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1.
将最优插值法与赤潮数值模型相结合,针对时空分辨率不统一的卫星遥感数据及海洋常规调查数据,进行了东海赤潮高发区海表温度场及海表营养盐浓度场的数据同化研究,并在此基础上进行了该海区春季赤潮过程的数值模拟研究。数据同化结果显示,最优插值数据同化方法不仅在一定程度上修正了海表温度场模拟结果的误差,尤其体现在对赤潮藻的生长影响较大的温度区段18—20℃等值线的南移,而且较为明显地优化了研究海域海表营养盐浓度场,使模拟结果更加接近观测值。对比赤潮过程数值模拟结果发现,在未加同化情况下,海区赤潮藻并未形成大规模赤潮,并且消散较快;而在加入同化后,研究海域交替出现了硅藻及甲藻的大范围赤潮,赤潮生消过程与现场调查数据分析结果较为一致。耦合了最优插值数据同化方法的赤潮数值模型,由于具有改进海洋环境背景场的优势,因此可以在赤潮预报预警工作中得到较好应用。 相似文献
2.
将基于最优插值(OI)的同化并行模块植入第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH III version3.14, 建立数据同化的台风海浪模式预报系统。该系统的强迫风场采用模型台风风场与台风来前海区背景风场混成的风场。以模式后报2010 年7 月严重影响南海北部的“康森”和“灿都”台风引起的海浪场为例, 首先对所构造的混合风场的台风海面风场结构进行定性检验, 并用高度计沿轨风速对混合风场精度进行定量验证。在此基础上, 海浪模式在混合风场强迫下边积分边同化。同化数据采用上述台风过境南海期间Jason-2 卫星高度计沿轨有效波高 (SWH)。值得指出的是, 同化时只取SWH 沿轨数据的一部分用于同化计算, 而另一部分沿轨数据则用于对同化分析结果进行检验。先后同化了4 条轨道上的SWH数据。将SWH 的同化分析与无同化的对照组结果分别与高度计测量SWH 比较, 发现同化较无同化可使均方根误差获得50%以上的明显改进。以同化分析场作为初始场, 同化影响预报(这里是后报)的时效性约在48 h 以内。本研究目的是通过同化高度计SWH 数据进一步提升台风海浪模式预报的准确度。 相似文献
3.
介绍了美国卡罗莱纳州区域海洋观测预报系统(Caro-COOPS系统)。该系统通过"实时观测-模式模拟-数据同化-业务应用"形成的一个完整链结,为卡罗莱纳州及其周边海域的科研、经济以及军事应用提供服务。观测系统依靠沿岸水文气象台站、海上浮标、潜标以及卫星遥感装置等,获得研究海区的准确观测资料。数值模拟模块是Caro-COOPS系统的核心部分,使用三重网格嵌套技术,并耦合了大气、海浪、泥沙输运以及生物化学模型,真实、全面地模拟出该海区的状况。Caro-COOPS系统中采用集合卡曼滤波和四维变分同化的方式,利用观测数据来调整计算误差。在模式的运行过程中,数据同化的作用主要体现在对初始场和强迫场的修正上,其观测结果经过统计分析处理后,可对原有的强迫场进行校正,将相对真实的强迫场提供给模式计算;模式计算的结果与观测数据相融合,通过滤波的方法调整积分的方向,以便更加逼近物理场的真实状态,将滤波调整后形成的物理场作为模拟下一个时刻计算所需的初始场。经过数据同化的调整,优化了模式计算所依赖的初始场和强迫场,减小了其与真实状态的误差,使模式的计算结果更加逼近真实值。Caro-COOPS系统的一大优势亮点是通过将预报结果与地理信息系统(GIS)相结合,快速而准确地定位洪水、风暴潮等自然灾害的影响区域,可准确至每一条街道乃至住宅,极大方便了决策部门有针对性地进行灾害预防和救助工作。GIS与模式结果的结合也极大地增强了Caro-COOPS系统服务社会的能力。 相似文献
4.
模块化海洋数据同化系统（MODAS）通过同化卫星遥感测得的海面温度和海面高度，产生一种动态气候态，能够更接近地预报出海洋的真实状况。介绍了MODAS基本原理，并选择试验海区，对MODAS数据进行了统计和分析。 相似文献
5.
结合MODAS基本原理,应用动态气候态的数据同化概念,阐述应用卫星遥感SSH数据反演水下温度垂直分布的理论和方法,并利用西太平洋海区的ARGO数据进行试验,建立了单点的温度剖面,通过引入SSH数据进行水温反演,演示结果显示了卫星遥感SSH资料同化的有效性,并得出分析结论。 相似文献
6.
