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1.
人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的饵料基础研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过脊尾白虾蚤状幼体饵料种类，饵料组合和食物密度的比较试验，研究了脊尾白虾育苗的适宜开口饵料和育苗期饵料组合，测定了不同时期蚤状幼体的捕食率及其日粮。结果表明：饵料种类对脊尾白虾蚤状幼体Ⅰ期（Z1)至Ⅱ期（Z2）的变态率和变态所需时间没有明显影响，Z1可以不投饵，但适量投喂单胞藻或轮虫，能明显提高Z2活力和Z2至Z3的变态率。人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的适宜饵料是卤虫无节幼体，在幼体培育前期（Z1）投喂单胞藻，轮虫，后期（Z3以后）添加鱼糜效果也很好。蚤状幼体对卤虫无节幼体的捕食率和日粮随幼体发育而明显增加，同一发育时期则随饵料密度的增大而增加，但达到一定密度后，捕食率增幅明显下降。根据幼体日粮难以确定育苗期间卤虫无节幼体的最佳投喂方案。 相似文献
2.
为研究脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)药物代谢酶对恩诺沙星的响应及其在恩诺沙星代谢过程中的作用,作者以10、20和40 mg/kg恩诺沙星连续投喂脊尾白虾3 d,于投喂后的第1、2天以及停止投喂药物的第1、4、8、12、24、48、72、120小时取样,测定了脊尾白虾肝胰腺、鳃和血清中的氨基比林-N-脱甲基酶(aminopyrine-N-demethylase,APND)、7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(7-ethoxycoumarinO-Deethylase,ECOD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione-S-transferase,GST)的活性。结果表明:不同浓度恩诺沙星对脊尾白虾肝胰腺、鳃和血清中Ⅰ相药物代谢酶APND和ECOD活性均呈现显著抑制作用(P0.05)。投喂药物后,APND和ECOD活性呈现先下降后逐渐上升趋势,3个剂量组酶活性均在最后一次给药后8 h达到最低。与对照组相比,不同浓度恩诺沙星对各组织中Ⅱ相药物代谢酶GST活性呈现显著诱导作用(P0.05),此作用呈现先上升后下降的趋势。恩诺沙星对脊尾白虾APND、ECOD及GST活性的作用均呈现剂量依赖性。本研究表明,脊尾白虾Ⅰ相和Ⅱ相代谢酶均会对药物做出反应,可作为其养殖过程中药物代谢及适用性的指示物。 相似文献
3.
通过脊尾白虾蚤状幼体饵料种类、饵料组合和食物密度的比较试验 ,研究了脊尾白虾育苗的适宜开口饵料和育苗期饵料组合 ,测定了不同时期蚤状幼体的捕食率及其日粮。结果表明 :饵料种类对脊尾白虾蚤状幼体 期 (Z1)至 期 (Z2 )的变态率和变态所需时间没有明显影响 ,Z1可以不投饵 ,但适量投喂单胞藻或轮虫 ,能明显提高 Z2 活力和 Z2 至 Z3 的变态率。人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的适宜饵料是卤虫无节幼体 ,在幼体培育前期 (Z1)投喂单胞藻、轮虫 ,后期 (Z3 以后 )添加鱼糜效果也很好。蚤状幼体对卤虫无节幼体的捕食率和日粮随幼体发育而明显增加 ,同一发育时期则随饵料密度的增大而增加 ,但达到一定密度后 ,捕食率增幅明显下降。根据幼体日粮难以确定育苗期间卤虫无节幼体的最佳投喂方案 相似文献
4.
