sediment layer, roughness scattering from the sediment-basement interface,and volume scattering from the basement. Then a backscattering model for a stratified seafloor applying to low frequency(0.1–10 kHz) is established. The simulation results show that the roughness scattering from the sediment-basement interface and the volume scattering from the basement are more prominent at relative low frequency(below 1.0 kHz). While with the increase of the frequency, the contribution of them to total bottom scattering gradually becomes weak. And the results ultimately approach to the predictions of the high-frequency(10–100 kHz) bottom scattering model. When the sound speed and attenuation of the shear wave in the basement gradually decrease, the prediction of the model tends to that of the full fluid model, which validates the backscattering model for the stratified seafloor in another aspect. 相似文献
7.
A two-scale roughness model for bottom backscattering (Novarini and Caruthers) was applied to multibeam sounder data (95 kHz) from Browns Bank (south of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada). In order to better understand frequency and incident angle dependence of backscattering, acoustic-calibration data (1-6 kHz) were collected from the same area and treated with the same model. The frequency and incident angle dependence of bottom backscattering in the multibeam and acoustic-calibration data were compared. Backscattering due to large-scale roughness was most relevant at near-normal incidence (<7°) and it was more dominant in the low-frequency range, and was strongly dependent on incident angle. Volume scattering was least dependent upon incident angle. It was the dominant factor at the large incident angle. Bragg scattering was the most significant over a very wide frequency range and was more important for high frequency (>5 kHz) and small incidence, but not near-normal incidence 相似文献
8.
浅海均匀层远程混响的垂直相干性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
混响是主动声纳在浅海环境中的一种干扰,有关其空间相关特性,Urick和Lund发表了两篇实验性报告[7].本文根据浅海平均声场角度谱分析法[3],从理论上计算了浅海均匀层远程混响垂直相关特性与界面反射、散射等环境参数之间的关系,及其随距离、水听器间隔的变化,供声纳设计或在浅海环境中研究低频、小掠角的散射特性时参考. 相似文献
9.
Broad-band forward loss and backscattering measurements were made at low to moderate grazing angles in shallow water off San Diego using pulses extending from 1 to 6 kHz in bandwidth. For forward bounce measurements, these large bandwidths achieved time resolutions as small as 0.25 ms, and revealed fine-scale subbottom layering with separations down to approximately 50 cm. The forward loss values show large fluctuations (>10 dB) over translation distances of 20-50 m in some cases or between two measurement runs separated by a few hundred meters in other cases. This observation, along with associated variations in the extent and number of subbottom arrivals, indicates a distinct patchiness in surficial sediment type. Previous measurements made in nearby locales also evidenced strong variations in bottom loss, but lacked the spatial resolution to discern interface reflections from subbottom contributions. Broad-band backscattering strength measured at 20-40° grazing was quite homogeneous over the entire region, probably because the critical angle is below 20°, as inferred from forward loss measurements. Theory suggests that scattering at angles above critical is from subbottom inhomogeneities rather than boundary roughness. The grazing angle and frequency dependence of these backscattering data are relatively weak 相似文献
10.
Dajun Tang Briggs K.B. Williams K.L. Jackson D.R. Thorsos E.I. Percival D.B. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2002,27(3):546-560
As part of the effort to characterize the acoustic environment during the high frequency sediment acoustics experiment (SAX99), fine-scale variability of sediment density was measured by an in situ technique and by core analysis. The in situ measurement was accomplished by a newly developed instrument that measures sediment conductivity. The conductivity measurements were conducted on a three-dimensional (3-D) grid, hence providing a set of data suited for assessing sediment spatial variability. A 3-D sediment porosity matrix is obtained from the conductivity data through an empirical relationship (Archie's Law). From the porosity matrix, sediment bulk density is estimated from known average grain density. A number of cores were taken at the SAX99 site, and density variations were measured using laboratory techniques. The power spectra were estimated from both techniques and were found to be appropriately fit by a power-law. The exponents of the horizontal one-dimensional (1-D) power-law spectra have a depth-dependence and range from 1.72 to 2.41. The vertical 1-D spectra have the same form, but with an exponent of 2.2. It was found that most of the density variability is within the top 5 mm of the sediment, which suggests that sediment volume variability will not have major impact on acoustic scattering when the sound frequency is below 100 kHz. At higher frequencies, however, sediment volume variability is likely to play an important role in sound scattering. 相似文献
11.
