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海洋塑料作为一类具有潜在生态风险的污染物,已经引起了研究人员的重点关注。大到数米的塑料垃圾,小到微米级的微塑料,塑料污染物以各种形式在海洋环境中广泛存在。因能长期以固体形式赋存于海水和沉积物中,塑料污染物比溶解性污染物更难在海洋介质中均匀分散;但近年来,各项调查活动却在远离塑料来源的大洋、极地和深海中均发现了塑料污染物,这显然与塑料在海洋环境中的迁移息息相关。一方面,海洋中塑料污染物的分布和迁移受到塑料自身性质以及多种环境因素的影响。因此,针对海洋塑料污染物设计监测方案时,有必要通过对这些因素的研判,规范和优化采样方案,有效提高采样代表性。另一方面,了解海洋塑料污染物迁移和归趋的影响因素,也是预测塑料污染物蓄积和富集的海域或层次,推断其在海洋生境中的暴露情况,进而预测其潜在风险的必要前提。本文归纳了海洋塑料污染物迁移规律的相关研究,分析了影响海洋中塑料污染物水平和垂直分布的因素,总结并列举了在海洋水体和沉积物介质中塑料污染物监测活动的常用采样方法,分析了塑料污染物监测活动方案的制订依据和注意事项。 相似文献
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塑料污染现象在世界各地海滩随处可见, 日益成为海洋环境中的重要威胁。文章调查了西沙海域甘泉岛和全富岛海滩的塑料污染分布情况, 结果显示, 尽管研究区域远离大陆, 人类活动影响较小, 但是海岛海滩上的塑料污染普遍存在, 塑料垃圾(>5mm)的平均分布丰度为(85.07±70.48)个∙m-2, 平均重量为(40.23±78.15)g∙m-2; 微塑料(<5mm)的平均分布丰度为(1774.75±1534.37)个∙m-2或(100.82±87.18)个∙kg-1。塑料垃圾和微塑料在不同海岛间的丰度分布均无显著性的差异, 但无论是塑料垃圾的丰度还是微塑料的丰度, 在环礁内侧海滩都显著高于环礁外侧海滩。此外, 微塑料的丰度分布与塑料垃圾的丰度分布呈显著的线性相关。红外光谱分析得出塑料聚合物主要成分有聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯和聚乙烯等, 其中以聚苯乙烯泡沫的比例占优。甘泉岛和全富岛海滩的塑料污染主要是通过其他地区的外源性塑料输送而来, 其在海岛上的不均匀空间分布受到区域海流作用、水动力条件、塑料降解等多种因素的影响。 相似文献
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The presence of pollutants on plastic debris is an emerging environmental hot topic. Understanding the surface alteration of plastics while in the marine environment increases our understanding of the pollutant–plastic debris interaction. Plastic pellets are widely distributed throughout the world oceans. Eroded and virgin polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) pellets were studied for their surface properties to better understand the interaction between plastic and compounds in marine environment. Surface properties such as point of zero charge, surface area and pore volume, surface topography, functional groups and acid–base behavior are important factors which affect sorption. Virgin plastic pellets had homogeneous smooth surfaces that do not have any acid–base behavior. Eroded PE demonstrates an altered surface that at seawater pH acquires a negative charge due to ketone groups. The uneven surface and possible functional groups could have been formed from the erosion processes while floating at the sea surface and might explain the interaction of eroded plastics with microbes and metals. 相似文献
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锦州湾表层海水微塑料分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋微塑料是全球关注的新兴环境问题,海湾由于特殊的地理环境特征,成为微塑料分布研究的热点区域。本研究以锦州湾为研究海域,于2017年10月布设了11个点位开展表层海水微塑料样品采集,在实验室采用湿式氧化法开展样品前处理,应用傅立叶变换显微红外光谱仪分析鉴定微塑料成分。研究结果表明,锦州湾表层水体微塑料平均丰度为(0.93±0.59)个/m3,微塑料数量占全部塑料样品的96.2%。微塑料的主要成分为聚丙烯和聚乙烯,分别占55.0%和23.5%;线状和片状塑料的比例最高,分别占41.7%和26.2%;白色、蓝色和半透明微塑料分别占35.1%、26.0%和21.4%。受水动力条件和陆域河流输入等影响,锦州湾表层水体中微塑料的空间分布整体呈现北部偏高,向南部递减的趋势。 相似文献
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塑料垃圾在近海、大洋水体和沉积物中均广泛存在,并不断累积,对海洋生态系统构成了重大威胁,引起了国际社会的高度关注。本研究从环境生态和塑料降解微生物两个角度回顾了近几年相关方向上的研究进展,包括国内外海洋塑料特别是海洋微塑料在近海与深海等环境中的分布与丰度,以及近海、大洋等环境中降解菌多样性及其降解机制。总体而言,微塑料广泛分布在多种海洋环境,特别是在河口和近海的海水和沉积物,近岸沙滩,以及大洋环流中心;目前已报道的塑料降解菌及其降解酶主要来自陆地土壤和塑料垃圾处理环境,并以聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(Polyethylene Terephthalate,PET)降解菌和降解酶的研究最为深入。当前,中国科学家已在近海、大洋深海(深渊)以及极地等大洋环境中,开展了微塑料分布特征和丰度调查,并在生态危害方面开展了研究,但在海洋塑料降解微生物方面还鲜有报道。塑料在海洋环境中的最终归宿以及微生物在塑料降解过程中的作用亟待评估,建议在大洋深海科考中整体布局、联合开展这两个方面的相关研究。 相似文献
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塑料在环境中不断地积累,逐渐破碎成为尺寸小于5 mm的微塑料,对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。本研究从青岛李村河口采集的塑料薄膜上分离出一株能够降解聚乙烯(PE)的细菌,命名为LC-2,通过分子生物学结合形态学和生理生化特征分析将其鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aquimaris)。在以PE为唯一碳源的液体培养基中,接种该细菌培养28 d后,通过扫描电镜、接触角测定、热重分析以及傅里叶变换红外光谱等手段分析表明,PE的失重率在9%左右,表面形貌发生变化,疏水性变小且表面发生氧化,产生?C=O官能团,这些证据足以证明LC-2可以降解PE。 相似文献
