共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
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近23年的调查研究，使我们认识到分布于洋中脊、弧后盆地、岛弧和热点等环境的海底热液活动发育在多种围岩类型之上，包括超基性岩石、基性岩石、中性岩石、酸性岩石和沉积物。海底热液活动经历了岩浆去气作用、流体-岩石/沉积物相互作用和流体-海水混合，获取了岩浆、岩石、海水和沉积物的物质，构成了热液循环，产生了高温、低氧、高或低pH值、富含Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As等元素以及气体组分（甲烷、氢等）的喷口流体，影响了海水、沉积、岩石和生物环境，形成了热液柱、硫化物、含金属沉积物和蚀变岩石等热液产物，组成了海底热液系统。未来，促进海底热液活动探测技术和热液产物测试方法的发展，对海底热液区的岩石、喷口流体、热液柱、硫化物、含金属沉积物以及热液循环、生物活动的持续观测与研究，无疑将为人类探知海底地质过程及生命活动、保护海底热液环境和合理开发利用海底资源提供有力的工作支撑。 相似文献
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海底热液活动调查研究是深海进入、深海探测和深海开发的切入点之一。近十年来，中国在西太平洋弧后盆地、东太平洋海隆、大西洋洋中脊和印度洋脊，发现了一批新的海底热液活动区，围绕着热液活动区的硫化物、流体、热液柱、生物等热液产物开展了调查研究，构建了海底热液地质学，提出了热液活动、冷泉及天然气水合物的同源异汇假说，出版了《海底热液地质学》、《现代海底热液硫化物成矿地质学》、《现代海底热液活动》、《东太平洋海隆热液地质》专著，获得了一批调查研究成果。未来，聚焦海底热液活动的深部过程及其资源环境效应关键问题，发展海底热液活动探测技术，拓展极地海底热液活动调查研究新领域，围绕烟囱体、热液柱、含金属沉积物、流体以及热液区生物等热液产物，开展深入、系统的调查研究工作，无疑将推动海底热液地质学取得新的进展。 相似文献
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李粹中 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》1992,12(4):75-86
海底扩张中心的热液矿化作用是国际地球科学研究中最为活跃的领域之一。本文介绍了:1.热液多金属矿床调查的历史沿革;2.九十年代热液多金属矿床的海上调查方法;3.海底热液矿床的赋存条件;4.海底热液矿化作用过程;5.高强度热液活动与地质构造事件;6.热液矿体形状和流体动力学。作者认为,在我国开展太平洋多金属结核资源调查的同时,应对热液矿床的研究给予足够的重视。 相似文献
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无论是深入认识海底热液活动的规律,还是了解海底热液硫化物资源的分布情况,首先需要做的是发现海底热液活动及其产物.因此,用于发现和调查海底热液活动及其产物的技术手段非常重要.目前,进行海底热液活动调查的技术手段有电视抓斗、ROV、AUV和载人深潜器等.但由于使用这类技术设备需要相对高的投入和较复杂的附加装置,而且从电视抓斗、ROV、AUV和载人深潜器本身来讲,它们也有一定的技术限制,调查活动范围有限,不能胜任大面积海底热液活动异常调查工作.因此,载有各种物理、化学传感器和分析仪器的拖曳式走航连续观测系统仍是海底热液活动调查技术方面的一个重要发展方向.例如,美国、英国等先后投资研制了多种拖曳式设备,可进行海底地貌成像、电磁场、CTD、以及化学和物理多参数的测量,为发现和确定海底热液喷口位置起到了巨大的作用. 相似文献
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冲绳海槽现代海底热液活动研究概况 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
1948年,瑞典“信天翁号”调查船在红海发现高温高盐溶液和多金属软泥,至此揭开了海底热液活动研究的序幕。随着全球范围内大洋调查活动的展开,先后在大洋中脊、断裂活动带、岛弧和弧后扩张盆地发现了众多的海底热液活动区以及颇具经济远景的海底热液多金属矿产资源,从而使海底热液活动的调查与研究成为地区中热点领域。冲绳海槽作为一个年轻的弧后扩张盆地,是环太平洋火山、地震带的一个重要组成环节,构造活动和火山作用频繁。其特殊的地理位置、地质现象引起了各国学者的注意,并从1984年开始在冲绳海槽(主要是中部)发现了多处热液活动区。… 相似文献
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西南印度洋中脊海底热液活动 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在超慢速扩张的西南印度洋中脊(SWIR)发现现代海底热液活动改变了人们的传统观点,有助于进一步深化时全球热液活动系统的认识.对西南印度洋中脊地质构造背景、玄武岩和超镁铁质岩的地球化学特征,以及热液活动的特点进行较为系统地分析.指出:独特的地质构造环境使西南印度洋中脊成为研究现代海底热液活动、地球圈层问相互作用所导致的物... 相似文献
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Interstitial flows in breakwater cores and seabeds are a key consideration in coastal and marine engineering designs and have a direct impact on their structural safety.In this paper,a unified fully coupled model for wave?permeable breakwater?porous seabed interactions is built based on an improved N?S equation.A numerical wave flume is constructed,and numerical studies are carried out by applying the finite difference method.In combination with a physical model test,the accuracy of the numerical simulation results is verified by comparing the calculated and measured values of wave height at measurement points and the seepage pressure within the breakwater and seabed.On this basis,the characteristics of the surrounding wave field and the internal flow field of the pore structure,as well as the evolution process of the fluctuating pore water pressure inside the breakwater and seabed,are further analyzed.The spatial distribution of the maximum fluctuating pore water pressure in the breakwater is compared between two cases by considering whether the seabed is permeable,and then the effect of seabed permeability on the dynamic pore water pressure in the breakwater is clarified.This study attempts to provide a reference for breakwater design and the protection of nearby seabeds. 相似文献
