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1.
一种钵水母—黄金水母(Chrysaora pacifica)被怀疑是海月水母(Aurelia aurita)碟状幼体的潜在捕食者,为了验证这一假设,在实验室可控条件下进行了以黄金水母幼水母为捕食者、海月水母碟状幼体为猎物的捕食实验。实验结果表明黄金水母幼水母(伞径:9-15mm)能够以海月水母碟状幼体(ca. 2mm)为食。在2 h的实验中,黄金水母幼水母最多摄食了15只海月水母碟状幼体(实验容器容积为450mL)。黄金水母幼水母对海月水母碟状幼体的摄食率在44ind./L和111ind./L的密度下分别为0.8±0.6/ind.·h和1.3±1.0/ind.·h。滤水率在两个密度下分别为0.029±0.024和0.051±0.041L/ind.·h。滤水率随着饵料密度的降低显著提高。实验结果证实黄金水母是海月水母碟状幼体的重要潜在捕食者,并且其对海月水母碟状幼体的捕食可能是影响天然海域中海月水母碟状幼体成活率的重要因素。 相似文献
2.
生活史不同阶段的海月水母(Aureliasp.1)与海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta)的相互捕食关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用交叉实验和水母体培养的方法,研究了不同生活史阶段的海月水母及海蜇之间的相互捕食关系。海月水母螅状体(口柄直径约为1mm)能够捕食海蜇碟状体及伞径≤8mm的海蜇幼体;海月水母的碟状体只能够捕食海蛰碟状体;伞径100mm的海月水母体能够捕食海蜇碟状体及伞径≤30mm的海蛰幼体。在海蜇对海月水母的捕食实验中发现,伞径≥10mm的海蜇幼体对海月水母的碟状体有捕食行为。通过对两种水母相互捕食关系的研究,笔者认为海月水母捕食海蜇的能力明显强于海蜇捕食海月水母的能力。这或许有助于解释近年来海月水母不断暴发而海蜇资源日渐减少的现象,有助于改进海蜇人工增殖放流措施,提高放流效果。 相似文献
3.
近年来白色霞水母(Cyaneanozakii)在我国近海出现数量波动,在其暴发年份严重影响了暴发区域的社会、经济和生态。本文通过观察不同饵料密度下白色霞水母触手丝的长度变化、游动状态来研究其摄食行为,同时对白色霞水母消化时间进行研究,结果表明:饵料密度较低时,霞水母触手丝完全伸展;密度过量时(500ind./L),周围饵料较充足,触手丝处于收缩状态;饵料密度对霞水母游动状态无显著影响,表明霞水母在水体中通过不断调整触手丝伸长与收缩来对周围饵料进行感知,达到一种高效的摄食状态,而非调整其游动状态。饵料种类、大小对霞水母消化时间具有显著影响:温度为18.5°C环境下,胶质类生物(水螅水母和海月水母碟状体)在霞水母胃中平均存留时间为(0.8±0.2)h,平均比大小无差异的桡足类短2.3h,比鱼类短3.7h,相比而言,胶质类生物较易消化,鱼类最难消化;随桡足类、海月水母、鱼类的体长增加,霞水母对其消化时间显著增长;随着霞水母伞径增大(2.2—14.5cm),以卤虫为饵料消化时间呈显著线性下降,以桡足类为饵料消化时间无显著差异,表明霞水母伞径大小对消化时间的影响因饵料种类不同而有差异。本文的研究结果为野外环境中定性与定量研究霞水母摄食率提供基础。 相似文献
4.
