共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
本文从浅水非线性潮波方程出发,同时考虑摩擦效应和河口径流,求得波阵面直立、涌潮形成的位置。由此分析了浅水非线性效应、摩擦效应以及均匀水流的存在等对涌潮形成的影响。指出,浅水非线性效应是涌潮形成的决定因素,摩擦效应消耗能量对涌潮的形成起抑制作用,而逆向均匀水流的存在则促进河口涌潮波在更短的距离内形成。 相似文献
2.
涌潮是潮波传播过程中产生的一种自然现象,是潮波非线性畸变的结果。涌潮有波状和破碎形态之分,波状涌潮是一系列平行向前传播的涌波构成的波列,破碎涌潮则是前锋陡立向前推进的水滚。基于国内外涌潮水沙动力过程现场观测的主要成果,从形成机理出发,归纳涌潮生成的必要条件,剖析潮波运动非线性和摩擦效应对涌潮生成的影响;针对典型的波状和破碎涌潮,总结潮头的自由表面特征参数、流动结构和传播演化特征;回顾涌潮局部湍流和混合过程、泥沙输运和沉积的研究进展,评述涌潮脉冲过程对河口生态环境的影响。涌潮的周期性传播引起自然系统的大规模混合,对潮汐河口区域的生态环境平衡具有重要意义。涌潮现象的研究推动潮汐学的发展,现场观测是涌潮研究的基础。随着仪器设备和分析手段的进步,涌潮多尺度生成与演化机制、涌潮多物理过程耦合作用机理和涌潮脉冲过程的生态效应定量评价是今后需要深入研究的问题。 相似文献
3.
当河口三角洲逐渐向海洋伸展时,必定会对河口附近的海洋进行改造,从而改变口外海滨某些海洋要素,据此可作为河海界线的判断标准,即在常态状况下,某些要素的改变,是否已经改变了口外海滨本来的属性,如果已经改变,应界定为河流,如仍以海洋属性(包括动力、海水理化性质、沉积、地形等)为主,则仍界定为海洋.河口是河流和海洋相互连接的枢纽地带,在这里主要动力有径流(河流属性)、潮汐、海流和波浪(海洋属性)等.在它们的作用下,通过泥沙运移,塑造各种地貌形态,反过来,地貌形态又改变了水动力的属性.从河口地貌学的角度,河口可以分为3部分,即近口段、河口段和口外海滨段.近口段是在原来的口外海滨或河口段,经历三角洲外伸,沙洲并岸,河槽束狭,河槽成型、加深等阶段,逐渐形成的.从近口段的演化过程看出,该段属于河流.口外海滨段虽然受到河流影响,但是其仍然表现为海洋属性,因此,属于海洋无可置疑.河口段介于近口段和口外海滨段之间,该区段受径流和潮流的共同作用而造成自然要素的不连续,这种不连续表现在河口形态,底床形态,潮汐特征,水团(盐度、絮凝体)、浊度及沉积物特性等方面.河口形态的变化比较直观.潮波从外海传入河口口门后,因受到地形的影响而改变,包括潮汐性质、潮差,甚至变形破碎形成涌潮.所以在河海界线上,潮波变形造成的最大潮差、最大流速、乃至潮波破碎形成涌潮的位置具有一定意义.河口段存在最大浊度带,其内界与最大絮凝体位置相当.根据我国现行定义的海陆界线为平均大潮高潮位线,从平面上看河海界线时,沉积相是一个重要指标,即只有出现三角洲平原相时,才说明河口对海洋改造已基本完成. 相似文献
4.
根据收集到的有关钱塘江河口防洪、御潮、灌溉、航运、供水、旅游等方面的资料,分析、计算了该河口防洪御潮资源和水资源、滩涂、岸线及涌潮资源等的储存量。并提出了对这些资源开发和保护的初步设想,为促进钱塘江河口两岸经济可持续发展提供科学决策的依据。 相似文献
5.
6.
7.
钱塘江河口沉积作用初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
钱塘江河口是我国典型的山溪性强潮河口,因其河口有涌潮而举世闻名。一般讲,该河口系陆源与海域两种物质来源、径流与潮流两种动力、淡水与盐水两种介质所构成的复杂多变的沉积环境,形成由悬沙和底质组成的河口现代沉积系统。在杭州湾内砂坎中沙粒级(>O.063mm)、粉沙粒级(O.063—O.004mm)与粘土粒级(相似文献
8.