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Tokuo Yamamoto 《Ocean Engineering》1981,8(1):1-16
Stability analyses of homogeneous and inhomogeneous seabed foundations under attack by storm waves are made by calculating the wave-induced effective stresses. Wave-induced effective stress analysis of homogeneous seabed is made using the theory previously developed by the author which is based on the poro-elastic theory of Biot. Effective stresses in inhomogeneous seabeds induced by waves are calculated by approximating aa inhomogeneous bed by many layers of homogeneous soils each of which has different geotechnical soil properties. A good agreement is obtained between the theory and the pore pressure data from in situ field measurements. For a given wavelength, it is found that there exists a most unstable thickness of homogeneous seabed when the thickness is one-fifth of the wave length. As a realistic example of an inhomogeneous bed, the effective stresses in a typical seabed formation at the Mississippi Delta area of the Gulf of Mexico under the attack of design storm waves are calculated. The numerical results indicate that the storm waves induce a continuous submarine landslide which extends as deep as 9 m from the mud line. Numerical calculations also indicate that such landslides and liquefaction of seabeds can be prevented by placing a layer of concrete blocks or rubble on top of the seabeds. 相似文献
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Based on Biot＇s consolidation theory, a two-dimensional model for computation of the seabed response to waves is presented with the finite element method. Numerical results for different wave conditions are obtained, and the effects of wave non-lineafity on the wave-induced seabed response are examined. Moreover, the wave-induced momentary liquefaction in uniform and inhomogeneous seabeds is investigated. It is shown that the wave non-linearity affects the distribution of the wave-induced pore pressure and effective stresses, while the influence of wave non-linearity on the seabed liquefaction potential is not so significant. 相似文献
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岩浆作用对海底热液系统物质的贡献 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
系统地总结分析了国内外关于岩浆作用对热液系统物质贡献的证据和研究成果。在此基础上,进一步分析了岩浆作用对热液系统物质贡献的主要形式,并对近期研究工作的主要方向进行了探索性分析。提出岩浆作用对热液系统物质贡献的形式除了传统的岩-水反应外,还有岩浆后期热液及挥发性组分直接进入的途径(形式);对海底热液活动系统的研究工作近期应主要集中在3个方面:(1)利用新近发展的高新技术,强化矿物及包裹体的原位微区分析,获取更加精细的矿物形成过程中的原始信息。(2)非传统稳定同位素的开发应用,为解决悬而未决的科学问题发展新的技术手段。(3)进一步发展完善岩浆作用对热液系统物质贡献的理论模型,更加贴近实际地定量评价岩浆作用对热液系统的物质贡献。上述工作,无疑对推进海底热液活动研究的进一步深化具有重要意义。 相似文献
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《Coastal Engineering》2006,53(2-3):265-275
Sand waves form a prominent regular pattern in the offshore seabeds of sandy shallow seas and pose a threat to a range of offshore activities. A two-dimensional vertical (2DV) flow and morphological simulation model describing the behaviour of these sand waves has been developed. The simulation model contains the 2DV shallow water equations, with a free water surface and a general bed load formula. The water movement is coupled to the sediment transport equation with a seabed evolution equation. The domain is non-periodic in both directions. The spatial discretisation is performed by a spectral method based on Chebyshev polynomials. A fully implicit method is chosen for the discretisation in time. Firstly, we validate the simulation model mathematically by reproducing the results obtained using a linear stability analysis for infinitely small sand waves. Hereby, we investigate a steady current situation induced by a wind stress applied at the sea surface. The bed forms we find have wavelengths in the order of hundreds of metres when the resistance at the seabed is relatively large. The results show that it is possible to model the initial evolution of sand waves with a numerical simulation model. This paper forms the necessary first step to investigate the intermediate term behaviour of sand waves. 相似文献