为了探究不同种类水母对浮游食物网的摄食影响,采用碳氮稳定同位素和脂肪酸标记法,研究分析了渤海红沿河海域常见的4种小型水母(伞径直径5 cm:卡玛拉水母Malagazzia carolinae、球形侧腕水母Pleurobrachia globosa、帽铃水母Tiaricodon coeruleus、半球美螅水母Clytia hemisphaerica和3种大型水母(伞径10—200cm:沙海蜇Nemopilema nomurai、海月水母Aurelia aurita)和白色霞水母Cyanea nozakii)的食物组成。结果表明,不同种类水母的食物组成存在差异。其中卡玛拉水母、球形侧腕水母、帽铃水母、半球美螅水母和白色霞水母均偏肉食食性,食物组成中动物性食物所占比例更高,高于海月水母与沙海蜇。在食物粒径谱上,帽铃水母和半球美螅水母较大粒径的食物比例均高于小粒径的悬浮有机物(POM)比例。卡玛拉水母和球形侧腕水母各个粒径食物比例接近。大型水母中,白色霞水母的食物中大粒径的浮游动物的比例高于海月水母,更高于沙海蜇。由此看来,小型水母和大型的白色霞水母的暴发会直接影响大中型浮游动物数量,海月水母的暴发对不同大小的浮游生物均会产生一定的影响。而沙海蜇的暴发会大量摄食1 mm的小型浮游生物和POM,对大中型浮游动物以及更高营养层生物(鱼类等)的影响可能是通过蜇伤以及饵料竞争导致的。因此,不同种类水母暴发对浮游生物的影响存在差异。本研究从摄食角度初步探究了水母对海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动的影响,为水母暴发的灾害防治提供了数据支持。 相似文献
5.
传统研究结果表明水母的捕食者很少,认为它是海洋食物网的死胡同,但是越来越多的研究表明水母存在于很多生物的胃中。为研究生态系统中水母的上层营养级状况以及水母种群动态变化的捕食性影响机制,以黑鲷为研究对象,通过室内实验,研究了黑鲷对海月水母不同发育期的摄食情况。研究结果表明：黑鲷对海月水母各发育期的摄食情况不尽相同,黑鲷无法直接摄食附着在波纹板上的水螅体;黑鲷对碟状体的摄食是吞食性的,15℃条件下黑鲷对碟状体的摄食率最大可达到（15.487±1.150）ind./（g·d）;黑鲷对小水母体的摄食是吞食性的,对较大水母体的摄食是蚕食性的,这种摄食能力受自身体长大小和水母伞径大小的双重影响,随着体长的增加,黑鲷能摄食更大伞径的海月水母;黑鲷对给定伞径海月水母的摄食能力存在阈值,增大水母密度,不会导致黑鲷摄食量的增加;高密度下黑鲷更倾向于摄食水母体口腕部分。研究结果为理解海月水母碟状体的高死亡率提供了可能性新认知,为理解胶质类在海洋生态系统中的消亡提供了理论。 相似文献
6.
为获得海月水母不同频率下声学特征,在水池条件下,运用鱼探仪对海月水母开展目标强度(TS) 测量实验。结果表明：伞径约为 10 cm 海月水母,姿态角在 60°~ 90°时,单频(120 kHz)条件下,目标强度测量值为–66 ~ –63 dB,接近高通液球模型;宽频(90 kHz~170 kHz)条件下,目标强度测量值为–61 ~ –59 dB, 接近 Mutlu 目标强度和伞径的关系式模型。并进一步分析了相同伞径水母目标强度测量值产生差异的原因, 研究结果将为核电站冷源致灾生物的浅海宽频探测提供参考。 相似文献
7.
