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1.
Coliform and faecal coliform bacteria isolated from potable water supplies (springs and wells), streams, seawater, and effluents were examined for the incidence of antibiotic resistance. More than 40% of the coliform and faecal coliform bacteria isolated from drinking water supplies were resistant to one or more antibiotics. In stream and seawater samples, the incidence was increased to more than 60%, and to more than 70% among faecal coliforms isolated from effluents. Approximately 40% of the isolates resistant to streptomycin or tetra‐cycline were able to transfer their resistance determinants to an antibiotic‐sensitive strain of Escherichia coli within 2 h.

Although the widespread use of antibiotics is perhaps the major selective force favouring the increased incidence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, antibiotic‐resistant faecal coliforms may also have a selective advantage in natural waters.  相似文献   

2.
A modified membrane filter (MF) technique for recovery of faecal coliform bacteria, employing a pre-incubation temperature of 35°C for five hours followed by 18 ± 1 h at 44·5°C was evaluated against the standard MF technique and the multiple-tube (or (most-probable-number (MPN)) procedure in estuarine and marine environments. It was demonstrated that while both MF and MPN procedures supplied substantially the same information, only 75% of the samples analysed with the standard MF procedure fell within the 95% confidence limits of the MPN. When the modified MF was used, 90% of the counts fell within the confidence limits. On average, the modified MF yielded 50% higher counts than did the standard MF method.  相似文献   

3.
Water quality of a lowland stream in a New Zealand dairy farming catchment   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
A small stream in a predominantly dairying catchment in the Waikato region of New Zealand was monitored for 2 years at three sites. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were up to 7.09 g m‐3 in winter, with the bulk comprising nitrate nitrogen (NO‐ 3‐N). During summer NO‐ 3‐N was near zero and TN mostly comprised organic nitrogen. Maximum concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) were 1.64 and 0.555 g m‐3, respectively, and peaks coincided with spring and autumn applications of phosphorus fertiliser. Ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations exceeded 1 g m‐3 on several occasions and mean concentrations at the three sites were 0.165–0.272 g m‐3. Faecal coliform and enterococci bacteria concentrations were 64–26000 and 7–23000 cfu per 100 ml, respectively. Specific yields of TN and NO‐ 3‐N (35.3 and 30.7 kg ha yr‐1, respectively) were much greater than any previously reported for New Zealand pasture catchments, whereas TP and DRP yields (1.16 and 0.54 kg ha yr‐1, respectively) were more in accord with other studies. Greater use of land treatment of liquid wastes will reduce stream inputs of faecal organisms, NH4‐N and P.  相似文献   

4.
A baseline groundwater quality survey of 120 household wells in an unsewered area at Yaldhurst, near Christchurch, was carried out between September and December, 1976. Ammonia‐N levels were below the detection limit (0.02 g m‐3) in all samples. Nitrate‐N, conductivity, and chloride levels tended to vary according to well depth and location, being lower in the deeper wells and in wells located in an area of shallow, stony soils. Approximately 33% of the wells contained coliform bacteria, faecal coliform bacteria or faecal streptococci. A subset of 25 wells was sampled fortnightly from January to August 1977. From January to June, mean nitrate‐N and conductivity levels remained stable at approximately 1.5 g m‐3 and 11.2 mS m‐1 respectively. An increase in these levels to 3.3 g m‐3 and 15.8 mS m‐1 in July‐August corresponded with a rise in the water table. Leaching losses from soils probably accounted for most of the nitrate entering the Yaldhurst aquifers, the contribution by septic tank systems being estimated at 20–30%. No direct evidence of contamination of the wells by septic tank effluent was found, although 23 of the 25 wells exhibited intermittent contamination by indicator bacteria throughout the 8 month sampling programme. Although a localised health hazard may exist, septic tank systems in the area were not considered likely to constitute a health threat to the confined aquifers underlying Christchurch city.  相似文献   