海洋声场环境是决定海军作战行动成败的重要组成要素之一,海洋的垂直温度结构作为影响声速场的最重要因素,为了更精确更为实际的反映其分布特点,对其各种数据进行同化研究是十分必要的。文中针对海温数据来源的特点,提出了一种海温数据同化的最优插值方法,较好地完成了各种观测数据与背景数据的同化,并用各种数据进行了检验,其结果表明,利用最优插值法对海温数据进行同化处理是可行的,且同化效果比较理想。 相似文献
7.
以World Ocean Atlas(WOA)气候态月平均资料作为数据同化的背景场,以断面调查数据作为数据同化的观测场,采用最优插值法,对WOA数据进行同化处理,得到分析场,并通过一维搜索方法获得最优相关距离尺度,对分析场进行优化。将调整得到的分析场作为现场观测数据的补充,然后对其网格化并绘制等值线图。两组试验结果表明,经过同化处理后绘制得到的等值线图既保留了区域的气候态特征,又体现了观测期间的特点,在一定程度上可以避免因数据空间分辨率不足所导致的插值结果异常,较单纯使用实测数据或将实测数据与WOA数据简单叠加得到的等值线分布更合理。最优相关距离尺度的大小依同化对象数据类型的不同而不同,一维搜索方法可以较便捷的获得最优相关距离尺度,提高数据同化的效果。 相似文献
8.
基于中尺度大气模式WRF及其3DVAR.模块,采用循环3DVAR数据同化方案,针对6次明显的黄海海雾过程,实施了一系列直接同化ATOVS卫星辐射数据数值试验.在试验中设计了不同化任何观测数据、仅同化GTS常规数据、仅直接同化辐射数据,同时同化二者,以及同化不同疏密程度辐射数据的对比研究方案.利用地面水平能见度与卫星云图对模拟的海雾雾区进行了评估,并比较了各种同化方案所形成初始场的差异.对试验结果的统计分析表明:同化试验较好地再现了影响海雾的天气系统,模拟雾区与实际观测较为吻合,并且初始温度场和湿度场对比不同化任何观测数据的试验有明显的改善;仅同化辐射数据的结果略优于仅同化常规数据的结果,疏化或者只同化海上辐射数据几乎不影响模拟的雾区,但却可以大幅节约计算资源;同时同化常规数据与辐射数据的结果为单独同化它们所得结果的综合体现,总体效果最好. 相似文献
9.
应用~(14)C示踪的方法,对山东沿海的13个海区浮游植物的同化系数进行了比较全面的测定和计算。指出不同海区和不同季节同化系数存在着明显的变化。提出不同海区季和年平均值的变化范围,以及垂直变化规律的特点。 相似文献
10.
通过数值试验验证卫星高度计波高数据同化对西北太平洋3 d海浪预报的改进效果。驱动海浪模式的强迫场采用国家海洋环境预报中心基于MM5模式预报的风场,波高数据同化使用的观测数据是Jason-1卫星高度计有效波高。用最优插值数据同化方法获得海浪有效波高的最优估计并重构相应的海浪方向谱,以此为初始场进行为期3 d的数值预报试验。与没有同化的预报进行了比较和分析,结果表明卫星高度计海浪数据同化对0~72 h预报有不同程度的明显改善,改进程度随预报时效的增加而减少。 相似文献
11.
据《中国海洋报》消息，为更好地履行作为《南极条约》和《关于环境保护的南极条约议定书》缔约国义务，规范我国公民在南极的活动，我国有关部门正在加紧制定规范管理南极活动的行政法规。[第一段] 相似文献
12.
A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation. 相似文献
14.
采用实证研究方法，对近年来公布的海洋统计数字进行了分析，总结出中国涉海职业变动呈现的新特点：传统捕捞业萎缩，渔民大批转产；新兴涉海职业增长迅速；涉海职业变动存在年龄和地区性差异；涉海职业随着产业结构调整而变动。进一步分析了促成涉海职业变动的原因主要在于：海洋开发促进人口流动，使人们有了选择新职业的可能；海洋产业规模扩大，吸收大量劳动力；新兴海洋产业不断涌现，促进了新兴海洋职业产生，并使海洋职业向专业化方向发展。指出海洋开发对涉海职业变动产生了深刻的影响，这种职业变动使沿海社会更加充满活力，是海洋开发社会效益的具体体现。 相似文献
15.
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16.
Being a littoral state, Malaysian maritime sectors provide the basis for the growth and development of marine-related activities. As the country enters the new millennium along with the ‘2020 Vision’ which serves as the basic template against which the economic performance of these sectors should be judged, it poses a new challenge for Malaysia in developing these sectors. This paper attempts to address three basic issues: Firstly, is there any national ocean policy in place? Secondly, are the maritime sectors adequately organized to play an important role in achieving the objectives? Thirdly, what are the opportunities available in developing the ocean?It can be seen that existing policies to develop comprehensive ocean governance have not received the full attention they deserve. Organizational structures governing the ocean for implementing national policies are well in place but in a fragmented and uncoordinated fashion. As a result, sectoral and intersectoral management problems were created such as multiple-use conflicts, overlapping of jurisdiction and duplication of efforts. Environmental problems have also not been properly addressed. A few sectors have been identified as offering opportunities to further develop the Malaysian maritime areas. Among these are marine education and human resources development, marine tourism and the seafood industry. 相似文献
17.