采用实测资料分析、潮浪水槽试验、定床模型试验以及已建桥梁对涌潮影响的现场观测等手段,研究了钱塘江下游尖山河段建桥对涌潮景观的影响。研究结果表明,钱塘江河口的喇叭形河湾和庞大的水下沙坎使潮波能量积聚、潮差增大,水深急剧变浅、潮波剧烈变形是形成钱塘江涌潮的主要原因。影响涌潮的主要因素是潮汐、江道地形和治江围涂工程,而建桥不会影响涌潮产生的条件,但由于桥墩的阻水作用,对桥上游500 m范围内的涌潮形态有所影响;当采用合理的桥台设计方案,即阻水面积较小时,对上游涌潮高度的影响仅3 cm左右,故不会影响涌潮的景观。 相似文献
9.
1 河口滩的确定和位置 由于海湾、海峡、泻湖和河口岸线的存在,已经使得世界上许多国家海洋岸线的长度大大地加长了。在美国特别如此。因为在美国存在有大量的礁岛和无数的下降河谷,形成了850个河口(根据1985年统计资料);大西洋和墨西哥湾海岸的80％以及太平洋海岸的10％～20％是位于河口地区(根据1967年统计资料)。美国华盛顿州的大部分海岸线位于河口地区,而在马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州则有高达98％的 相似文献
10.
长江河口与瓯江河口最大浑浊带的比较研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
长江河口与瓯江河口均发育了庞大的最大浑浊带（TM），但这两条河口的河流性质、几何形态、径潮流动力条件、盐淡水混合类型和泥沙来源等差异极为明显，长江口与瓯江口TM的变化特点是：前者洪盛枯衰，后者枯盛洪衰；所在部位，前者在口门附近，后者在口门之内，研究结果表明，除了径潮流动力平均带和丰富的泥沙来源是发育长江口、瓯江河口TM的两个基本条件外，河口环流和潮汐不对称分别在长江、瓯江河口的TM形成、发育、维持过程中起了第二位作用。 相似文献
11.
-Nonlinear tidal waves in a kind of estuary are studied in the paper using one-dimensional nonlinear hydrody-namic equations with friction. The estuary has exponentially varying width B=B0 e-bx and uniform depth h. The one-dimensional hydrodynamic equations are solved by perturbation method. It was found that our solution included two special cases, Pelisenpeki's solution and Airy's solution. The former can be got by letting b=0 in our solutions, and the latter by setting 6 = 0 and f= 0 (f is linear frictional coefficient). In terms of the second-order solution, the physical mechanism of nonlinear tidal waves in estuaries with gradually varying cross-section is explored. It is shown that, under the assumption of linear friction coefficient, shallow water constituent waves consist of two parts, one is produced by shallow water nonlinear effect outside the estuary, the other is generated by shallow water nonlinear effect inside estuary. In addition, the physical mechanism of the residual tidal current and 相似文献
12.
Murray J. Smith Craig L. Stevens Richard M. Gorman John A. McGregor Cameron G. Neilson 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):985-1000
Locally generated wind‐waves in estuaries play an important role in the sediment dynamics and the transport of biota. Wave growth in estuaries is complicated by tidally varying depth, fetch, and currents. Wave development was studied at six sites along a transect across Manukau Harbour, New Zealand, which is a large intertidal estuary with a tidal range of up to 4 m. Three meteorological masts were also deployed across the measurement transect to measure wave forcing by the wind. A spatial variation in wind speed by up to a factor of 2 was observed which has a significant effect on wave development at short fetches. The wind variation can be explained by the extreme change in surface roughness at the upwind land‐water boundary. The tidally varying depth results in non‐stationary wave development. At the long fetch sites wave development is dictated by the tidally varying depth with peak frequencies continuing to decrease after high water, whereas wave height is attenuated by bottom friction. The non‐dimensional energy and peak frequency parameters commonly used to describe wave growth, clearly exhibit depth limiting effects, but with wider scatter than in previous studies in simpler environments. The peak frequency predictions of Young & Verhagen (1996a) fit our data well. However, the wide variability of energy limits the usefulness of standard growth prediction curves in such situations, and highlights the requirement for a validated, shallow‐water numerical model. 相似文献
13.