5.
In this study, we examined the bacterial accumulation in the filter feeder polychaete Branchiomma luctuosumGrube (Sabellidae). Analyses were performed on worm homogenates from 'unstarved' and 'starved' individuals, and seawater from the same sampling site (Gulf of Taranto, Western Mediterranean, Italy). Densities of culturable heterotrophic bacteria (22 degrees C), total culturable bacteria at 37 degrees C and halophilic vibrios at 22 and 35 degrees C were measured on Marine Agar 2216, Plate Count Agar and thiosulphate-citrate-bile-salt-agar (TCBS) plus 2% NaCl, respectively. Total and faecal coliforms as well as faecal streptococci were determined by the Most Probable Number method. Results showed that B. luctuosum is able to accumulate all the considered six microbiological groups with a higher efficiency for autochthonous bacteria. The analysis also indicated that bacterial groups differ in their resistance to digestion by B. luctuosum. Our data suggest the potential role of B. luctuosum as an useful bioindicator to assess low levels of microbiological water pollution as well as bioremediator of microbial polluted waters.  相似文献   

6.
Faecal coliform levels were determined for sea water and shellfish flesh from farms of the green mussel, Perna canaliculus, in Pelorus Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Simple linear models were developed to relate logarithmically transformed data on the faecal coliform levels to measures of fresh water entering the mussel beds. These models support guidelines to restrict harvesting following periods of heavy rain in order to comply with shellfish sanitation standards. Alternative guidelines are suggested based on the volume of river water entering the sound or salinity.  相似文献   

7.
A lipid biomarker survey was conducted in Victoria Harbour, Canada, to compare the distribution of sewage-derived organic matter with existing results from bacterial studies. Previous surveys [Miller (1993) Report prepared by Capital Regional District Engineering Department, Victoria, B.C. Canada and Milleret al. (1995) Report prepared by CRD Environmental Services Group and Aquatic Science Consultants Ltd., B.C., Canada] of sewage contamination in the harbour were based principally on infrequent faecal coliform counts. The use of lipid biomarkers to determine time-averaged concentrations of sewage components in sediments may be a more appropriate method for defining areas where sewage is causing environmental or human health risks. 5β-Coprostanol was measured together with other sterols, fatty acids and fatty alcohols. Generally, sewage contamination shown by these lipid biomarkers was coincident with high faecal coliform counts from previous studies. However, this survey suggests, contrary to faecal coliform counts, that Portage Inlet was a region where sewage had accumulated in the sediments, possibly due to nearby overflow facilities or tidal pumping. Although the bacterial counts were low, sewage-derived organic matter was accumulating in the slack areas. In sediments of the Gorge and West Bay there were low faecal biomarker concentrations; this was probably due to the strong tidal currents which do not allow faecal matter to settle in sediments. Faecal coliform counts, however, indicated poor water quality in these same regions but this probably reflects fresh discharges passing through this area without leading to settlement.  相似文献   

8.
Water quality parameters associated with siltation (non‐volatile and volatile suspended solids), oxygen depletion (chemical and biochemical oxygen demand), nutrient enrichment (N, P), toxicity (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd), and human pathogenic micro‐organisms (coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci) were measured in baseflow and stormflow from a residential catchment in Hamilton, New Zealand, from November 1979 to December 1981. A macro‐invertebrate survey was conducted. All parameters, except nitrogen, were predominantly associated with particulate material, and closely followed suspended solids behaviour during storm runoff. The concentrations of these particulate parameters are linearly related to suspended solid concentrations, which implies a reasonable consistency in the particulate source material, probably attributable to the uniform stable land use. The runoff was enriched with nitrate (from septic tank seepage) and the particles by Zn, Pb, and Cu. There was little or no enrichment of the particulates with phosphorus, nitrogen, organic matter, Cr, or Ni relative to catchment soils. Ni, Cr, and Cd were generally below detection limits. Dissolved reactive phosphorus and NH4 +‐N levels were low and unimportant in total P or N leaving the catchment. Most organic matter was particulate and only slowly degraded, and consequently the biological oxygen demand was only a small fraction (c. 13%) of chemical oxygen demand. Interpretation of the water quality data allows some tentative predictions to be made of potential receiving water impacts. It is doubtful that urban runoff will cause significant oxygen depletion, although the high level of organic‐rich particulate material could lead to a deterioration of receiving water sediments and affect benthic invertebrates. Urban runoff may be an important source of nutrients, but (apart from nitrate) its importance depends on the amount of suspended material in the runoff rather than increased input of nutrients from urban‐related activities. Bacterial counts indicate a poor water quality. The impact of metals will depend largely on the bioavailability of the particulate‐bound fraction. The key to the understanding of transport, treatment, and impact of most potential pollutants in urban runoff is probably their association with particulate materials.  相似文献   

