共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
在简单巨羽流生成模型基础上,考虑下渗海水对循环热液的稀释作用设计建立了管状模型,旨在讨论下渗海水(在海底普遍存在)对热液循环系统的影响。在保持原模型基本结构的基础上又添加了代表下渗低温海水稀释作用的D区。模型着重对D区中的低温下渗海水(未经反应区加热)与释放区热液的混合,从而对实现热液稀释的作用进行分析。首先建立系统中两个循环体的控制方程,然后在有限条件下对模型求解,并对求解的结果进行实际意义的分析。主要结论包括下渗区D区作为释放区时,D区释放流体的物质流速已明显大于C区中流体的物质流速,下渗区成为另一个喷溢区;如果在烟囱体下部有裂缝或者其外壳的渗透率较高时,对系统所释放流体的温度、物质通量等指标的估算不能再按常规方法单纯地考虑烟囱体的喷口,因为周围的"高渗区"可能是更大的释放区;对于巨羽流系统,由于释放区C区的压力较小,所以不太可能发生上述情况;具有明显低温流的天然系统不可能位于本模型的参数空间;对热液系统发育的不同阶段应采用不同的数学模型。 相似文献
2.
深海采矿尾矿排放产生的细颗粒羽状流会对海底生态环境造成影响,预测尾矿排放羽状流行为及其对环境影响具有工程意义。基于欧拉多相流方法,采用欧拉双流体模型对深海采矿细颗粒羽状流开展数值模拟研究,分析近海底排放的羽状流演化和发展过程,探究羽状流初始排放质量浓度、排放速度对羽状流扩散过程的影响。结果表明：初始排放条件对羽状流演化性质有重要影响。主射流区被稀释的程度随着初始入射速度的增大而减小,随着入射质量浓度的增大而增大;初始羽状流入射速度和质量浓度越大,撞击海底后的水平方向流动速度越快,影响区域越广;水平速度的峰值随着初始入射速度的增大呈对数增长;当初始质量浓度和速度高于50 g/L和 0.5 m/s 时可能会导致颗粒在海底撞击点附近堆积成坡状,影响底流的后续发展。研究结果可以为深海采矿尾矿排放参数选择提供参考。 相似文献
3.
为了解不同类型含金属沉积物在物质组成和元素赋存状态的差异,对东太平洋海隆13°N洋中脊两侧表层含金属沉积物(站号:E271和E53)进行了矿物学、地球化学分析,顺序提取实验,并与前人对轴部表层沉积物(站号:17A-EPR-TVG1)的研究结果作了对比分析。研究结果表明, E271和E53是远端含金属沉积物,由非浮力热液羽状流中颗粒物沉降所形成的;17A-EPR-TVG1沉积物是近喷口含金属沉积物,由黑烟囱或者热液硫化物丘状体崩塌、堆积,或者由热液羽状流中Fe-Mn氧化物和硫化物快速沉淀而形成的,近喷口沉积物比远端沉积物更富集Fe、Cu和Zn等元素。元素在两种含金属沉积物中的赋存状态基本相同,除了Fe,Cu,Zn,Mo和稀土元素(REE)等元素在远端沉积物中主要存在于Fe-Mn氧化物相,在近喷口沉积物中主要在残留相中。远端沉积物中REE页岩标准化配分模式与海水相似,表明REE主要来自海水,而近喷口沉积物中REE配分模式与热液流体相似,说明REE以高温热液流体来源为主。相关研究结果加深了对热液沉积作用研究的认识。 相似文献
4.
就在２０多年前,科学家勘查洋中脊系统,首次发现了壮观的黑烟囱由金属硫化物矿物构成的热液火山管强有力地释放出热的、充满粒子的黑色流体进入海洋。这些烟囱喷发的流体的最终来源是海水,但海水和热液流体的化学成分明显不同。喷口流体不仅远比周围的海水热,而且它们的酸性更大,更富集金属,并且具有较高的溶解气浓度,如氢、甲烷和硫化氢等。受流体频繁搬运的金属在海底形成矿床,溶解气供给一个丰富的生物群体,它们是通过化学反应而不是阳光获得能量的。那么,海水是通过什么过程转变成从黑烟囱中喷出的流体的呢？答案就在海底下面… 相似文献
5.