Knowledge of estuarine hydrodynamics and water quality comes mostly from studies of large estuarine systems. The processes affecting algae, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen (DO) in small and shallow subtropical estuaries are relatively less studied. This paper documents the development, calibration, and verification of a three dimensional (3D) water quality model for the St. Lucie Estuary (SLE), a small and shallow estuary located on the east coast of south Florida. The water quality model is calibrated and verified using two years of measured data. Statistical analyses indicate that the model is capable of reproducing key water quality characteristics of the estuary within an acceptable range of accuracy. The calibrated model is further applied to study hydrodynamic and eutrophication processes in the estuary. Modeling results reveal that high algae concentrations in the estuary are likely caused by excessive nutrient and algae supplies in freshwater inflows. While algal blooms may lead to reduced DO concentrations near the bottom of the waterbody, this study indicates that stratification and circulation induced by freshwater inflows may also contribute significantly to bottom water hypoxia in the estuary. It is also found that high freshwater inflows from one of the tributaries can change the circulation pattern and nutrient loading, thereby impacting water quality conditions of the entire estuary. Restoration plans for the SLE ecosystem need to consider both a reduction of nutrient loading and regulation of the freshwater discharge pattern. 相似文献
14.
The characteristics of the fish faunas in nearshore, shallow (<1.2 m) waters of the basins of estuaries along the same coastline, but which were open to the ocean for varying periods, have been determined and compared. The fish faunas of the permanently-open Oyster Harbour, the seasonally-open Broke, Irwin and Wilson inlets and the normally-closed Wellstead Estuary on the south coast of Western Australia were sampled by seine net seasonally for 2 years. Irrespective of the frequency and duration that the estuary mouth was open, the ichthyofauna of each estuary was numerically dominated by three atherinid species and three gobiid species (92.9–99.7%), each of which completes its life cycle within these estuaries. The ichthyofaunal compositions of each estuary differed significantly, however, from that of each other estuary. These differences were largely attributable to the relative abundances of the above six species varying between estuaries, which, in turn, reflected differences in such factors as estuary mouth status, macrophyte cover and salinity. For example, Favonigobius lateralis and Leptatherina presbyteroides, which are also represented by marine populations, were most abundant in the permanently-open estuary (Oyster Harbour), which, in terms of substrate and salinity, most closely resembled the nearshore marine environment. In contrast, Leptatherina wallacei made its greatest contribution in the only estuary to exhibit a protracted period of greatly reduced salinities, which is consistent with its distribution in permanently-open estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia, while Atherinosoma elongata and Pseudogobius olorum were particularly numerous in estuaries containing dense stands of the seagrass Ruppia megacarpa. Marine species made the greatest contribution to species richness in the permanently-open estuary and least in the normally-closed estuary. Species richness was greatest in summer and least in winter in each estuary, but differed markedly between years only in Wilson Inlet. Density of fishes was greatest in the most eutrophic estuary (Wellstead Estuary) and least in the most oligotrophic estuary (Broke Inlet) and only underwent marked seasonal variations in Wilson Inlet and Wellstead Estuary, in which densities fell to their minima in winter. Ichthyofaunal composition varied between years in the Broke and Wilson inlets and Wellstead Estuary, in which there was little or no connection with the ocean in one of those years. Species composition underwent progressive seasonal changes throughout the year in Wellstead Estuary, due to the abundance of certain species peaking at different times of the year. 相似文献
15.
长江河口潮波传播机制及阈值效应分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
河口潮波传播过程受沿程地形(如河宽辐聚、水深变化)及上游径流等诸多因素影响,时空变化复杂。径潮动力非线性相互作用研究有利于揭示河口潮波传播的动力学机制,对河口区水资源高效开发利用具有重要指导意义。本文基于2007—2009年长江河口沿程天生港、江阴、镇江、南京、马鞍山、芜湖的逐日高、低潮位数据及大通站日均流量数据,统计分析不同河段潮波衰减率与余水位坡度随流量的变化特征,结果表明潮波衰减率绝对值与余水位坡度随流量增大并不是单调递增,而是存在一个阈值流量和区域,对应潮波衰减效应的极大值。为揭示这一阈值现象,采用一维水动力解析模型对研究河段的潮波传播过程进行模拟。结果表明,潮波传播的阈值现象主要是由于洪季上游回水作用随流量加强,余水位及水深增大,导致河口辐聚程度减小,而余水位坡度为适应河口形状变化亦有所减小,从而形成相对应的阈值流量和区域。 相似文献
16.