9.
Distribution of fecal coliform group in the coastal waters in Xiamen Harbor was investigated. The detectable numbers of fecal coliform group were generally 10~2—10~3/1000 ml or 10~3—10~4/1000ml, except more than 10~4/1000ml at a few stations contaminated severely. The numbers were influenced by tidal change, decreasing in the order of low tide>ebb  相似文献   

10.
Management of faecal contamination of water would be improved if sources could be accurately identified through water analysis. Human faeces are generally perceived as constituting a greater human health risk than animal faeces, but reliable epidemiological evidence is lacking. United States waterborne disease data suggest that human‐specific enteric viruses account for over half the documented outbreaks. However, in New Zealand, where there is a high grazing animal:human ratio (increasing the relative importance of water‐transmissible zoonoses), it seems prudent to assume that human and animal faecal pollution both constitute a risk to human health. Irrespective of the relative risks, the ability to identify sources would assist in overall management of microbial water quality. Faecal streptococci do not appear to provide reliable faecal source identification. Human and animal sources, respectively, maybe distinguishable by two tests on Bifidobacterium spp.—growth at 45°C in trypticase phytone yeast broth and sorbitol fermentation. Different species of Bacteroides tend to be present in humans and animals, but poor survival in water is a problem. Phages of the Bacteroides fragilis strain HSP40 appear to be human specific, but low counts in effluent in some countries, including New Zealand, may limit their usefulness. Different F‐RNA phage subgroups appear to be associated with human and animal faecal sources. The actinomycete Rhodococcus coprophilus has potential as a grazing animal indicator but it is persistent, and existing culturing techniques are time consuming. The development of DNA‐based techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), may assist in the assay of some microbial faecal source indicators. Various faecal sterol isomers offer the possibility of distinguishing between human and animal sources, and even between different animals. Washing powder constituents such as fluorescent whitening agents, sodium tripolyphosphate and linear alkyl benzenes, offer useful human source identifiers. It is unlikely that any single determinand will be useful in all situations, but statistical analysis of appropriate “baskets” of microbial and chemical determinands offers the possibility of identifying and apportioning human and animal faecal inputs to natural waters.  相似文献   

11.
中国重点海水浴场中粪肠球菌和主要肠道病毒的调查研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本文调查了中国十大典型海水浴场,旨在监测人类肠道病毒在海水浴场的发生情况,并且找出表面海水中肠道病毒的存在与传统的粪便污染指示物一粪大肠菌群是否存在关系,如果存在,是什么关系。分别采用常规的平板计数法和RT-PCR技术对粪大肠菌群和人类致病性的主要肠道病毒（甲肝病毒、轮状病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒）进行了检测。结果显示,在2...  相似文献   

