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1.
Biomarker responses to pollution in two invertebrate species: Scrobicularia plana and Nereis diversicolor from the Cádiz bay (SW Spain) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The clam Scrobicularia plana and the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor were collected in several sites from a littoral enclosure in SW Spain. The aim of our study was to relate various biomarker responses in these species to a pollution gradient caused by untreated domestic discharges and to verify the adequacy of the selected species as sentinels in this habitat. The biomarkers selected were the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and DT-diaphorase (DT-D). In addition, the activities of cytochrome P450-dependent ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, the phase II detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the neurotoxicity marker acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured. Metallothionein levels were selected as biomarkers of heavy metals exposure in both species. The results suggest a different response in the water filtering organism (clam) and the sediment eater (polychaete), probably as a consequent of different pollution exposure and that samples from the "Ca?o Sancti-Petri" were exposed to biologically active compounds that altered some of their biochemical responses. AChE was the most sensitive biomarker in both species and N. diversicolor proved to be a more robust sentinel in this ecosystem. 相似文献
2.
Impact of predation on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor in estuarine intertidal flats 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Susana Rosa Jos Pedro Granadeiro Catarina Vinagre Susana Frana Henrique N. Cabral Jorge M. Palmeirim 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,78(4):655-664
In estuarine sediment flats benthic macroinvertebrates are intensively consumed by a variety of predators, such as aquatic birds and nekton (mostly fish and crustaceans). However, there is still a lack of conclusive studies that evaluate if this predation has a relevant impact on the populations of those invertebrates, which are a key element of the estuarine food chain. In the Tagus estuary we experimentally tested and quantified the impact of predation on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor, one of the most important prey for a variety of predators in many estuaries. Using an exclusion experiment, we compared the seasonal variation in the densities of H. diversicolor from February to November in sediment plots (1) available to both bird and nekton predators, (2) just to nekton, and (3) without predators. We also followed changes in the abundance of potential predators throughout the study. The lowest densities were systematically observed in the plots accessible to all predators, followed by those which excluded just birds, and finally by those that excluded all predators. The exclosures were in place for 9 months, at the end of which the average density of H. diversicolor in the plots protected from all predators was eight times greater than in those without any protection. These results demonstrate that predation had a major impact on the densities of H. diversicolor. The relative importance of bird and nekton predation varied along the study, and this seems to be determined by different peaks of abundance of the two types of predators. However, when present in high densities, birds and nekton seem to have a similar impact on H. diversicolor. Our results suggest that predation is a key factor on the population dynamics of H. diversicolor. In addition, the levels of predation that we observed suggest that this polychaete can be a limited resource, and this could have major ecological consequences for predators for which it is a key prey. 相似文献
3.
Charles F. Phleger Matthew M. Nelson Ami K. Groce S. Craig Cary Kathryn Coyne John A.E. Gibson Peter D. Nichols 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2005,52(12):2333-2352
The lipid composition was determined for 5 species of polychaete annelids collected by the Deep Submergence Vehicle ALVIN from high temperature chimneys at the 2500 m depth hydrothermal vent field of the East Pacific Rise. These are the first lipid biomarker analyses reported for these hydrothermal vent polychaetes. Lipid content was low in all samples (1.6–35.9 mg g–1 wet mass) and was dominated by polar lipid (78–90% of total lipid) with 8–19% sterol (ST), and very low storage lipid (triacylglycerol and wax ester). Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were moderately high (22–31% of total fatty acids (FA)) with extremely low or no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6(n-3)). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n-3)) levels were 5–6% in Alvinella pompejana and A. caudata and 10.3–13.7% in an errantiate polychaete (likely Hesionidae) and Hesiolyra bergii. There were greater PUFA and a greater EPA/AA (AA is arachidonic acid, 20:4(n-6)) ratio in the anterior versus the posterior half of A. pompejana, which may correlate to the strong temperature gradient reported in its tube. Total nonmethylene interrupted diunsaturated fatty acids (NMID) were 4–9% of total FA for most polychaete species and included several 20:2 and 22:2 components. The principal monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) included 18:1(n-7)c (14–19%), 16:1(n-7)c (2.6–10%) and 20:1(n-11)c (3–7% of total FA). These polychaete species may desaturate and elongate the bacterial-derived 18:1(n-7)c to obtain the essential FA EPA and AA. The major ST in the polychaetes is cholesterol (89–98% of total ST) with less cholesterol in the gut contents of A. pompejana. Other ST included 24-ethylcholesterol (1.5–5% of total ST) with lesser amounts of 24-methylenecholesterol, desmosterol, lathosterol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-ethylcholesterol, and the stanols dehydrocholestanol and cholestanol. The high ST levels could play a role in thermal adaptation of membranes at the hydrothermal vent environment. Differences in the FA profiles separated the closely related species A. pompejana and A. caudata from Paralvinella grasslei, H. bergii, and the errantiate polychaete (likely Hesionidae). 相似文献
4.