2 计算结果和讨论2.1区域特征和参数选取 具体数值模拟在图2区域上进行。区域水平尺寸为60×80km;河口口门宽5km、深5m;计算网格间距△x=△y=2.5km。海底底形考虑图3类型。其它参数取值在后面的流函数分布图中予以说明。 相似文献
17.
珠江河口伶仃洋水域潮波传播变形及其不对称性关系对河口动力环境和物质输运产生影响。研究根据珠江口伶仃洋及东四口门19个潮位站2011年6月实测逐时潮位, 利用收缩河型沿程潮幅解析理论, 阐释伶仃洋从桂山岛上行沿程潮汐传播规律特征; 在调和分析基础上, 应用偏度理论和分潮组合分析方法, 阐明了伶仃洋东西岸及洪奇门、蕉门内潮汐不对称性分布特征, 对照数值研究结果, 指出伶仃洋至虎门之间水域导致潮汐不对称性的主控因素及响应规律。研究表明, 河口平面形态呈近似指数收缩特征的伶仃洋, 沿程潮幅的变化符合指数收缩型河口波幅解析变化规律, 东岸潮幅高于西岸的主要原因是东岸水深大于西岸, 其次是科氏力影响; 行进潮波虽受地形摩擦耗能及非线性作用下不同频率分潮间能量迁移的影响, 但收缩河口能量汇聚效应可以保证收缩段天文分潮潮幅减缓衰减甚至增加, 半日分潮能量汇聚效果强于全日分潮, 各非线性项作用促使浅水分潮产生并持续增能, 保证一定距离内沿程潮幅的增大; 潮汐不对称性的偏度由湾口落潮占优向湾顶涨潮占优发展, 在伶仃洋中部赤湾至金星港一线转为涨潮占优, 产生该现象的原因是自湾口向湾顶不同频率间天文分潮K1-O1-M2的相互作用, 导致表现为落潮优势潮的不对称性减弱, 而天文分潮M2和其对应的浅水分潮倍潮M4组合作用使涨潮优势偏度值的不对称性增强; 收缩河口形态属性要素中, 水深是影响潮不对称性的最主要因素。 相似文献
18.
W.R. Geyer 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1997,44(6):713-722
Observations of two small estuaries in Cape Cod, U.S.A. indicate large variations in salinity structure that are forced by variations in along-estuary wind stress. During onshore winds, the estuarine circulation is reduced, and the along-estuary salinity gradient increases as freshwater accumulates. During offshore winds, the surface outflow is enhanced, freshwater is flushed out of the estuary, and the along-estuary salinity gradient becomes weak. Constrictions block the wind-induced flushing, resulting in strong salinity fronts across the constrictions. The residence time of one of the estuaries varies by more than a factor of three in response to variations in wind-induced flushing. The other estuary has little variation of flushing associated with winds, due to a constriction at the mouth that inhibits the wind-induced exchange. The strong influence of winds on the flushing of these estuaries is due in part to their shallow depths, which accentuates the influence of wind stress relative to the effects of the horizontal density gradient. In addition, the residence times of the estuaries are comparable to the time scale of wind forcing, allowing large changes in water properties during wind events. 相似文献
19.
本文主要论述作为先成边界条件的节点(包括矶)和岩岛对河口分汊的影响.指出节点和矶的分布和性质对河口能否形成分汊以及分汊形态等具有不容忽视的作用。表明单个节点易形成喇叭状的少汊河口,多个节点则易导致藕节状展宽及分汊河口,而节点位于口门,则不利于河口展宽而使得河口难以分汊。在研究河口岩岛对河口分汊的作用时,分别从珠江口、韩江口和闽江口三个分汊河口,分析了岩岛的数目多少、规模大小和分布状况,对导致河口形成不同分汊模式的影响。 相似文献