2018年6月渤海大型水母分布特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2018年6月使用渔业底拖网采样，对渤海大型水母进行了全面调查，调查船舶为"中渔科102"渔业科考船。本研究分析了渤海大型水母的种类组成、渔获密度与伞径大小，并对其源地进行了探讨。结果表明：本次调查共采集到海月水母、沙海蜇、海蜇、多管水母四种大型水母，其中海蜇、多管水母数量较少，各采集到一只。海月水母在渤海三湾均有分布，各海区伞径大小无显著差异且多为幼体（<10cm），密度高值区出现在渤海湾东南侧海域，可达38-221.21ind./（net·h），辽东湾海月水母出现于湾南，密度<5ind./（net·h），湾北未见；作者推测，海月水母在渤海沿岸可能存在多个源头，诸如：莱州湾与渤海湾交界近岸海域、河北近岸、辽东湾大连近岸以及北部近岸。沙海蜇在渤海分布较广，辽东湾为密度高值区，均值为（35.32±21.64）ind./（net·h），但伞径较小，均值为（12.15±6.52）cm；与此相对，渤海湾与莱州湾外侧海域沙海蜇密度虽小[<20ind./（net·h）]，但伞径要显著大于辽东湾，最大伞径均值可达（33.86±7.40）cm；作者推测，沙海蜇在渤海海域发源地主要集中于辽东湾近岸，渤海湾与莱州湾，外海出现的沙海蜇可能源于辽东湾，随海流运输至此。海月水母、沙海蜇在渤海发生时间要晚于黄、东海。本研究结果可为深入分析渤海大型水母的种群动态变化、暴发机理提供基础。 相似文献
8.
利用实验生态学方法研究不同个体大小的海蜇浮游幼体[平均伞径(2.5±0.1),(4.1±0.2),(11.7±0.5),(21.1±0.6)mm]对不同密度(10,30,50,80ind/L)的褐牙鲆卵[卵径(0.92±0.01)mm]和初孵仔鱼[全长(3.01±0.08)mm]的捕食率,解析海蜇浮游幼体对初孵仔鱼的捕食率随捕食时间(0.5,1,2,3,4,5h)的变化特征。结果表明,各个体组海蜇浮游幼体对卵的捕食率均显著低于对仔鱼的捕食率;它们对卵的捕食率与卵密度和海蜇个体大小的关系不显著,但对仔鱼的捕食率随海蜇个体大小及仔鱼密度的增大而显著升高;伞径21.1mm的个体对仔鱼的捕食率在开始捕食后1h时达到最大值[17.3ind/(predator.h)],此后随捕食时间的延长而逐渐下降。在自然水域中,如果二者发生时空上的匹配关系,海蜇浮游幼体对仔鱼的捕食可能影响褐牙鲆的早期存活及其资源补充量的变动。 相似文献
9.
2011年春季黄、东海墨绿多管水母(Aequorea coerulescens)分布特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2011年4月在黄、东海的大面调查中观测到一种多管水母大量发生,在现场通过表层目测计数了其分布特征,采集现场样品测量了伞径、湿重和干重,并结合水文数据分析了其分布与水团的关系。经鉴定,该种为水螅水母纲、软水母亚纲、锥螅水母目、多管水母科、多管水母属、墨绿多管水母(Aequorea coerulescens)。在69个站位中,有11个站位出现,出现率16%,主要在东海南部近岸海域。个体伞径在17.40—142.00mm之间,湿、干重分别在3.07—75.47g和0.12—3.06g之间,湿、干重与伞径呈现显著的指数关系。碳含量占干重的3.15%±0.56%,氮含量占干重的14.44%±2.65%,碳氮比为4.58±0.30。伞径和温度、盐度显著相关。作者认为,墨绿多管水母来源于舟山群岛附近海域,受海流的作用,输送到观测海域;离源地越远的站位,由于生长时间长,水母伞径增大。 相似文献
10.
鮸状黄姑鱼早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
1997年4－5月,在集美大学水产学院海水育苗试验场,采用生态学方法对人工培育的状黄姑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的援食和生长特性进行分析。结果表明,在人工培育条件下,仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食率达97.9％,摄食量占体重的1．4％－23．4％,日摄食量占体重的36．47％－6519％;摄食具明显的昼夜节律,黄昏和早晨为摄食高峰;对较大个体的饵料生物有明显的选择性;饵料密度对摄食量有一定影响。摄食量与体重的关系式为y=0.1327x＋0．5613,全长与日龄的关系式为LT=2.5799eg.g516D,体重与日龄的回归方程为W=0．0537e‘.1786D,全长与体重的回归方程为W＝0．0042L。 相似文献
11.