Effects of using inclined parametric echosounding on sub-bottom acoustic imaging and advances in buried object detection 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jens Schneider von Deimling Philipp Held Peter Feldens Dennis Wilken 《Geo-Marine Letters》2016,36(2):113-119
This study reports an adaptation of a parametric echosounder system using 15 kHz as secondary frequency to investigate the angular response of sub-bottom backscatter strength of layered mud, providing a new method for enhanced acoustic detection of buried targets. Adaptions to achieve both vertical (0°) and non-vertical inclination (1–15°, 30°, 45° and 60°) comprise mechanical tilting of the acoustic transducer and electronic beam steering. Data were acquired at 18 m water depth at a study site characterized by a flat, muddy seafloor where a 0.1 m diameter power cable lies 1–2 m below the seafloor. Surveying the cable with vertical incidence revealed that the buried cable can hardly be discriminated against the backscatter strength of the layered mud. However, the backscatter strength of layered mud decreases strongly at >3±0.5° incidence and the layered mud echo pattern vanishes beyond 5°. As a consequence, the backscatter pattern of the buried cable is very pronounced in acoustic images gathered at 15°, 30°, 45° and 60° incidence. The size of the cable echo pattern increases linearly with incidence. These effects are attributed to reflection loss from layered mud at larger incidence and to the scattering of the 0.1 m diameter buried cable. Data analyses support the visual impression of superior detection of the cable with an up to 2.6-fold increase of the signal-to-noise ratio at 40° incidence compared to the vertical incidence case. 相似文献
12.
Hamilton-type geoacoustic models were developed for Area Foxtrot, a shallow water test bed south of Long Island, for emerging active sonar systems where the surface sediment type is highly spatially variable. Reverberation levels (RL) were modeled using the finite-element parabolic equation (FEPE) propagation model to augment the generic sonar model (GSM) propagation model because the bottom loss model in GSM did not estimate transmission loss (TL) accurately in shallow water. FEPE estimates reveal that there is a greater than 15 dB difference between TL for sand and that for silt-day sediments in Area Foxtrot. The comparison between modeled RL and measured RL (from a 1991 active sonar exercise) enabled bottom scattering strength kernels to be developed for Area Foxtrot. Bottom scattering strength was found to be a function of sediment type. Hard sand sediment has a bottom scattering strength which obeys Lambert's law (sin2 &thetas;) while that of silt-clay sediment is consistent with sub-bottom volume scattering (sine). The RLs in Area Foxtrot are azimuth-dependent and are a function of TL and bottom scattering strength (and hence bottom sediment type). Sonar beams steered towards the hard sand show higher RLs than for silt-clay, and knowledge of the sediment type and its spatial variation must be known to model RL accurately. A method to determine sediment type using measured RLs and RL slopes is given 相似文献
13.
Backscattering from bioturbated sediments at very high frequency 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recent backscattering measurements made in the Gulf of La Spezia, Italy, using a sonar operating at 140 kHz combined with thorough characterization of seabed interface and volume properties illustrate the importance of seabed volume scattering. Three-dimensional fluctuation statistics of density variability and vertical density gradients, both of which are attributed to the level of bioturbation (e.g., sea shell fragments, burrows, pockets of water) have been quantified using X-Ray computed tomography. Two-dimensional interface roughness spectra have also been determined using a digital stereo photogrammetry system. The combined ground truth has allowed a backscattering model to be fully constrained. Measured backscattering strength versus angle is compared to a model that includes the effects of varying density and sound speed. Data-model comparisons show that scattering from the volume of strongly inhomogeneous sediments can often be a primary contributor to seafloor scattering away from normal incidence. 相似文献
14.
Tests of models for high-frequency seafloor backscatter 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Jackson D.R. Briggs K.B. Williams K.L. Richardson M.D. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1996,21(4):458-470
The interaction of high-frequency sound with the seafloor is inherently a stochastic process. Inversion techniques must, therefore employ good stochastic models for bottom acoustic scattering. An assortment of physical models for bottom backscattering strength is tested by comparison with scattering strength data obtained at 40 kHz at three shallow water sites spanning a range of sediment types from fine silt to coarse sand. These acoustic data are accompanied by sediment physical property data obtained by core sample analysis and in situ probes. In addition, stereo photography was used to measure the power spectrum of bottom relief on centimeter scales. These physical data provided the inputs needed to test the backscatter models, which treat scattering from both the rough sediment-water interface and the sediment volume. For the three sites considered here, the perturbation model for scattering from a slightly rough fluid seafloor performs well. Volume scattering is predicted to be weak except at a site having a layer of methane bubbles 相似文献
15.