Essentially, this paper aims at considering how the ocean regionalisation may be implemented focusing on the principle of sustainable development, on the subsequent criteria designed by the inter-governmental organisation framework, and on the approaches from the scientific literature. In this respect, a model is proposed, according to which two main stages are identified: (i) the stage of the modern approach to the ocean, which was operated by the modern society and was supported by the culture of modernity; (ii) the stage of the post-modern approach, which has been triggered by the converging inputs from the changes in society and nature. The watershed between these two stages may be located in the 1970s. The investigation may be carried out considering a triangular relationship between (i) the changing ocean reality ( ontological dimension), (ii) the representation of this reality ( semiological dimension), and (iii) the building up of signified, consisting in theories, meta-theories and values ( epistemological and ethical dimensions). In this framework, special relevance is attributed to the interaction between science and policy.Moving from this basis, how ocean regionalisation had been conceived by oceanography, geography and law is considered focusing on the implications that have arisen in terms of ocean management. Analysis is essentially focused on three questions: (i) how much the conceptual implications of the approach to the ocean regional scale have been underestimated, and how ample the political consequences have been; (ii) why the political designs referring to this spatial scale of the ocean, which have been carrying out since the 1970s, have been marked by a lack of consistency of the legal framework with the prospect of operating sustainable management programmes; (iii) whether, and what kind of, discrepancy has solidified between the legal framework, provided by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the ecosystem-oriented approach to the ocean, designed by the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).These considerations lead to identify three cardinal needs. First, the need to try lessons from the Regional Seas Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by carrying out a critical analysis of the conceptual background and methodological endowment which it was based on, and of the subsequent political outcomes. Secondly, an increasing need for scientific approaches supported by the consideration of the ocean as a bi-modular system consisting in ecosystems and organisational patterns, being both modules subject to the impacts from global change and globalisation. Thirdly, a need to design and operate a more effective interaction between science and policy, and, as far as science in itself is concerned, the need to design a more epistemologically-sound interaction between natural and social disciplines.Moving from this discussion, it is proposed to distinguish the mere ocean area, where the organisational patterns have not yet created a real ocean system, from the ocean region, which differently has acquired the features of an ocean system. These two kinds of spaces may be found in the coastal milieu, extending up to the outer edge of the continental margin, in the deep-ocean, extending seawards from the continental margin, or they may extend across the continental margin and the deep-ocean. Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered. - • The ocean area—This kind of ocean space may solidify in those areas where the ocean is frequented and used in the traditional ways without benefiting from a well-designed organisational pattern. Human presence and resource uses have brought about spatial differentiation but not such a real cohesion which may be only achieved by adopting an organisational plan.
- • The ocean region—This occurs only where an ocean area is endowed with such an organisational framework that allows the pursuit of clearly pre-determined objectives in terms of environmental, resource management, and economic development. This is the product of an extensive human interaction with the ocean ecosystem, and of a substantial political approach to the ocean milieu.
Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered: - • The ocean region and regional strategy—At the present time, ocean regions may be found only in quite limited parts of the ocean world.
- • The final objective—Where the decision-making centres conform their programmes and actions to the principles and guidelines from UNCED, the objective of each ocean region should be the pursuit of sustainable development on the regional scale.
- • Sustainable region—This occurs where the regional organisation is primarily based on the protection of the ecosystem integrity, where economic development operates through the optimisation of resource usage, and where social equity, including the access to the natural and cultural heritage of the ocean environment, is guaranteed.
- • Ocean regionalisation—When an individual ocean is subject to the organisational forces that lead to the creation of regions, it can be stated that an ocean regionalisation has occurred.
- • Global change—Ocean regionalisation should be viewed as one of the most important consequences of the global, environmental and social change that characterises the present phase of society.
- • Globalisation—The setting up of a transport and communication global network, together with the associated establishment of global production and consume patterns, of market strategies and social behaviour, may be regarded as the cardinal set of socio-economic factors, which ocean regionalisation is going to increasingly depend on.
- • Enlargement of the geographical approach—The development of ocean regions encourages to set up effective inter-disciplinary approaches, that primarily should focus on: (i) the consistency of the regional organisation with the regional objectives; (ii) the consistency of the ocean resource use with the protection of the ecosystem, primarily the safeguard of its biodiversity, productivity and resilience; and (iii) the configuration and functions of the decision-making system in guiding regional organisation.