三疣梭子蟹对饵料鱼和蛤摄食参数的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究体重为(9.20±1.50)g的三疣梭子蟹在分别投喂饵料鱼和兰蛤及有无沙底质条件下的昼夜摄食节律、摄食率和昼夜摄食量的差异.结果表明:投喂兰蛤组的三疣梭子蟹摄食高峰在20:00左右,投喂饵料鱼组三疣梭子蟹的摄食高峰在02:00左右;沙底质条件下三疣梭子蟹的夜晚摄食量占全天摄食量的94.34%,而无底质组为75%,表明在潜底环境条件下三疣梭子蟹具有更明显的昼夜摄食节律;投喂兰蛤组三疣梭子蟹黑夜摄食量比值显著高于白天,分别为75%和25%,而投喂鱼组黑夜摄食量比值仅略高于白天,分别为59.21%和40.79%.此外,投喂鱼组白昼摄食率可达80%,显著高于投喂兰蛤组的10%,表明投喂鱼饵料有利于三疣梭子蟹的白昼进食.根据昼夜摄食量对比分析,建议采用白昼投喂占总投喂量20%～30%的鱼肉以降低蜕皮残食,夜晚投喂70%～80%的兰蛤的投喂策略促其生长,并减少梭子蟹的残食. 相似文献
5.
pH 胁迫对脊尾白虾抗氧化酶活力的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了了解pH胁迫下脊尾白虾(Palaemon(Exopalaemon)carinicauda Holthuis)的适应性,作者采用静水毒性的实验方法确定了脊尾白虾的半致死pH,分析了pH胁迫对脊尾白虾抗氧化酶活力的影响。设置pH4~11.1共17个胁迫组,统计脊尾白虾24、48、72和96 h的死亡率。结果显示,脊尾白虾24、48、72和96 h酸性半致死pH值分别为4.25、4.64、4.71和4.78,碱性半致死pH分别为10.87、10.55、10.38和10.29。将脊尾白虾暴露于低pH 6.5、高pH9.5的水体,以pH8.0作为对照,分别于胁迫后0、3、6、12、24、48、72和96 h测定鳃、肝胰腺、肌肉和血淋巴中总抗氧化力、过氧化氢酶、抗超氧阴离子活力。结果发现,pH胁迫后,在3~6 h内各组织中抗氧化酶活力均显著上升,24~48 h开始回落,到96 h之前,各组织中抗氧化酶水平基本恢复到对照组水平。整个实验过程中肝胰腺中抗氧化酶活力水平明显高于其他组织。本实验结果表明,脊尾白虾对pH有很强的适应性,pH胁迫3~24 h之内抗氧化酶活力反馈性升高清除体内多余的活性氧。 相似文献
6.
温度和盐度骤变条件下凡纳滨对虾的行为变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以视频记录分析的方法,研究凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei在温度和盐度骤变条件下的运动行为、摄食行为及相关生理活动的变化。结果表明,当温度由29℃骤降至18和23℃时,对虾的活动频率、游走速度和颚舟片的摆动频率明显下降,索饵时间显著增加(p<0.05);当温度由29℃骤升至36℃时,对虾的活动频率、游走速度和颚舟片的摆动频率显著升高(p<0.05),索饵时间没有显著差异(p>0.05)。当盐度由30骤降至5和10时,对虾表现出强烈的逃避行为,活动频率、游走速度和颚舟片的摆动频率均显著升高(p<0.05),并且在观察时间内没有发生摄食行为。 相似文献
7.
本研究利用本实验室构建的脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)血细胞c DNA文库中的C-型凝集素基因EST序列,采用c DNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of c DNA end,RACE)技术克隆获得脊尾白虾C-型凝集素基因c DNA全长,命名为Ec CTL。该基因全长1285 bp,包含1041 bp的开放阅读框,编码346个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,分子量为38.56 k Da,为甘露糖型凝集素。同源性分析表明,脊尾白虾Ec CTL基因氨基酸序列与秀丽白虾(Palaemon modestus)的同源性最高,达到91%。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,Ec CTL基因在血细胞、肝胰腺、肌肉等组织中均有表达,其中在肝胰腺当中的相对表达量最高。感染鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)和白斑综合症病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)后6~12 h,脊尾白虾血细胞和肝胰腺中Ec CTL的表达量较对照组均显著增加(P0.05),且具有明显的时间差异性。本研究证明脊尾白虾C-型凝集素在其免疫反应中起到重要作用,为进一步探索脊尾白虾免疫系统打下基础。 相似文献
8.