Jinrong Wu Erchang Shang 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2007,32(4):872-878
The integrated bottom scattering strength (ISS) and the modal backscattering matrix (MBSM) have been used to describe the bottom backscattering in shallow-water reverberation modeling, and both can be extracted from the reverberation data. The relationship between the ISS and the MBSM based on the same reverberation data in shallow water is discussed. It is shown that the ISS is an angular weighting average of the MBSM in mode space. The weighting factors are range-depth-frequency-dependent and also depend on the sound-speed profile (SSP) in the water column. Thus, the ISS has a complex variation. This complexity of the ISS causes it to be so variable that it provides little basic understanding of the scattering. Numerical examples are conducted to show this complexity. 相似文献
16.
Jackson D.R. Williams K.L. Thorsos E.I. Kargl S.G. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2002,27(3):346-361
During the sediment acoustics experiment, SAX99, a hydrophone array was deployed in sandy sediment near Fort Walton Beach, Florida, in a water depth of 18 m. Acoustic methods were used to determine array element positions with an accuracy of about 0.5 cm, permitting coherent beamforming at frequencies in the range 11-50 kHz. Comparing data and simulations, it has been concluded that the primary cause of subcritical acoustic penetration was diffraction by sand ripples that were dominant at this site. These ripples had a wavelength of approximately 50 cm and RMS relief of about 1 cm. The level and angular dependence of the sound field in the sediment agree within experimental uncertainties with predictions made using small-roughness perturbation theory. 相似文献
17.
To obtain the bistatic scattering function on the sandy ripple bottom, high-frequency bistatic sea-floor scattering measurements were made in the shallow waters off the east coast of Korea. A sand ripple field was present at the site, with wavelength generally in the 10-20-cm range. The mean ripple orientation relative to the direction of wave propagation was estimated to be roughly 20/spl deg/-30/spl deg/. Field experiments were made to measure forward (in-plane) and out-of-plane scattering from the ripple bottom. The measured scattering strengths were compared to the predictions of the APL-UW bistatic scattering model. Overall, forward-scattering strength measurements showed favorable comparison with the model predictions. The global scattering characteristics for the ripple bottom gave an augmented out-of-plane scattering. 相似文献
18.
19.
The characteristics of shallow-water reverberation are often controlled by scattering from the seabed. While scattering mechanisms are understood in general, the state-of-the-art falls far short of predicting the correct angular and frequency dependence of scattering in a given region. A series of acoustic and supporting geoacoustic measurements were conducted over a large area in the Straits of Sicily in order to study seabed scattering in a complex littoral environment. The hypothesis was that exploiting direct path reflection coefficient measurements, in conjunction with the scattering measurements, could help illuminate the underlying scattering mechanisms. The sediment at the seabed interface was found to be a fine silty clay with nearly uniform properties across the area. Notwithstanding this spatial homogeneity, 1-6-kHz reflection and scattering measurements showed significant spatial variability. The coupled reflection-scattering approach resolved this apparent discrepancy, revealing that the reflection and scattering processes are largely controlled by the sediment properties below, rather than at, the water sediment interface. Measurements at 3600 Hz show that site-to-site variability is in part controlled by the thickness of the silty-clay layer. Layers up to 10 m below the water sediment interface contribute to the scattering at 3600 Hz. 相似文献
20.
Acoustic backscattering from a sandy seabed was measured at a frequency of 5.5 kHz at a wide range of grazing angles. The measurement system used was the University of Miami's sonar tower, consisting of an omni-directional broadband source and two 16-channel hydrophone receiver arrays. A volume scattering model, which combines a fluid model with reflection/transmission coefficients derived from the Biot theory, is used. This model allows energy penetration into the bottom, calculations of the volume scattering at all grazing angles, and the frequency dependence of the sound speed in the water-saturated sediment. In the model, rather than assume sound-speed correlation length in sedimentary volume, core data were used to assimilate a 3-D fluctuation spectrum of the density. The numerical results showed excellent agreement with the measurement at lower grazing angles. We concluded that the interface roughness scattering was dominant at lower grazing angles, while the volume scattering is dominant at higher grazing angles at the sandy site. The border of the dominance of the interface and volume scattering was the so-called critical angle at this frequency. The frequency dependence of sound speeds is also discussed. 相似文献