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The topic of wave-seabed interaction is important for civil engineers with regard to stability analysis of foundations for offshore structures. Most previous investigations of such problems have simply assumed a seabed with uniform permeability, even if the evidence of variable permeability has been reported in the literature. This paper presents a finite-element model for investigating the wave-induced seabed response in a porous seabed, with variable permeability as a function of burial depth. The present finite formulation is established by using a combination of semi-analytical techniques and the Galerkin method. Based on the present numerical model, together with the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the wave-induced seabed instability is estimated. The numerical results indicate that variable permeability affects the wave-induced seabed instability significantly, especially for gravelled seabeds. 相似文献
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利用１９８９年在大西洋热液活动区采集的块状硫化物样品，采用矿相显微镜、电子显微镜和电子探针等手段，进行了矿物共生组合、矿物形态与成分标型及其演化特征研究。结果表明，大西洋热液成矿作用可以划分为热液期与沉积期两个成矿期，和石英－黄铁矿阶段、黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段、胶状黄铁矿阶段和非晶质ＳｉＯ２阶段等５个成矿阶段；不同成矿阶段黄铁矿的共生矿物和矿物特征不同，在晶体形态上具有从单形晶－聚形晶－胶状 相似文献
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James R. Hein Ann E. Gibbs David A. Clague Michael Torresan 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):177-203
This is the first article to describe mineralization of midplate submarine rift zones and hydrothermal manganese oxide mineralization of midplate volcanic edifices. Hydrothermal Mn oxides were recovered from submarine extensions of two Hawaiian rift zones, along Haleakala and Puna Ridges. These Mn oxides form two types of deposits, metallic stratiform layers in volcaniclastic rocks and cement for clastic rocks; both deposit types are composed of todorokite and bimessite. Thin Fe‐Mn crusts that coat some rocks formed by a combination of hydrogenetic and hydrothermal processes and are composed of δ‐MnO2. The stratiform layers have high Mn contents (mean 40%) and a large fractionation between Mn and Fe (Fe/Mn = 0.04). Unlike most other hydrothermal Mn oxide deposits, those from Hawaiian rift zones are enriched in the trace metals Zn, Co, Ba, Mo, Sr, V, and especially Ni (mean 0.16%). Metals are derived from three sources: mafic and ultramafic rocks leached by circulating hydrothermal fluids, clastic material (in Mn‐cemented sandstone), and seawater that mixed with the hydrothermal fluids. Mineralization on Haleakala Ridge occurred sometime during the past 200 to 400 ka, when the summit was at a water depth of more than 1,000 m. Hydrothermal circulation was probably driven by heat produced by intrusion of dikces, magma reservoirs, and flow of magma through axial and lateral conduits. The supply of seawater to ridge interiors must be extensive because of their high porosity and permeability. Precipitation of Mn oxide below the seafloor is indicated by its occurrence as cement, growth textures that show mineralizing fluids were introduced from below, and pervasive replacement of original matrix of clastic rocks. 相似文献
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海底热液矿床具有重要的经济价值和科学意义。其产出构造背景包括洋中脊、弧后扩张中心及板内热点处。处于不同构造环境的热液矿床具有不同的地质和地球化学特点。系统总结了海底热液矿床产出的地质和地球化学特点,主要包括热液矿床产出的构造背景、围岩类型、矿区的矿物及矿物组合特点以及不同热液区矿床的元素组成、稀土和硫同位素特点等,对各构造环境中热液矿床的特点进行了对比,指出不同热液区热液矿床地质和地球化学特点差异的根本原因在于所处构造环境的不同和扩张速率的差异。文章最后提出了今后应着重研究的几个问题。 相似文献