近年来,中国近岸重金属污染问题日趋严重。作者通过研究重金属Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾(Palaemon carincauda)的单一及复合急性毒性效应,为其养殖水质管理提供科学依据。本研究采用半静态急性毒性测定方法,开展了不同浓度Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾96 h内的急性毒性试验。研究结果表明:在单一污染物暴露下,Cd~(2+)对脊尾白虾24、48、72、96 h的半数致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为138.699、33.110、9.719、3.650 mg/L,Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾48、72、96 h的LC50分别为254.541、62.750、29.074 mg/L;Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾96 h的安全质量浓度分别为0.365和2.907 mg/L;在等浓度配比(1︰1)暴露下,Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)复合污染对目标生物在48、72、96 h暴露期间的毒性相加指数(additive index,AI)分别为0.155、0.068、0.258。综上所述,Cd~(2+)对脊尾白虾的毒性较Pb~(2+)更强,Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾的复合污染均表现出较明显的协同作用。 相似文献
9.
三氯异氰尿酸(Trichloroisocyanuric acid ,TCCA)是水产养殖中常用的水质消毒剂, 使用不当会给生产和环境带来危害。为指导脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)人工育苗过程中TCCA 的安全用药,作者利用静水试验法研究了TCCA 对脊尾白虾幼体的急性毒性及对幼体发育的影响。实验设7 个浓度梯度组(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0 mg/L)和1 个空白对照组, 每组3 个平行。急性毒性实验持续96 h 后结束, 用正常育苗海水代替TCCA 溶液, 正常管理直到幼体全部变态为仔虾, 评估短时间的TCCA 处理对脊尾白虾幼体发育的影响。结果表明, TCCA 对脊尾白虾幼体在24、48、72 和96 h 的半致死浓度分别为3.81、3.03、2.71 和2.47 mg/L, 其安全浓度为0.25 mg/L; 随着TCCA 浓度的升高, 脊尾白虾幼体变态存活率显著降低(P<0.05), 但能成功变态为仔虾个体的变态持续时间及仔虾体长与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。本实验结果可以为脊尾白虾人工育苗安全用药提供参考和依据。 相似文献
10.
为进一步阐明脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)的繁殖生物学习性, 作者分别以脊尾白虾受精卵和初孵幼体为实验对象, 研究了温度对脊尾白虾胚胎发育及幼体发育的影响。结果表明, 温度对孵化时间及胚胎孵化率影响显著(P<0.05): 在实验温度范围内(19～31℃), 胚胎发育进程随温度升高而加快, 19℃和31℃条件下胚胎孵化时间分别为(536.50±18.33) h 和(218.68±5.51) h; 胚胎孵化率在25℃下最高为64.11%±12.54%, 较高(28～31℃)和较低(19～22℃)温度下的胚胎孵化率显著降低。温度对脊尾白虾幼体发育影响显著(P<0.05): 在16～32℃范围内, 体长增长率随温度的升高而增加, 但幼体发育持续时间随温度的升高而减少, 16℃和32℃条件下幼体变态为仔虾所需时间分别为孵化后(27.60±0.22)d和(7.75±0.07)d, 较低温度范围内(16～28℃)P1变态存活率随温度升高而升高, 28℃的P1变态存活率最高达91.67%±7.64%。但当温度继续升高时, 幼体的变态存活率急剧降低, 36℃时幼体不能变态为仔虾。根据曲线拟合方程推算的最适胚胎发育和幼体发育温度分别为25.33℃和27.60℃。本实验结果可以为脊尾白虾人工育苗的管理提供参考和依据。 相似文献
11.