12.
Sepetiba Bay is located at 23 degrees S, 44 degrees W in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Water samples were taken at eight locations adjacent to the north shore of the Bay, near to villages and towns without sewage treatment provision. The samples were analysed and total and faecal coliform concentrations determined. A hydrodynamic model of the Bay was used together with a species dispersion model based on an adaptive quadtree mesh to predict faecal concentrations in the Bay. Effluent sources used in the model were defined using population data from census returns with flow and concentration values estimated using standard values recommended by the World Bank (WB) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Sufficient agreement was obtained between the measured and predicted concentrations to support the use of WB and WHO summary statistics to estimate sources of sewage.  相似文献   

13.
Nitrification in a closed prawn-culture system was well established and followed the classical oxidation sequence of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate. Ammonia levels were in the range 4,8–68,7 μg-at N·??1 nitrite 0,15–891 μg-at N·??1 and nitrate approached a maximum of 9 898 μg-at N·??1 after 22 weeks. Marine nitrifying bacteria were enumerated by the most probable number (MPN) technique. The maximum MPN estimate of either group of nitrifying bacteria in the filter was 1,73 × 107·cm?3 while the maximum MPN estimate of their counterparts in the culture water was approximately 500 times lower. To establish mean incubation times for the accurate enumeration of nitrifying bacteria, incubations were carried out over a period of 130 days. Maximum estimates of MPN of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were obtained after an incubation period of 20 days with a mean of 15 days. Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria required a maximum of 65 days with a mean incubation period of 30,3 days.  相似文献   

14.
YANG Chen  LIU Ying 《海洋工程》2017,31(4):389-395
A two-dimensional depth-integrated numerical model is refined in this paper to simulate the hydrodynamics, graded sediment transport process and the fate of faecal bacteria in estuarine and coastal waters. The sediment mixture is divided into several fractions according to the grain size. A bed evolution model is adopted to simulate the processes of the bed elevation change and sediment grain size sorting. The faecal bacteria transport equation includes enhanced source and sink terms to represent bacterial kinetic transformation and disappearance or reappearance due to sediment deposition or re-suspension. A novel partition ratio and dynamic decay rates of faecal bacteria are adopted in the numerical model. The model has been applied to the turbid water environment in the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary, UK. The predictions by the present model are compared with field data and those by non-fractionated model.  相似文献   

15.
大肠菌群寄居于人和其他温血动物的肠道之中，是其粪便中的主要细菌，应用大肠菌群作为饮用水的卫生质量和是否受粪便污染的指示生物，已有较长历史。目前已逐渐建立起一整套比较成熟的确定样品中大肠菌群密度的方法，这些方法已公认为对不同用途水的卫生质量进行细菌学检验的标准方法( A. P. H. A., A. W.W. A. & W. P. C. F，1971)。 大量调查研究结果表明，生活污水中存在着数量惊人的肠道类细菌。这些肠道类细菌随污水进入海洋后，由于环境条件的骤然改变，以及海洋微生物的拮抗作用和抗菌素的产生，它们会在短时间内大量死亡(Jones, 1971; Lessard & Sieburth, 1983；钱振儒、张景镛，1985a, 1985b)。然而，仍有一定数量的肠道类细菌能在海水里存活一段时间，特别是在有机物质含量丰富的污染海水中，其存活时间更长些(薛廷耀，1962)。 所以，在海洋环境污染的监测和评价中，尤其对河口近岸水域以及养殖水体、海水浴场的污染监测和评价时，把海水的大肠菌群密度作为一项监测和评价项目，不仅是可能的，而且也是必要的。为此，世界多数国家己作了明确规定，一般海水每升水样中大肠菌群数不得超过10000个(此标准也适用于与人体直接接触的浴场海水)，而养殖水体则每升不得超过700个。我国也作了同样的规定。但是在我国海洋环境污染监测和评价的实际工作中，运用生物监测手段的工作，包括大肠菌群的监测，不仅做得不多，而且尚未受到普遍重视。 本文是1984年海河口区有机污染现状调查和评价中有关大肠菌群数量分布及其与水域有机污染程度相关分析的总结，试图通过海河口区这一典型实例，来论证大肠菌群作为河口海域有机污染的指示生物是完全可行的。  相似文献   