通过2009-2011年5月下旬-7月下旬辽东湾北部近海10m等深线内的大型水母调查数据,分析了辽东湾北部近海近三年中大型水母资源状况,并探讨了辽东湾大型水母的生态类型。结果显示:辽东湾北部近海大型水母种类主要有海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)、沙蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)、白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii)、海月水母(Aurelia sp.1),海蜇和沙蜇是优势种。海蜇幼水母阶段主要集中分布在5m等深线以内的近岸河口水域,随着个体增大有略向深水或密度较小的水域扩散的趋势,仍主要分布在5m等深线两侧水域,属于高温低盐种类。6月份调查海区中发现大量的沙蜇幼水母,随着沙蜇个体增大,7月份调查海区中沙蜇数量大幅度减少。辽东湾海月水母在南部海域出现较多,2010、2011年在北部近海部分海域出现。白色霞水母近几年来辽东湾出现较少,栖息在盐度较高的水域。辽东湾各种大型水母中,沙蜇的生长速度最快。辽东湾海蜇幼水母、沙蜇幼水母的海区出现时间要晚于黄、东海。 相似文献
12.
Four behaviours of mature Aurelia labiata medusae (Scyphozoa) were observed. Touching the manubrium with a soft, hollow, silicone rubber ball or a foam rubber ball caused medusae at a depth of 1 m to swim to the surface. Dense aggregations of medusae did not form within 5 m of rock walls. Medusae did not swim into water with salinity < 20 parts per thousand. Sunlight-stimulated directional swimming was to the west. These behaviours add to a growing list of adaptive behaviours of Aurelia labiata medusae. 相似文献
13.
Ferdinando Boero Cecilia Bucci Anna Maria Rosaria Colucci Cinzia Gravili Loredana Stabili 《Marine Ecology》2007,28(Z1):178-183
Obelia is used in many zoology textbooks to exemplify the Hydrozoa life cycle. The body plan of Obelia medusae, however, is unique among the Hydrozoa. Contrary to all other hydromedusae, Obelia medusae do not derive from a medusary nodule, have neither a velum nor a subumbrellar cavity, the umbrella is flat, and swimming is achieved by umbrellar flapping and does not involve jet propulsion. The medusae of most Obelia species do not grow well on a diet of Artemia salina nauplii, the usual food for laboratory‐reared hydrozoans, and their rearing is often difficult. Previous observations reported that Obelia medusae might eat phytoplankton, driven to the mouth by movements of both the bell and the tentacles. To evaluate the efficiency of this feeding mechanism, we gave a suspension of genetically modified Escherichia coli expressing GFP to starved, newly released medusae of both O. dichotoma and Clytia hemisphaerica (the other campanulariid genus with medusae). Obelia medusae are able to concentrate bacteria in their gastric cavity, whereas Clytia medusae are not. Contrary to other Hydromedusae that are macrophagous, Obelia is a microphagous and filter‐feeding medusa, at least at the onset of its medusan life. As Cnidaria evolved before their current metazoan prey, their ancestral diet was probably microphagous. Obelia’s microphagous feeding habits could thus represent an example of the ancestral feeding condition in Cnidaria, but the apomorphic characters of its medusa suggest that its body architecture is not ancestral, and that its microphagy evolved relatively recently. 相似文献
14.
2009年2—12月间在胶州湾大沽河口邻近海域的逐月现场调查中,利用垂直拖网研究了海月水母碟状体和水母体的时空分布情况以及对其它浮游动物类群的影响,并探讨了海月水母的生态适应性。结果表明:海月水母的碟状体4月份开始在胶州湾出现,并且丰度逐渐增加,到6月份达到最高峰。海月水母的水母体集中在7月份大量出现。碟状体和水母体高峰期的月平均丰度分别为2.9和1.3ind/m3。碟状体开始出现时的水温平均为11.5℃,数量高峰期的水温为20.6℃,而水母体高峰期的水温为25.2℃。该海域的浮游动物总丰度(不含夜光虫)在5—7月份有个高峰期,其中5月份最高值为486.9ind/m3。7月份海月水母高峰期,浮游动物的丰度没有明显下降,两者丰度的地理变化之间也没有显著的相关性。但是通过对2006—2010年间的浮游动物各类群丰度对比,2009年海月水母暴发时夜光虫和桡足类春季丰度高值显著低于其它年份。 相似文献
15.
