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化学消油剂的使用已成为国内外海洋溢油事故应急处理的重要措施之一。本文分别从光明化学消油剂GM-8的用量、油水比及环境pH等方面,对正十四烷及原油乳化效果进行分析。结果表明, GM-8对正十四烷及原油的乳化效果较好,当化学消油剂的用量为原油的5%时,正十四烷及原油的乳化指数较高。在消油剂与原油用量比为一定值时,原油的乳化效果与海水的量几乎没有关系。环境pH对GM-8乳化原油的影响不大,乳化后的原油可以在海洋环境中稳定7 d以上。GM-8对原油的微生物降解有一定的增强作用。N/P、环境的pH以及微生物的接种量等均对乳化原油的生物降解有较大的影响。当微生物的接种量由培养基的1%增加到10%时,乳化原油的微生物降解率增加了一倍以上,达到91.6%。 相似文献
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文章以４种溢油分散剂为研究对象,以１０ｍｉｎ乳化率为观察指标,在实验室条件下依据国家标准,评价了４ 种溢油分散剂的乳化性能,以及温度、盐度、剂油比等环境因素对乳化稳定性能的影响。结果表明,温度显著影响４种溢油分散剂的稳定性能;盐度对４种溢油分散剂稳定性能的影响较小;不同比例的溢油分散剂加入对溢油分散剂稳定性能的影响变化较大。与溢油事故现场相关的实验研究还需要进一步开展。 相似文献
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采用静水呼吸室法,研究了温度、盐度和两种麻醉剂(丁香油、MS-222)对体质量为(6.44±0.59)g的大泷六线鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响。实验分别设置了5个温度梯度(8℃、12℃、16℃、20℃、24℃),5个盐度梯度(15‰、20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰),6个丁香油浓度梯度(0、8、16、24、32、40 mg/L)和5个MS-222浓度梯度(0、10、20、30、40 mg/L)。结果显示,温度、盐度和两种麻醉剂均对耗氧率和排氨率有显著性影响。8℃时,耗氧率和排氨率最低,随温度升高先升高后降低,且均在20℃时达到峰值;盐度30‰时,耗氧率和排氨率最低,盐度升高或降低都会导致耗氧率和排氨率升高;丁香油和MS-222均能有效降低大泷六线鱼的耗氧率和排氨率,其中丁香油的降低效果更为明显;丁香油浓度为24 mg/L时或MS-222为20 mg/L时可使大泷六线鱼处于深度镇定期,结合耗氧率及排氨率变化,认为上述浓度是大泷六线鱼幼鱼保活运输的最佳浓度;本研究所有处理组的O∶N比值范围均在14.77~24.11之间,表明适宜温度和盐度条件下,大泷六线鱼幼鱼主要由蛋白质和脂肪提供能量。研究认为,适度降温、自然盐度和适宜浓度的麻醉剂处理均可显著降低大泷六线鱼幼鱼的呼吸代谢强度,其中丁香油相比MS-222作用效果更加明显。本研究结果为实现大泷六线鱼高质量运输提供了科学参考。 相似文献
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温度和盐度对埋栖性双壳类泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa) 呼吸、排泄的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在人工条件下采用静水封闭呼吸瓶的方法研究了温度、盐度对泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)呼 吸、排泄的影响, 并综合分析了温度、盐度交互作用对呼吸、排泄的影响程度, 为泥蚶基础生物学研 究积累了资料。结果表明, 在设定的不同温度条件下泥蚶耗氧率变化范围0.63-4.47mg/(g·h), 单因 素方差分析结果显示4 个盐度条件下泥蚶耗氧率的差异均极显著(P<0.01); 排氨率的变化范围 123.11-955.68μg/(g·h), 排氨率受温度的影响也均极显著(P<0.01); 经回归发现, 在温度13-31℃ 范 围内, 耗氧率和排氨率均与温度的变化呈显著的指数相关。除温度为18℃ 时, 其它各温度条件下, 不同盐度梯度间的耗氧率差异不显著(P>0.05), 盐度对排氨率影响的变化趋势不一致。在温度 (13-31℃)和盐度(18-28)时, 温度和盐度对耗氧率、排氨率的影响均存在交互作用, 耗氧率(Y)、排 氨率(Y)与温度(T)和盐度(S)之间的二元线性回归关系为Y=a+bT+cS+dT×S.泥蚶呼吸排泄的O:N 比 在4.50-13.07 之间, 平均值为7.16.泥蚶呼吸排泄的代谢活动受温度、盐度的影响显著。 相似文献
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本研究设定了22、18、14 3个低盐度和10℃、20℃2个温度组,以自然海水盐度为对照,以仿刺参的存活率和特定生长率(SGR)为参数,分析了不同温度下低盐度对仿刺参存活和生长的影响,实验进行30d,结果显示:温度为10℃和20℃时,盐度18、22的实验组和对照组仿刺参的存活率没有显著性差异(P0.05);盐度14时,10℃实验组仿刺参全部死亡,20℃实验组的仿刺参存活率显著高于10℃实验组(P0.05)。随着盐度的增加,仿刺参的SGR呈先升高后降低的趋势;温度为10℃时,盐度22的实验组和对照组的仿刺参为正增长,SGR没有显著性差异(P0.05),盐度14和18的实验组仿刺参为负增长,SGR差异显著(P0.05)。根据回归曲线算出,温度为10℃时,仿刺参最适生长盐度为29;温度为20℃时,不同盐度实验组的仿刺参均为负增长,根据回归曲线算出,盐度为27时,负增长最少。 相似文献
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海上消油剂及其在溢油污染处置中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
阐述了海上消油剂和其应用现状以及影响其使用效果的不同因素,并探讨了消油剂使用效果评价方法,对消油剂产品及评价方法的发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为海上溢油污染处置技术的完善和发展提供参考。 相似文献
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几种环境因子对墨氏胸刺水蚤摄食的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
研究了不同藻类、藻细胞密度、温度、盐度、容器容积、昼夜变化等环境因子对浮游桡足类墨氏胸刺水蚤(Centropagesmcmurrichi)的摄食关系。结果表明:1)藻种类、藻细胞密度对墨氏胸刺水蚤的清滤率和滤食率都有显著影响;2)墨氏胸刺水蚤对4种藻的摄食顺序为球等鞭金藻(摄食率I=12.418μgC/ind穐)>角毛藻(I=9.824μgC/ind穐)>异胶藻(I=6.683μgC/ind穐)>小球藻(I=5.229μgC/ind穐);3)温度在6~20℃范围内变化对墨氏胸刺水蚤的清滤率和滤食率无显著影响,但以10~15℃为佳。盐度对墨氏胸刺水蚤的清滤率和滤食率有显著影响,最适摄食盐度为20~27;4)容器容积和昼夜变化对墨氏胸刺水蚤的摄食影响不显著。 相似文献