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近年来微塑料 （Microplastics，MPs） 污染受到全球关注。MPs 在海洋环境中广泛存在，在海水、沉积物和生物体中都有检出 MPs。陆源污染被认为是海洋 MPs 的主要来源，然而针对入海排污口中 MPs 分布的研究却很少。本文在天津海岸线的排污口采集微塑料样品，消解处理后用光学显微镜和显微红外光谱仪进行了检测。结果表明微塑料主要有纤维、碎片、薄膜三种形状，占比最多的是纤维状，占比为 75.6 %；粒径大小为 1 ~ 5 mm 占比较多，为 39.5 %；主要有黄色、白色、黑色、红色、蓝色、绿色 6 种颜色，其中黑色占比最多，占比为 33.0 %。MPs 主要成分有聚氯乙烯 （PVC）、聚酰胺 （PA）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇脂（PET）、纤维素塑料（CE）、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚合物（ABS）、环氧树脂（EP）、聚丙烯聚乙烯共混物（PP-PE）、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 （PMMA） 等 8 种组分。根据数据分析，天津入海排污口的 MPs 主要来源于居民污水、塑料包装业、服装纺织业、旅游业和渔业。研究结果对渤海 MPs 治理具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Microplastics provide an important medium for hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), and the desorption of HOCs from microplastics is an important process for the dynamics of HOCs associated with microplastics. Although desorption kinetics has been studied for microplastics with ideal geometries, most of the microplastics isolated from the environment are irregular fragment-type microplastics. This study investigated the desorption of six model HOCs from polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) fragments to artificial seawater and compared the results with those predicted assuming ideal geometries (e.g., sphere and infinitely flat sheet) of microplastics. The experimental desorption was explained well by the model predictions with the characteristic radius for a sphere and the thickness for a plate estimated from visual imaging. The mass fraction remaining at the later stage of desorption was higher than the model simulation assuming a single characteristic length, likely due to the heterogeneity of the particle size distribution. Although there are inevitable uncertainties, it would be useful to assign a single length dimension in desorption modeling for even fragment-type microplastics, especially for the estimation of desorption half-life. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2017
The impacts of plastic debris on the marine environment have gained the attention of the global community. Although the plastic debris problem presents in the oceans, the failure to control land-based plastic waste is the primary cause of these marine environmental impacts. Plastics in the ocean are mainly a land policy issue, yet the regulation of marine plastic debris from land-based sources is a substantial gap within the international policy framework. Regulating different plastics at the final product level is difficult to implement. Instead, the Montreal Protocol may serve as a model to protect the global ocean common, by reducing the production of virgin material within the plastics industry and by regulating both the polymers and chemical additives as controlled substances at a global level. Similar to the Montreal Protocol, national production and consumption of this virgin content can be calculated, providing an opportunity for the introduction of phased targets to reduce and eliminate the agreed substances to be controlled. The international trade of feedstock materials that do not meet the agreed minimum standards can be restricted. The aim of such an agreement would be to encourage private investment in the collection, sorting and recycling of post-consumer material for reuse as feedstock, thereby contributing to the circular economy. The proposed model is not without its challenges, particularly when calculating costs and benefits, but is worthy of further consideration by the international community in the face of the global threats posed to the ocean by plastics. 相似文献
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Ying Wang Xing Liu Yi Cong Jin Fei Juying Wang Dian Zhang Liang Liu Jingli Mu Ziwei Yao 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(12):95-105
Parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alkyl-PAHs), which are a class of important toxic components of crude oil especially in the marine environment, exhibit adverse effects on aquatic life and potentially pose a human health risk. However, the lack of chronic toxicity data is one of the hindrances for alkyl-PAHs when assessing their ecological risks. In this study, predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) in seawater and marine sediment for ten parent- and alkyl-PAHs were derived by applying species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and quantitative structure?activity relationships (QSARs). The