- • Ocean region and ecosystem—The most desirable conditions in terms of optimal ocean organisation on the regional scale occur where the spatial extent of the ocean, which is encompassed by an individual regional management programme, fully coincides with the spatial extent of an ocean ecosystem, or with a set of contiguous ecosystems.
- • Decision-making systems—The more the co-operative process between decision-making systems operating in contiguous ocean regions develops, the greater the potential for a holistic political approach to the oceans becomes. The spatial consequences deriving from the interaction between the decision-making centres are of peculiar interest.
Article Outline- 1. A background issue
- 1.1. The legal reason
- 1.2. The scientific reason
- 2. The modern ocean regionalisation
- 2.1. The initial approach
- 2.2. The mature approach
- 2.2.1. Complication of surface regionalisation
- 2.2.2. Rise of seabed regionalisation
- 2.2.3. Interaction between ocean and atmosphere regionalisation
- 3. The post-modern ocean regionalisation
- 3.1. Interaction between policy and law
- 3.1.1. First pattern, wide holistic approach
- 3.1.2. Second pattern, limited holistic approach
- 3.2. The coastal perspective
- 3.2.1. The 200 m isobath
- 3.2.2. The outer edge of the continental margin
- 3.3. The ocean region designs
- 3.4. Signifiers, signs and signified in the post-modern context
- 3.5. Newly designed ocean regions
- 3.6. In the search for a conceptual track
- 4. A post-modern forum
- 4.1. Ocean reality
- 4.2. Language and representation
- 4.3. Policy and ethics
- 4.4. Tracing lines and zoning
- Acronyms
- Acknowledgements
- References
There is an African proverb that says: ‘The earth is not ours, it is a treasure we hold in trust for our children and their children.’ And I hope my generation and yours will be worthy of this trust.Kofi AnnanKey note speech to the 97th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, New York, March 1st, 2001 1. A background issueA palpable gap may be found in the present political approach to the ocean, and in the relevant scientific backgrounds. It has taken shape between the conceptual sense of the ocean sustainable development, on the one hand, and the approach to the ocean on the regional scale, on the other. The sustainable development concept leads to pursuing three goals contextually: (i) ecological integrity, specifically referring to the genetic, species and ecosystem diversity; (ii) economic efficiency, basically implying the replacement of the conventional concept of economic growth with that of human development; (iii) social equity, essentially meant as the safeguard of the cultural values and the preserving of rights of future generations. This broad objective design assumes ecological diversity as the prerequisite to pursue any other goal, namely economic efficiency and social equity [1]. As a result, where the regionalisation of the ocean is set up for management purposes, the ecological features and processes should be considered as the attributes to be considered first. Nevertheless, apart from some specific cases, which have not influenced the ocean governance as a whole, this approach has not been operated.This is due to two concurrent reasons. First, a reason rooted on the legal approach to the ocean. As is well known, at the present time, any approach to the regional scale of ocean management is based on the legal frameworks provided by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Nevertheless, is should be wondered whether the Convention background design had been marked by some basic lack, and whether and how policy has been influenced. Secondly, a reason rooted in a lack of scientific approach to ocean regionalisation. It should be wondered whether science had been able to provide adequate conceptual frameworks, and empirical approaches, to the ocean governance on the regional scale (Fig. 1). 相似文献
18.
The state of Oregon has instituted an ocean resources management program within state government. The program, enacted by the state legislature in 1987 and amended in 1991, is a component of the statewide land-use planning program and coastal management program developed in the early 1970s. Politically the ocean program has roots in strong public interest in protecting coastal resources from destruction or degradation. This paper reviews the history of the development of the program, describes key elements, highlights some distinguishing program characteristics, sketches the ocean governance relationships that now exist off Oregon and lists some practical examples of what the program has accomplished. Finally, the paper includes some observations that may provide perspective for others contemplating a state ocean management program. 相似文献
19.
为研究海洋环境信号在OBS(Ocean Bottom Seismograph)原始数据中的规律及应用,根据OBS原始数据的波形及频谱特征,将研究区划分为5个时间段,依次为旧涌浪阶段、风浪渐强阶段、风浪全盛阶段、风浪消退阶段和新涌浪阶段。结合海洋天气预报,认为上述现象是由偏南风风浪对海流的影响造成的。参考野外地震数据采集记录班报,得到各阶段的时长和距离,计算风浪渐强、全盛和消退阶段OBS附近海流的平均速度。结果表明:OBS原始资料中浅海海洋环境噪音增强的主要因素是风浪,且风浪引起的噪音信号的波形变化特征是渐进式的;OBS可用于接收某种特殊阶段(如台风、海啸等)的噪音信号,并根据噪音信号的波形特征、频谱变化规律和持续时间估算该阶段的海流速度变化。 相似文献
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