海水中的氦同位素能对海底热液活动进行有效示踪。本文对在西南印度洋49°~56°E洋脊段采集的5条CTD拖曳剖面共14件深水样品进行了氦氖同位素分析。通过分析水体中存在的氦同位素异常,探讨调查区热液异常的特征和热液羽状流的分布。分析表明,5条CTD剖面均存在δ3He异常,其中CTD7-2(位置:37.927°S、49.412°E,水深2 140m,离底高度100m)的δ3He值最大,达到49.2%。根据δ3He分布特征,认为调查区内存在至少6处热液羽状流,其中37.927°S、49.412°E以西数千米范围内可能存在海底热液喷口。 相似文献
6.
现代海底热液活动的热和物质通量估算 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
对现代海底热液活动所导致的热和物质的通量研究是非常重要的,因为这不仅涉及到海洋环境研究的基础,而且涉及到海水性质的历史演化.当前对热通量估算的主要依据是来自对热液烟囱、低温扩散流及洋中脊的观测数据, 然而在对烟囱体热通量的估算中很少考虑同时存在的传导项,半空间冷却模型的热通量密度函数与实际数据误差较大.因此,应用了三种方法重新估算了热液活动的热通量:(1)通过烟囱体及扩散流估算的热液热通量为97.359 GW;(2)通过热液羽状体估算的热通量为84.895 GW;(3)利用所提出的指数衰减法,通过洋壳传导通量估算的热通量为4.11 TW.对物质通量估算的研究较少,其原因是现场观测数据太少.以大西洋中脊TAG区热液流体为代表首次估算了不同元素的物质通量.用不同方法所得估算值的差异反映了人类对热液活动的认知程度,系统地现场观测将有助于准确估算热液活动对海洋的贡献. 相似文献
7.
利用2016年在南海西北部陆坡琼东南海域采集的多波束水体数据,发现了海底气体渗漏至海水中形成的羽状流。在多波束数据上, 羽状流成火焰状,直径大约为30~50 m,从1 380多米的海底延伸至大约650 m的深度,高度超过700 m。在经过羽状流的浅剖剖面上,存在显示浅层气存在的声学空白区域,并识别出断裂和裂隙区域,但在水体中并无明显的异常。这可能是由于浅剖数据的分辨率不够未能捕捉到水体异常,或者气体渗漏具有间歇性。该海域存在明显的似海底反射显示,气体渗漏可能与水合物系统之间存在复杂的相互作用。由于缺乏经过羽状流的多道地震数据,难以对羽状流的形成机制进行进一步的推测。南海北部陆坡羽状流的发现对于理解被动大陆边缘的甲烷渗漏机制、水合物的形成与分解具有重要的意义。 相似文献
8.
深海热液流体与周围海水之间存在明显的物理和化学差异,通过检测海水的位温浊度异常是探测深海热液活动的重要手段之一。本文采用"海底火山带项目（Submarine Ring of Fire 2002）"拖曳式温盐深测量仪数据资料,研究了东北太平洋Explorer Ridge热液场的水文特征及物质能量通量的释放。结果表明Explorer Ridge热液场热液羽状流中性浮力层所在深度范围约为1 600~1 900 m,距离海底的高度约为200 m,最大位温、盐度和浊度异常分别为0.04℃、0.004和0.18 NTU;中性浮力层热液羽状流帽呈椭圆结构,其长轴与洋中脊线重合,羽状流帽总面积约为27 km2;热液羽状流在中性层范围内存在明显的分层现象,通过经验公式计算得到Explorer Ridge热液场观测范围内热液喷口的总的浮力通量为6.19×10-2 m4/s3,平均值为2.063×10-2 m4/s3;总的体积通量为9.884×10-2 m3/s,平均值为3.295×10-2 m3/s;总的热通量为194.9 MW,平均值为64.967 MW。 相似文献
9.