local area, Dalian Bay, where an oil-spilled accident happened in 2010, was chosen as a case site to assess ecological risks for ten PAHs in surface seawaters and marine sediments. Their PNECs in seawater and sediment for protecting aquatic organisms in marine ecosystems were calculated and recommended in the range of 0.012?2.79 μg/L and 48.2?1337 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. Overall, the derived PNECs for the studied PAHs in seawater and marine sediment were comparable to those obtained by classical methods. Risk quotient results indicate low ecological risks to ecosystems for ten parent- and alkyl-PAHs in surface seawaters and surface sediments from the Dalian Bay. These findings provide a first insight into the PNECs and ecological risks of alkyl-PAHs, emphasizing the role of the computational toxicology in ecological risk assessments. The use of QSARs has been identified as a valuable tool for preliminarily assessing ecological risks of emerging pollutants, being more predictable of real exposure scenarios for risk assessment purposes. 相似文献
13.
文章根据我国南海区海岸带、河口、内陆径流及海域微塑料污染的相关调查资料，整理南海区表层水和沉积物中微塑料的污染现状，包括微塑料丰度、形状和聚合物类型等分布特征，归纳微塑料的潜在来源途径，提出健全塑料管理体系的建议，从源头上减少塑料的产生和排放，最后提出应深入研究微塑料对海洋生态系统的影响，以建立对微塑料的风险评估框架。 相似文献
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Jee-Hyun Jung Hyun-Joong Kang Moonkoo Kim Un Hyuk Yim Joon Geon An Won Joon Shim Jung-Hwan Kwon 《Ocean Science Journal》2015,50(4):763-773
The performance of a lab-scale flow-through exposure system designed for the evaluation of ecotoxicity due to oil spills was evaluated. The system simulates a spill event using an oil-coated gravel column through which filtered seawater is passed and flows into an aquarium containing fish embryos of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculates). The dissolved concentrations of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the column effluent were monitored and compared with theoretical solubilities predicted by Raoult’s law. The effluent concentrations after 24 and 48 h were close to the theoretical predictions for the higher molecular weight PAHs, whereas the measured values for the lower molecular weight PAHs were lower than predicted. The ratios of the concentration of PAHs in flounder embryos to that in seawater were close to the lipid-water partition coefficients for the less hydrophobic PAHs, showing that equilibrium was attained between embryos and water. On the other hand, 48 h were insufficient to attain phase equilibrium for the more hydrophobic PAHs, indicating that the concentration in fish embryos may be lower than expected by equilibrium assumption. The results indicate that the equilibrium approach may be suitable for less hydrophobic PAHs, whereas it might overestimate the effects of more hydrophobic PAHs after oil spills because phase equilibrium in an oil-seawater-biota system is unlikely to be achieved. The ecotoxicological endpoints that were affected within a few days are likely to be influenced mainly by moderately hydrophobic components such as 3-ring PAHs. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2016
Marine pollution from plastic debris is a global problem causing negative impacts in the marine environment. Plastic marine debris as a contaminant is increasing, especially in Canada. While the impacts of macroplastics are well known in the literature, there are relatively few policy studies related to mitigating microplastic toxicity in the environment. Despite overwhelming evidence of the threat of plastic in the marine environment, there remains inadequate or limited policies to address their mitigation, particularly microplastic debris. Existing policies for waste management, marine debris monitoring and awareness campaigns were evaluated from other jurisdictions. Policies and recommendations were developed for the Canadian context. Recommendations include improved practices for: (1) law and waste management strategies; (2) education, outreach and awareness; (3) source identification; and (4) increased monitoring and further research. 相似文献
17.