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In this paper, two hydrodynamic models were developed using Delft3D and were then applied to the 2011 Penglai 19-3 accident in the Chinese Bohai Sea. One model includes constant temperature and salinity, while the other model utilizes variable temperature and salinity. The two models both simulate currents fields in the Bohai Sea and utilize wind data from the National Meteorological Service of Germany (DWD) to calculate the drift of spilled oil. The hydrodynamic simulation results are consistent with the results of previous studies. We subsequently predict the surface oil trajectories of the Penglai 19-3 oil spill based on the two models, respectively. Comparing the oil-spill simulation results with remote sensing information, we show that the model with variable temperature and salinity exhibits a better fit with the actual observations. Temperature and salinity were two important factors that influenced the movement of spilled oil on the sea surface. According to the result of the variable thermohaline model, most of the oil particles spread northwest and a small portion spreads southeast to the Chinese Bohai Strait. We conclude that density currents should be considered in future oil-spill studies to generate more realistic results. 相似文献
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本文基于水槽溢油观测实验，研究溢油乳化过程中表面散射特性的变化。利用全极化C波段微波散射计和矢量网络分析仪等测量设备对易发生乳化反应沥青含量小于3%的原油（A型油）、油田中开采出的新鲜原油（B型油）和经过脱水去杂质处理的工业原油（C型油）进行观测。文中详细分析了在C波段微波下乳化油膜与平静水面的后向散射差异，以及油膜乳化过程对后向散射的影响，结果显示在低风速、无浪的条件下（最大波高低于3mm），原油的乳化反应可通过表面粗糙度和自身介电常数的变化来调制雷达后向散射，并且这两种方式中表面粗糙度的影响占主导地位。对比B型和C型原油在乳化状态和未乳化状态下的表面后向散射，结果显示在各状态下B型油膜表面后向散射均大于C型油，且在VV、HH、HV/VH极化方式下两者后向散射平均差异分别为2.19 dB、2.63 dB、2.21 dB，在20%油膜含水率的乳化状态下差异较未乳化状态时小，平均差异分别为0.98 dB、1.49 dB、1.5 dB，结果表明不同类型油种间由于成分和油膜属性的不同会在一定程度上导致油膜表面粗糙度存在差异，影响油膜表面后向散射。 相似文献
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In the identifying process of an oil spill accident, manual integral and artificial visual comparison are commonly used at present to determine the oil spill sources, these methods are time-consuming and easily affected by human factors. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the purpose of rapid identification of an oil spill accident. In this paper, an intelligent method of automatic recognition, integration and calculation of diagnostic ratio of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) spectrum are established. Firstly, four hundreds of samples collected around the world were analyzed using a standard method and Retention time locking technology (RTL) was applied to reduce the change of retention time of GC/MS spectrum. Secondly, the automatic identification, integration of n-alkanes, biomarker compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and calculation of the diagnostic ratios were realized by MATLAB software. Finally, a database of oil fingerprints were established and applied successfully in a spill oil accident. Based on the new method and database, we could acquire the diagnostic ratios of an oil sample and find out the suspected oil within a few minutes. This method and database can improve the efficiency in spilled oil identification. 相似文献
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Ermanno Crisafi Renata Zaccone Lucrezia Genovese Rosabruna La Ferla Teresa Luciana Maugeri 《Marine Ecology》1989,10(4):365-375