《热带海洋学报》2016,(5)
深海热液羽流系统对研究海底岩石圈和海洋之间的热量与物质输运及深海生物活动等科学问题具有重要意义。文章对温度层结环境中的二维轴对称热液羽流进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明,热液羽流上升过程中温度不断降低,浮力减小,在层结作用下达到最大上升高度。羽流垂向速度在羽流中心区域呈柱状分布,随着高度的增加速度值逐渐减少。计算得到的羽流最大上升高度和底部羽流半径与经典的MTT理论结果进行了对比,两者基本一致。而后随着时间增加,热液羽流顶部开始横向输运形成蘑菇状。示踪物浓度反映的羽流半径在高度0~50m保持不变,50m以上区域羽流最大半径随时间越来越大,在1.39h时不到30m,发展到100h后羽流半径达到150m。 相似文献
10.
选取胡安.德富卡洋脊(Juan de Fuca Ridge,JDFR)因代沃(Endeavour)段的17个热液黑烟囱体样品对其中的硫同位素进行分析测定,讨论了因代沃段热液活动区内黑烟囱体成矿的物质来源、将硫同位素数据与已发表的热液流体及硫化物数据耦合,并结合前人的成果得到如下认识:(1)因代沃段硫化物的硫同位素组成与其他无沉积物覆盖的洋脊硫化物硫同位素组成相似,然而其相比于南胡安.德富卡洋脊(South Juan de Fuca Ridge,SJFR)硫化物亏损重同位素;(2)结合前人研究成果,如果SJFR硫化物的硫全部来自基底玄武岩的淋洗与海水中的硫酸盐,那么因代沃段硫化物的硫可能有1%～3%来自沉积物的贡献,故提出因代沃段成矿系统中的硫来源主要来自基底玄武岩,同时伴随有少量海水硫酸盐来源及沉积物来源的硫加入;(3)将硫同位素数据与已发表的热液流体及硫化物数据进行耦合发现热液流体中的沉积物信号与硫化物中的硫可能来自不同的源,并提出沉积物端元可能位于下渗区。 相似文献
11.
Basic mathematical model for the normal black smoker system and the hydrothermal megaplume formation
A tube model to simulate the normal black smoker system has been built, where the Darcy flow equation, the Ergun equation and the turbulent pipe flow equation are used respectively to describe the dynamic process of different key areas in the hydrothermal circulation system. At the same time, a convection-diffuse Equation for the temperature field is used for describe the exchange of thermal energy and the law of temperature variation. Combining the above facts and using efficient mathematical algorithms and programming with the MatLab programming language, the variation curves of temperature, pressure and mass flow rate are determined, while also the dynamic heat equilibrium and pressure equilibrium within the black smoker system are analyzed. On the basis of the model of the normal black smoker system, a megaplume formation model is further built. For instance, the hydrothermal venting plume on the Juan de Fuca Ridge has been simulated and the simulation results are fairly consistent with Baker's imputed data in 1986. On the basis of the above productive simulation, a series of factors for megaplume formation and the effectiveness of the main parameters of the periodicity of the megaplume formation, temperature and the maximum mass flow rate are systematically discussed. Main conclusions are as follows: The normal black smoker system can evolve into a megaplum eruption. In fact, the passageway of the hydrothermal discharge is blocked by the hydrothermal sediments during the black smoker period, which leads to a hydrothermal fluid accumulation, rise of temperature and increase of buoyancy pressure under the seabed. After a period of 2~3 a, the megaplume hydrothermal eruption will occur when the increasing buoyancy pressure is high enough to crack the blockage (cap).Meanwhile, the temperature of the heat source must exceed 500 ℃, while the highest temperature of the eruption fluid may be high up to 413 ℃, which is fairly consistent with the surveying data.If the temperature of the heat source were to be higher than 500 ℃, then the critical period for the megaplume formation could be obviously curtailed to be less than 1 a, while the critical temperature and the maximum mass flow rate are nearly invariable. As the permeability increases, the maximum mass flow rate increases gradually close to a steady value. 相似文献
12.