Andrew W. Leising James J. Pierson Claudia Halsband-Lenk Rita Horner James Postel 《Progress in Oceanography》2005,67(3-4):384
During late winter and spring of 2002 and 2003, 24, 2–3 day cruises were conducted to Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA, to examine the grazing, egg production, and hatching success rates of adult female Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus newmani. The results of the copepod grazing experiments for C. pacificus are discussed here. Each week, copepod grazing incubation experiments from two different depth layers were conducted. Grazing was measured by both changes in chlorophyll concentration and cell counts. In 2002, there was one moderate bloom consisting mainly of Thalassiosira spp. in early February, and a larger bloom in April comprised of two Chaetoceros species and Phaeocystis sp. Similarly, in 2003, there were two blooms, an early one dominated by Thalassiosira spp., and a later one consisting of Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp. Clearance rates on individual prey species, as calculated by cell counts, showed that C. pacificus are highly selective in their feeding, and may have much higher clearance rates on individual taxa than rates calculated from bulk chlorophyll disappearance. During weeks of high phytoplankton concentration, the copepods generally ate phytoplankton. However, they often rejected the most abundant phytoplankton species, particularly certain Thalassiosira spp., even though the rejected prey were often of the same genus and similar size to the preferred prey. It is speculated that this avoidance may be related to the possible deleterious effects that certain of these diatom species have on the reproductive success of these copepods. During weeks of medium to low phytoplankton concentration, the copepods selectively ate certain species of phytoplankton, and often had high electivity for microzooplankton. The selection mechanism must consist of active particle rejection most likely based on detection of surface chemical properties, since the diatoms that were selected were of the same genus, nearly the same size, and at lower numerical abundance than those cells that were avoided. The grazing choices made by these copepods may have important consequences for the overall ecosystem function within coastal and estuarine systems through changes in the transfer efficiency of energy to higher trophic levels. 相似文献
16.
Andrew W. Leising James J. Pierson Claudia Halsband-Lenk Rita Horner James Postel 《Progress in Oceanography》2005,67(3-4):406
During late winter and spring of 2002 and 2003, 24 two- to three-day cruises were conducted to Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA, to examine the grazing, egg production, and hatching success rates of adult female Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus newmani. Here, we discuss the results of our grazing experiments for P. newmani. Each week, we conducted traditional microzooplankton dilution experiments and “copepod dilution” experiments, each from two different layers. Grazing was measured by changes in chlorophyll concentration and direct cell counts. Clearance rates on individual prey species, as calculated by cell counts, showed that Pseudocalanus are highly selective in their feeding, and may have much higher grazing rates on individual taxa than calculated from bulk chlorophyll disappearance. The grazing rates of the copepods, however, are typically an order of magnitude lower than the grazing rates of the microzooplankton community, or the growth rates of the phytoplankton. P. newmani ingested diatoms, but, at certain times fed preferentially on microzooplankton, such as ciliates, tintinnids, and larger dinoflagellates. Removal of the microzooplankton may have released the other phytoplankton species from grazing pressure, allowing those species’ abundance to increase, which was measured as an apparent “negative” grazing on those phytoplankton species. The net result of grazing on some phytoplankton species, while simultaneously releasing others from grazing pressure resulted in bulk chlorophyll-derived estimates of grazing which were essentially zero or slightly negative; thus bulk chlorophyll disappearance is a poor indicator of copepod grazing. Whether copepods can significantly release phytoplankton from the grazing pressure by microzooplankton in situ, thus causing a trophic cascade, remains to be verified, but is suggested by our study. 相似文献
17.