黄河三角洲潮上带和潮间带不同生境微塑料分布规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
微塑料是近年来广受关注的持久性污染物之一,对海洋生态系统有着不可忽视的潜在危害。河口三角洲作为典型的滨海盐沼湿地,属生态敏感地带,是海洋和陆地两大生态系统的交错地带。选取黄河三角洲潮上带和潮间带盐沼裸斑、翅碱蓬、柽柳、芦苇和潮沟五种典型生境开展土壤微塑料进行采样调查并分析其分布规律。结果表明,黄河三角洲潮上带及潮间带土壤中塑料的整体丰度范围在7~147个/kg,相比世界范围内其他滨海地区属于中等水平,其中翅碱蓬区是微塑料平均丰度最高的区域。整体而言,在各材质中,聚乙烯材质微塑料的检出比例最大,达29.53%;而在各形状中,碎片状微塑料占比最大,达38.88%,其次是颗粒状微塑料,占比37.09%,二者比例接近,为研究区微塑料的主要形态。潮汐作用对微塑料的分布有重要影响,微塑料在距离海岸较近的样点丰度较低,而在高潮线附近明显聚集,同时在植被覆盖区微塑料丰度也明显升高。黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区内人类活动强度较低,但仍面临着来自原位风化降解、潮汐风力搬运等多种潜在来源的微塑料污染。综上,对河口湿地微塑料污染的治理与防护,对于维持区域生态系统稳定与健康具有重要意义。 相似文献
18.
Nak Won Heo Sang Hee Hong Gi Myung Han Sunwook Hong Jongmyoung Lee Young Kyung Song Mi Jang Won Joon Shim 《Ocean Science Journal》2013,48(2):225-233
The spatial distribution of small plastic debris on Heungnam beach in February 2011 was investigated. The abundances of small plastic debris over 2 mm in size along the high strandline and cross-sectional line of the beach were determined. The mean abundances of small plastics were 976 ± 405 particles/m2 at the high strandline in the upper tidal zone along the shoreline and 473 ± 866 particles/m2 at the cross-section perpendicular to the shoreline. Specifically, styrofoam (expanded polystyrene) spherules accounted for 90.7% of the total plastic abundance in the high strandline and 96.3% in the cross-section. The spatial distribution patterns of small plastic debris differed between the high strandline and cross-sectional line. The cross-sectional distribution of small plastic abundance differed among plastic types, indicating that representative sampling of small plastic debris on a beach is necessary. 相似文献
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微塑料在海洋中的分布、生态效应及载体作用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
微塑料通常被定义为最大尺寸小于5 mm的塑料碎片.受人类活动的影响,微塑料在海洋环境中广泛存在,引起了人们对其潜在影响的关注.由于粒径较小,微塑料可以通过多种途径进入水生生物体内,沿着食物链迁移、传递,影响海洋生态系统的健康与稳定.在海洋中长期停留的微塑料会吸附环境中的重金属、有机污染物和微生物等,加剧微塑料对海洋生物的毒性作用.本文综述了海洋环境中微塑料的污染特征,微塑料对海洋生物行为、生理等的影响,以及微塑料与微生物、其他污染物的相互作用和复合效应,并对微塑料对海洋环境及生物影响的研究进行了展望. 相似文献
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Megan Young 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):167-175
The potential threat of plastic pollution to seabirds within the Hauraki Gulf was assessed by determining its abundance and distribution at two different spatial scales and assessing the community of resident seabirds during July to September 2008. Samples of floating plastics within the gulf were taken during 66 trawls from the surface of the water in three regions within the inner gulf and Waitamata harbour. Within each of these regions, samples were taken in and outside of visually identified natural slick lines that are surface manifestations of small-scale convergence zones. During each trawl, the identity and abundance of seabirds were assessed. Plastic debris was recorded in all three regions sampled with the greatest abundance being recorded in the harbour. Plastics and debris were also significantly more concentrated within natural slick lines. Both user and industrial plastics were identified and consisted of colours and lengths likely to be mistaken as food items for small to medium seabirds. Surface or near-surface feeding seabirds in the gulf most likely mistakenly to consume plastics were fluttering shearwaters, Cape pigeons and Buller's shearwaters. However, these birds were most abundant in the area of the gulf where abundance of plastic pollution was lowest. The Hauraki Gulf is considered significantly less polluted by plastic debris than other severely polluted areas cited in literature. 相似文献