Temporal variation in cannibalistic infanticide by the shore crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis: implications for reproductive success 
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下载免费PDF全文 Larvae of benthic marine organisms are released amid high densities of suspension feeding and predatory adults and are highly subject to being consumed, even by conspecifics or their own parent. During laboratory feeding trials conducted in June 2006, female shore crabs (Hemigrapsus oregonensis) from Stege Marsh in San Francisco Bay (37°54.530′ N, 122°19.734′ W) that released their larvae during the previous 24 h ate fewer conspecific larvae than females that had not recently released larvae, though the behavior was not repeated during similar trials in 2007. Additionally, the number of larvae eaten increased with increasing starvation time, and hungrier females showed a trend toward eating more larvae from a different species (Carcinus maenas) than larvae of conspecifics. Thus, suppression of suspension feeding may reduce conspecific predation of newly released larvae, but this response partially depends on hunger level. This is the first time crabs have been shown to suppress feeding to reduce cannibalism of larvae, and this behavior could affect reproductive success and population dynamics. 相似文献
12.
实验生态条件下研究十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的急性毒性胁迫对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Branchionus plicatilis)运动行为与摄食行为的影响,探讨可用以表征胁迫-响应的生物标志物。结果表明:(1)BDE-209胁迫24h显著性增加了褶皱臂尾轮虫的运动抑制率,由此得到24h半数有效抑制浓度(24h-EC_(50))为9.084mg/L,但未达到半数致死作用;(2)当分别以四种海洋微藻:小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica)、等鞭金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana)和小新月菱形藻(Cylindrotheca closterium)为单一饵料来源时,褶皱臂尾轮虫对四种饵料单胞藻的滤水率(F)和摄食率(G)均随着胁迫时间和胁迫浓度的增加而不断下降,呈现出明显的浓度依赖性,说明BDE-209胁迫能显著抑制褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食作用。(3)将其中三种微藻等生物量混合投喂时,褶皱臂尾轮虫对三种微藻的滤水率和摄食率与单一饵料投喂条件相比均发生变化,且对各种微藻的选食率(Sr)和摄食总生物量均随着胁迫时间和浓度的增加呈下降趋势,选择性指数(Si)发生变化,对小球藻的摄食选择性最高。滤水率的变化较其它指标更敏感,可用以指示浮游动物在个体水平上响应外源环境变化的标志物。结果表明,BDE-209胁迫能有效改变褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食与选食行为,且其最适宜的饵料是小球藻。 相似文献
13.
Qi-Kang Bo Yun-Zhao Lu Hui-Jing Mi Yan-Guang Yu De-Xian Gu Hong-Zheng You Shuang Hao 《Marine Ecology》2020,41(4):e12594
Bohai Bay, a representative semi-enclosed bay of China, has been severely impacted in recent decades by rapid human development. Although the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria plays an important role in the Bohai Bay ecosystem and fishery, its feeding ecology and the impact of habitat changes on its feeding habits are poorly known. In this study, we sought to identify its feeding strategy through the separation of stomach contents, and to describe its trophic ecology during maturation in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay by the DNA barcoding method using a fragment (about 690 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (CO I) gene. A total of 594 specimens were collected from March to July 2018, and 347 (58.42%) stomachs were found to have food remains. More than half of the O. oratoria individuals had poor feeding activity, and the degree of feeding of females was higher than that of males, but there was no significant difference in the visual fullness index and the fullness weight index (FWI) between sexes for each month. In addition, the feeding activity of O. oratoria was consistent across the months, suggesting in artificial breeding programs it is not worried too much about the accessional diet supplied to the female bloodstocks except maintaining their normal food. A total of 167 retrieved prey items yielded 187 readable sequences; 86.63% of these sequences could be assigned to the species level. Consequently, 25 different prey taxa covering all readable sequences were identified, showing O. oratoria is a generalist predator. In terms of percent composition by frequency of occurrences (%N), crustaceans and fishes accounted for the same and highest percentage (35.83%) in the mantis shrimp diet, followed by mollusks (24.59%) and the remaining marine organisms (3.73%) including Polychaeta (2.67%), Sagittoidea (0.53%), and Chromadorea (0.53%). The result shows the benthic fish Oxudercidae (family) appears to be an especially important food supply for O. oratoria during maturation. The degree of cannibalism decreased with an increase in diet species and the frequencies of cannibalism in this study was noticeably higher than that in previous studies, suggesting that cannibalism may be a significant feeding strategy in the mantis shrimp O. oratoria in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay, and because of the frequently cannibalistic behavior, the high stocking density of broodstocks should be avoided. 相似文献
14.