Abstract. Seventy six samples of coastal sediments collected in the Straits of Messina were studied in order to evaluate the effects of an oil spill and the consequent "clean-up" operations on heterotrophic acrobic bacteria.
In addition, in vitro tests were carried out to estimate the effects of five dispersants on the growth and oil degrading capacity of marine strains isolated from the same sediments. 相似文献
In addition, in vitro tests were carried out to estimate the effects of five dispersants on the growth and oil degrading capacity of marine strains isolated from the same sediments. 相似文献
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A number of experiments were carried out in the Canadian Arctic on Baffin Island with the purpose of defining the short- and long-term effects of exposure to dispersed crude oil on marine benthic invertebrates. The study reported here assessed metabolic responses by physiological and biochemical indices, and evaluated these in relation to exposure concentration. The overall objective of the study was to evaluate the potential for long-term survival of benthic communities in the Arctic following an oil spill. This objective was consistent with the goals of the larger Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) program, which was implemented to evaluate the relative mitigating effectiveness of chemical dispersants, as compared to conventional oil spill counter-measures. 相似文献
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The key point for rational allocation of emergency resources is to match the oil spill response capacity with the risk of oil spill. This paper proposes an innovative risk-based model for quantitative regional emergency resource allocation, which comprehensively analyzes the factors such as oil spill probability, hazard consequences, oil properties, weathering process and operation efficiency, etc. The model calculates three major resources, i.e., mechanical recovery, dispersion and absorption, according to the results of risk assessment. In a field application in Xiaohu Port, Guangzhou, China, and the model achieved scientific and rational allocation of emergency resources by matching the assessed risk with the regional capacity, and allocating emergency resources according to capability target. The model is considered to be beneficial to enhancing the resource efficiency and may contribute to the planning of capacity-building programs in high-risk areas. 相似文献
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温度和盐度对几种大型海藻生长率和NH4-N吸收的影响 总被引：19，自引：3，他引：19
温度和盐度对细基江蓠繁枝变型(Gracilaria tenuistipitata var.liui)、孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)和蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia filicina)生长率及细基江蓠繁枝变型NH4-N吸收的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明,温度和盐度对上述3种海藻生长率及NH4-N吸收均有显著影响.3种海藻的生长适宜温度和盐度范围分别为细基江蓠繁枝变型20～30℃,15～30,孔石莼15～25℃,15～40,蜈蚣藻20～25℃,25～35;最大日特定生长率(SGR)分别为8.66%,12.28%,2.24%;N饥饿细基江蓠繁枝变型对NH4-N的吸收存在短期的快吸收.细基江蓠繁枝变型NH4-N吸收的最适温度和盐度范围分别为15～25℃,10～25.生长率及NH4-N吸收速率与温度和盐度之间分别存在以下关系:SGRG.t.=0.873(S-5.487)(T-9.007)e(-0.0708S-0.0745T);SGRU.p.=0.222(S-2.665)e-0.047S(T-9.98)e-0.00057(T-9.98)2.7;SGRG.f.=2.6×10-4(S-10.856)(T-11.704)e0.156T-3.36×10-6STe0.219T;Vupt=11.812(S-4.081)(T-9.221)e-0.1S-0.148T. 相似文献