为了重建EPR 9°~10°N L喷口的形成环境,采用矿物学、地球化学及年代学的方法,对黑烟囱体的矿物组成、矿物结构、元素剖面分布以及黑烟囱体内外层铅-210测年进行了研究。矿物学观察表明,该喷口烟囱体内壁主要由方黄铜矿组成,而外壁则主要由硬石膏组成。铅-210测年结果表明,烟囱体形成于EPR 9°~10°N区域内1991年的火山喷发事件之后,并有较低的生长速率,约为0.3cm/a。结合该喷口及其附近A喷口已发表资料认为,该烟囱体开始生长是由于蒸气相流体引起的,其后期受到卤水相流体的影响,而且流体温度应不小于330℃。 相似文献
13.
The approach to determine working frequencies of acoustic in-situ detector for seafloor hydrothermal fluid is presented. Based on the research of deep-sea noise and the sound generated by mid-ocean ridge black smoker hydrothermal vents, and on the hydrothermal-vent animal hearing ranges, coupled with influences of suspended particles of hydrothermal on acoustic attenuation under different frequencies, the optimal frequency range for detection of acoustical signal near black smokers is determined. The optimal frequencies providing the maximum ratio of receiver signal to background noise are obtained. We have developed a laboratory experimental setup for the optimal frequencies selection. In particular, we evaluated time-of-flight performance with respect to the source signal parameters of center frequency and bandwidth. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our approach. Current results indicate that individual transducers operated in the range of 18 ～ 25 kHz are immune to most interfering sounds and suitable for our system. 相似文献
14.
针对海洋温差能可利用温差小,利用效率低的问题,本文提出了一种采用非共沸混合工质的新型海洋温差能回热循环,并基于热力学定律对提出的热力循环进行热力学分析。选取蒸发压力、工质的质量分数作为变量,对提出的热力循环进行热力学分析研究。研究结果表明:以工质质量分数为变量时,循环热效率和系统净输出随蒸发压力的增加先增大后减小,系统热效率在工质质量分数为0.91时取得最大值5.28%,净输出功在浓度为0.96时取得最大值3.83 kW。以蒸发压力为变量时,循环热效率和系统净输出随工质质量分数的增大先增大后减小,系统热效率在蒸发压力为0.595 MPa时取得最大值5.26%,净输出功在压力为0.58 MPa时取得最大值3.57 kW。在相同运行控制参数下与Uehara循环、Yoon循环进行对比,提出的循环系统热效率最佳。提出的热力循环系统分析结果可对提高海洋温差能利用效率提供理论依据和参考。 相似文献
15.
选取胡安·德富卡洋脊(Juan de Fuca Ridge,JDFR)因代沃(Endeavour)段的17个热液黑烟囱体样品对其中的硫同位素进行分析测定,讨论了因代沃段热液活动区内黑烟囱体成矿的物质来源、将硫同位素数据与已发表的热液流体及硫化物数据耦合,并结合前人的成果得到如下认识:(1)因代沃段硫化物的硫同位素组成与其他无沉积物覆盖的洋脊硫化物硫同位素组成相似,然而其相比于南胡安·德富卡洋脊(South Juan de Fuca Ridge,SJFR)硫化物亏损重同位素;(2)结合前人研究成果,如果SJFR硫化物的硫全部来自基底玄武岩的淋洗与海水中的硫酸盐,那么因代沃段硫化物的硫可能有1%~3%来自沉积物的贡献,故提出因代沃段成矿系统中的硫来源主要来自基底玄武岩,同时伴随有少量海水硫酸盐来源及沉积物来源的硫加入;(3)将硫同位素数据与已发表的热液流体及硫化物数据进行耦合发现热液流体中的沉积物信号与硫化物中的硫可能来自不同的源,并提出沉积物端元可能位于下渗区。 相似文献
16.