Growth is determined by an organism's physiology, physical environment, and biological conditions, including food availability and any intra‐ and inter‐specific interactions that can affect feeding activity. To analyse how all these factors interact to produce final growth in the herbivorous/detritivorous crab Neohelice granulata, we performed field and laboratory experiments with juveniles and adults from three populations which differed genetically as well as in their physical environment and the organic matter (OM) content in the soil that serves as food. We evaluated (a) growth in the field: Juveniles of the three populations were cross‐transplanted in exclusion cages; (b) effect of the presence of adults on juvenile feeding: We measured the feeding activity of small juveniles in presence/absence of an adult male as potential predator in the field; and (c) effect of diet on cannibalism: We analysed the cannibalistic behavior of adult males from two of the populations in the laboratory after they had received protein‐rich (24%) and protein‐poor (3%) diets. In experiment (a), final size was similar for the crabs from all three origins but growth differed between sites. Experiment (b) showed that the presence of adults interfered with feeding activity at the two sites with lower weight indicators. In experiment (c), we observed that low protein diet increased the cannibalistic behavior of adult males, and this effect was more intense in crabs from the poorest food site. Our results contribute to understanding the set of factors and interactions involved in the response of individuals to the prevailing conditions in natural environments in order to maintain a growth rate, perhaps at the expense of different reserve accumulation. They also enable discussion of the limitations of approaches used in laboratory experiments. 相似文献
15.
为更好地利用交尾雌虾,采用温差刺激、药物刺激对养殖交尾雌虾和海捕交尾雌虾进行蜕皮实验,使交尾雌虾的精荚随蜕皮而脱落,然后对蜕皮对虾再次进行精荚移植,来建立特定杂交组合的中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)家系。实验结果表明,养殖交尾雌虾蜕皮实验中,在只有温差刺激的条件下,对虾蜕皮率为30%,且对虾成活率为100%,说明温差刺激在保持对虾较高存活率的情况下,可以促使中国对虾蜕皮;在温差刺激的基础上进行药物刺激,不同茶籽饼质量浓度梯度下对虾的蜕皮率存在显著差异,且随着药物浓度的增加,对虾蜕皮率也随之增加,3个茶籽饼质量浓度(30,60,90 g/m3)下的对虾蜕皮率分别为40%,60%,70%,茶籽饼质量浓度为0的对虾蜕皮率与60,90 g/m3质量浓度下的对虾蜕皮率存在显著差异(P0.05);从对虾的死亡情况看,当药物质量浓度达到90 g/m3时,对虾出现死亡,经x2检验表明,90 g/m3质量浓度与0～60 g/m3质量浓度下的对虾死亡率存在显著差异(P0.05)。在海捕交尾雌虾蜕皮实验中,对虾蜕皮率不高,只有在药物质量浓度为30,90 g/m3条件下才有对虾蜕皮,蜕皮率仅为20%,10%;每个药物浓度下均有对虾死亡,死亡率随着茶籽饼质量浓度升高而升高,不同药物浓度下的对虾死亡率存在显著差异。对蜕皮后雌虾进行精荚移植,共获得18个中国对虾家系,平均受精率和平均孵化率分别为51.2%,88.6%。本研究通过对交尾雌虾进行蜕皮后再交尾,获得了不同杂交组合的中国对虾家系,为进一步的中国对虾家系选育工作打下了基础。 相似文献
16.