Prey selection and knowledge of the amounts of water processed by the early stages of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita may at certain times of the year be crucial for understanding the plankton dynamics in marine ecosystems with mass occurrences of this jellyfish. In the present study we used two different methods (“clearance method” and “ingestion-rate method”) to estimate the amount of water cleared per unit of time of different types and sizes of prey organisms offered to A. aurita ephyrae and small medusae. The mean clearance rates of medusae, estimated with Artemia sp. nauplii as prey by both methods, agreed well, namely 3.8 ± 1.4 l h? 1 by the clearance method and 3.2 ± 1.1 l h? 1 by the ingestion-rate method. Both methods showed that copepods (nauplii and adults) and mussel veligers are captured with considerably lower efficiency, 22 to 37% and 14 to 30%, respectively, than Artemia salina nauplii. By contrast, the water processing rates of ephyrae measured by the clearance method with A. salina nauplii as prey were 3 to 5 times lower than those measured by the ingestion-rate method. This indicates that the prerequisite of full mixing for using the clearance method may not have been fulfilled in the ephyrae experiments. The study demonstrates that the predation impact of the young stages of A. aurita is strongly dependent on its developmental stage (ephyra versus medusa), and the types and sizes of prey organisms. The estimated prey-digestion time of 1.3 h in a steady-state feeding experiment with constant prey concentration supports the reliability of the ingestion-rate method, which eliminates the negative “container effects” of the clearance method, and it seems to be useful in future jellyfish studies, especially on small species/younger stages in which both type and number of prey can be easily and precisely assessed. 相似文献
18.
利用2009、2010年胶州湾浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物网的逐月调查资料,分析了半球美螅水母数量周年变动;并结合实验测定的摄食率,估算了其对胶州湾浮游动物的摄食压力。结果表明,2009、2010年半球美螅水母丰度,以及该种对浮游动物生物量摄食压力具有明显的季节性。2009年5、6月,2010年6月分别为该种的数量高峰期,成为胶州湾浮游动物优势种之一,丰度分别为34.5、41.3、45.3ind/m3,分别占当月水母总丰度的74.0%、95.2%、48.8%。其对浮游动物生物量日摄食压力分别为0—28.08%、0—74.99%、0—105.96%。2009年5、6月该种在湾口、湾外附近以及湾中心均出现了密集区;其中,6月份,D6站位半球美螅水母对浮游动物生物量的日摄食压力高达74.99%;2010年6月,该种在湾西附近出现了密集区,其中C1站位该种对浮游动物生物量日摄食压力高达105.96%;严重影响了胶州湾浮游动物的群落结构。2009、2010年其它月份该种丰度显著降低,对浮游动物的影响很小。 相似文献
19.
We examined the respiration rate of Aurelia aurita medusae at 20 °C and 28 °C to evaluate minimum metabolic demands of medusae population in Sihwa Lake, Korea during summer. While weight specific respiration rates of medusae were constant and irrespective to the wet weight (8?C220 g), they significantly varied in respect to temperatures (p<0.001, 0.11±0.03 mg C g?1 of medusa d?1 at 20°C and 0.28±0.11 mg C g?1 of medusa d?1 at 28 °C in average, where Q 10 value was 2.62). The respiration rate of medusae was defined as a function of temperature (T, °C) and body weight (W, g) according to the equation, R=0.13×2.62(T-20)/10 W 0.93. Population minimum food requirement (PMFR) was estimated from the respiration rate as 15.06 and 4.86 mg C m?3 d?1 in June and July, respectively. During this period, increase in bell diameter and wet weight was not significant (p=1 in the both), suggesting that the estimated PMFR closely represented the actual food consumption in the field. From July to August, medusae grew significantly at 0.052 d-1, thus the amount of food ingested by medusae population in situ was likely to exceed the PMFR (1.27 mg C m?3 d?1) during the period. In conclusion, the medusae population of higher density during June and July had limited amount of food, while those of lower in July and August ingested enough food for growth. 相似文献