16.
Some experiments were carried out to explain thein situ phenomena that the number of coliform organisms decreased rapidly from estuaries to offshore, and also at deeper layer, and that the appearance of coliform types varied.In natural seawater, experimental results did not show thatEscherichia coli was extinct by self-purification or anti-biosis action of seawater, but it showed that this organism decreased mainly because of their starvation caused by lack of nourishment. Although the decreasing rate of bacterial density was delayed in enriched seawater, addition of nutrient even at the time of bacterial extinction promoted the appearance of variated form of this bacteria with floc formation.Flocculation of bacterial cells was influenced by quality and quantity of added nutrients. Temperature was shown to have an effect on the floc formation, but appearance of variated form in flocculated cells ofE. coli was not affected by temperature. Flocculated particles of coliform bacteria were adsorbed on suspended particles in seawater and precipitated rapidly. This phenomenon seems to be a cause of the rapid disappearance of coliform bacteria in coastal waters.In bottom deposits the coliform bacteria probably survive longer as physiologically variated forms when suitable nutrients were supplied.  相似文献   

17.
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a toxin‐producing species of cyanobacteria that in autumn 2003 was recorded for the first time in three shallow (max. depth ≤5 m) Waikato lakes and a hydro‐electric dam on the Waikato River, New Zealand. It formed water blooms at densities >100 000 cells/ml in Lakes Waahi and Whangape. Net rates of population growth >0.2 day–1 were recorded for C. raciborskii in Lakes Ngaroto, Waahi, and Karapiro, based on comparisons of low numbers (detection of <10 cells/ml) from initial samples and its presence at bloom densities (>15 000 cells/ml) in the subsequent sample “x"‐"y” days later. C. raciborskii may be well adapted to rapid proliferation in the Waikato lakes, which are eutrophic to hypertrophic, with high light attenuation, and where nitrogen (N) fixation may provide it with a competitive advantage over non‐nitrogen fixing algae under N‐limited conditions.  相似文献   

18.
Unusual “spiral” faecal casts from mid‐Tertiary beds of the Castlepoint area of North Island, New Zealand, are described and compared with modern enteropneust casts photographed at abyssal depths in the south‐west Pacific. Evidence suggests that the fossil casts originated in relatively shallow depths, and this discrepancy emphasises the caution required in the use of trace fossils for palaeoecological interpretations.  相似文献   

19.
Chemical and biological data were collected between 1947 and 1967 from Morton Dam and Upper Karori Reservoir, two artificial lakes which are part of the water supply of Wellington City, New Zealand.

Chemical analyses included the major ions, nutrients, and physical and chemical properties of engineering importance. The emphasis in biological analyses was on the dominant phytoplankters. Bacteriological results are presented as tables of plate counts and “most probable numbers” of confirmed faecal coli‐forms; iron‐fixing bacteria were identified.

Primary productivity has accelerated since 1940–42: annual maxima have increased 30‐fold at Morton Dam, and 10‐fold in Upper Karori Reservoir. In 1942, Morton Dam was believed to be oligotrophic, but the type and quantity of phytoplankton at present indicate a rapid progression to eutrophy.

Despite the extent of biological changes, no dramatic changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of either reservoir can be detected.  相似文献   

20.
Pseudocycnus appendiculatus Heller is described and recorded, for the first time from New Zealand, on Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788). Pseudocycnus spinosus Pearse, 1951 and P. thynnus Brandes, 1955 are thought to be synonyms of P. appendiculatus. Other species previously placed in the genus are discussed and the action of Yamaguti (1963) in removing them to other genera supported. It is suggested that the family Pseudocycnidae Yamaguti, 1963 cannot be differentiated from the family Dichelesthiidae Bassett‐Smith, 1898.  相似文献   

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