热液流体在物理化学特征方面与周围海水存在较大差异,探测温度异常和浊度异常是寻找热液羽状流信号的重要手段。本文采用“大洋一号”科考船第20航次的拖曳CTD数据和浊度数据,以及21航次的定点CTD数据,研究了西南印度洋龙方斤热液区的温度异常和浊度异常现象。研究表明热液区中性浮力层在水深2 550~2 650 m间,厚度约为100 m,温度异常达0.01 ℃;水深 2 750~2 800 m间亦有温度异常,最大可达0.08 ℃;温度异常水深处存在相应的浊度异常。深层背景海水位温和位密间存在简单线性关系。此外,经初步估计,热液活动区初始浮力通量为8.78×10-4 m4/s3;通过中性浮力层估算热液热通量,约为130±43 MW。 相似文献
17.
J. Sarrazin P. Rodier M.K. Tivey H. Singh A. Schultz P.M. Sarradin 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(11):2065-2074
Numerous attempts have been made over the last thirty years to estimate fluid flow rates at hydrothermal vents, either at the exit of black smoker chimneys or within diffuse flow areas. In this study, we combine two methods to accurately estimate fluid flow velocities at diffuse flow areas. While the first method uses a hot film anemometer that performs high-frequency measurements, the second allows a relatively rapid assessment of fluid flow velocity through video imagery and provides in situ data to calibrate the sensor. Measurements of flow velocities on hydrothermal diffuse flow areas were obtained on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). They range from 1.1 to 4.9 mm/s at the substratum level, in low-temperature (4.5–16.4 °C) diffuse flow areas from the Tour Eiffel sulfide edifice. A strong correlation was observed between fluid flow velocities and temperature, supporting the possible use of temperature as a proxy to estimate the flow rates in diffuse flow areas where such a simple linear flow/temperature relation is shown to dominate. 相似文献
18.
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the turbulent flow and species transport of deep-sea high temperature hydrothermal plumes. The model solves numerically the density weighted unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and energy equation and the species transport equation. Turbulent entrainment and mixing is modeled by a k–ε turbulence closure model. The CFD model explicitly considers realistic vent chimney geometry, vent exit fluid temperature and velocity, and background stratification. The model uses field measurements as model inputs and has been validated by field data. These measurements and data, including vent temperature and plume physical structure, were made in the ABE hydrothermal field of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center. A parametric sensitivity study based on this CFD model was conducted to determine the relative importance of vent exit velocity, background stratification, and chimney height on the mixing of vent fluid and seawater. The CFD model was also used to derive several important scalings that are relevant to understanding plume impact on the ocean. These scalings include maximum plume rise height, neutrally buoyant plume height, maximum plume induced turbulent diffusivity, and total plume vertically transported water mass flux. These scaling relationships can be used for constructing simplified 1-dimensional models of geochemistry and microbial activity in hydrothermal plumes. Simulation results show that the classical entrainment assumptions, typically invoked to describe hydrothermal plume transport, only apply up to the vertical level of ~0.6 times the maximum plume rise height. Below that level, the entrainment coefficient remains relatively constant (~0.15). Above that level, the plume flow consists of a pronounced lateral spreading flow, two branches of inward flow immediately above and below the lateral spreading, and recirculation flanking the plume cap region. Both turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate reach their maximum near the vent; however, turbulent viscosity attains its maximum near the plume top, indicating strong turbulent mixing in that region. The parametric study shows that near vent physical conditions, including chimney height and fluid exit velocity, influence plume mixing from the vent orifice to a distance of ~10 times the vent orifice diameter. Thus, physical parameters place a strong kinetic constraint on the chemical reactions occurring in the initial particle-forming zone of hydrothermal plumes. 相似文献