采用生理生态学方法,研究了中华原钩虾(Eogammaruspossjeticus)对黄海绿潮原因种浒苔(Ulva prolifera)及海水池塘4种优势大型海藻,即肠浒苔(Ulva intestinalis)、扁浒苔(Ulva compressa)、线形硬毛藻(Chaetomorphalinum)和丝毛藻(Cloniophorasp.)的摄食率,比较了对浒苔与其他不同类型饵料(包括人工饵料)的摄食,开展了不同密度的中华原钩虾对浒苔的现场摄食研究。结果显示,中华原钩虾的摄食率、饵料吸收率与海藻的含水量成呈正相关,表明该端足类存在明显的补偿性摄食行为。对不同类型饵料的摄食结果显示,中华原钩虾除了摄食海藻,对豆粕、虾饲料等人工饵料也具有较高的饵料吸收率,表明其可人工投喂培育。中华原钩虾具有一定摄食节律,夜晚摄食量高于白昼,表明夜晚投喂有利于中华原钩虾摄食,可减少饵料污染,有利于清洁生产。现场摄食实验结果显示,中华原钩虾摄食量随养殖密度的增加而增加,但其摄食率和存活率与养殖密度呈负相关,表明高密度时中华原钩虾竞争摄食增加了饵料消耗,同时中华原钩虾为抵抗养殖密度过高造成的竞争而增加能量等消耗。 相似文献
17.
东海捕虾桁拖网选择性能不佳,对渔业资源的保护和渔业的合理管理带来了负面的影响.刚性栅栏是实现拖网渔具种类选择性捕捞的主要装置,本文根据在吕四渔场开展刚性栅栏海上生产试验,结合SELECT模型分析不同栅条间距(15、20和25mm)的刚性栅栏对短吻舌鳎、小黄鱼和棘头梅童鱼的分隔效率.结果表明,随着栅条间距的增大,栅栏对鱼类的重量分隔率逐渐减小,分隔栅栏对鱼类的50%选择体长(L50S))逐渐增大;对于短吻舌鳎,个体接触分隔栅栏的概率可使用常数来表示,即接触概率与个体尺寸无关,接触概率在0.2-0.4之间,并随着栅条间距的增大而增大(不显著,P>0.05):对于小黄鱼和棘头梅童鱼,所有进入网囊的个体都将接触刚性栅栏;不同鱼类接触栅栏概率的显著差异说明不同鱼类在网囊中的不同行为习性. 相似文献
18.
We investigated the diel vertical migration of Euphausia pacifica in relation to molt and reproductive processes and feeding activity in April and September 2001 at fixed stations off northeastern
Japan. The vertical distribution of this species was shallower in April than in September during both day and night, which
was partly explained by a high surface temperature (19°C) and the existence of a subsurface chlorophyll maximum in September.
It has been demonstrated for the first time that diel vertical migration of this species is influenced by molt processes because
upward migration of molting individuals was restricted compared with non-molting ones. Feeding activity of molting individuals
was reduced throughout the day, being lower than or similar to the daytime feeding activity of non-molting ones. The percentage
of molting individuals was least (2–4%) among the gravid females, which suggests that gravid females molt less frequently
than other stages of females and males. Molt and reproductive processes therefore seemed to be coupled in this species. 相似文献
19.
在实验室条件下,通过特定感官消除或抑制方法和特定感官刺激方法对半滑舌鳎摄食行为反应机制进行了研究。结果表明,半滑舌鳎主要依靠侧线摄食,其侧线主要对猎物的低频振动起反应;嗅觉起辅助作用,头部各边缘部位和躯干中上部各鳍具有部分作用;视觉在捕食中的作用不大,味觉在食物吞咽过程中起很大作用。由于半滑舌鳎主要利用侧线捕食猎物,嗅觉起辅助作用,在人工养殖条件下,应根据其摄食生理特点,设计投喂饲料,制定投喂策略。 相似文献