Nereis diversicolor is generally considered to be a predator and deposit feeder, but have also been found to graze on benthic algae in shallow coastal areas. In this study we investigated the grazing effects on the development and growth of green algae, Ulva spp. Algal growth was studied in an experiment including two levels of sediment thickness; 100 mm sediment including macrofauna and 5 mm sediment without macrofauna, and three treatments of varying algal biomass; sediment with propagules, sediment with low algal biomass (120 g dry weight (dwt) m− 2) and sediment with high algal biomass (240 g dwt m− 2). In the 100 mm sediment, with a natural population of macrofauna, N. diversicolor was the dominating (60% of total biomass) species. After three weeks of experimentation the result showed that N. diversicolor was able to prevent initial algal growth, affect growth capacity and also partly reduce full-grown algal mats. The weight of N. diversicolor was significantly higher for polychaetes in treatments with algae added compared to non-algal treatments. There were also indications that a rich nutrient supply per algae biomass counteracted the grazing capacity of N. diversicolor. 相似文献
5.
以哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、鲍类疱疹病毒(Abalone herpesvirus,Ab HV)悬液对杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)注射刺激,研究其血淋巴中可溶性总蛋白浓度,免疫相关酶超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(Acid Phosphatase,ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline Phosphatase,AKP)活性的变化,杂色鲍外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺、腹足中血蓝蛋白(Hemocyanin,Hc)基因Hc1、Hc2相对表达量的变化以及感染后杂色鲍无细胞血浆的抑菌性。结果显示:(1)杂色鲍血淋巴中可溶性总蛋白浓度变化显著,呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。(2)无细胞血浆中的SOD、ACP、AKP活性与对照组相比变化显著,哈维弧菌注射组的SOD活性在感染后第6小时显著升高;Ab HV注射组SOD活性与对照组比较在注射后的各个时相均呈下降趋势,从注射后6 h各个时相的SOD活性与对照组相比均差异显著(P0.05)。哈维弧菌注射组ACP活性在注射后的第48小时显著升高;Ab HV注射组ACP活性在注射后的第12小时显著升高。哈维弧菌注射组AKP活性在注射后48 h显著升高;AbHV注射组AKP活性在注射后第12小时显著升高。(3)杂色鲍外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺以及腹足中血蓝蛋白两个基因Hc1、Hc2的相对表达量均在注射后的不同时间点出现升高。(4)杂色鲍无细胞血淋巴对哈维弧菌、创伤弧菌和溶珊瑚弧菌这三种贝类病原均表现出了不同程度的抑菌性增强的作用。这些结果表明细菌和病毒的刺激引起了杂色鲍免疫相关因子的变化,使得血淋巴的抑菌性增强。本研究为今后进一步研究杂色鲍的非特异性免疫以及在生产实践中应用免疫技术防治病害提供参考。 相似文献
6.
L. Camus M. B. Jones J. F. Brseth B. E. Grsvik F. Regoli M. H. Depledge 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5)
Industrial activities, notably oil and gas industries, are expanding in the Arctic. Most of the biomarkers were developed using temperate organisms living at temperatures above 10 °C. Little is known about the biomarker responses of organisms living between −1.88 and 5 °C. Therefore, assessment of the toxicity of chemicals to cold-water adapted species is required. In this study, the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, was selected as a key species for bio-monitoring because of wide distribution in Arctic waters and its commercial value. Test animals, stored in seawater at 2 °C, were injected with benzo(a)pyrene (diluted in cod liver oil 5 mg ml−1) in the adductor muscle every 24 h for four days giving a final dose of 0, 74 and 90.6 mg kg−1 wet weight for control, low and high dose, respectively. The biomarkers used were total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) in the digestive gland and cell membrane stability of haemocytes. TOSC values were significantly reduced (ca. 30%) in exposed groups (P<0.05), indicating a depletion in oxyradical molecular scavengers. The antioxidant defences appeared to be overwhelmed by the reactive oxygen species as the plasma membranes of haemocytes were destabilised (P<0.05) probably due to lipid peroxidation. These data indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced by Arctic scallops via the metabolisation of benzo(a)pyrene at 2 °C. 相似文献
7.
为了解色素控制基因与壳色的关系,本实验用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)技术分析了酪氨酸酶基因(Tyrosinase,TYR)在菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)4种壳色蛤仔和7种组织中的表达特性。结果表明,酪氨酸酶基因在鳃、外套膜、闭壳肌、性腺、内脏团、水管和唇瓣中均有表达,其中外套膜中表达量较高,其次为鳃,在闭壳肌中表达量最少。不同的酪氨酸酶基因在4种壳色的表达量不同,酪氨酸酶基因TYR2、TYR3、TYR6和TYR9在白斑马蛤中表达量居高,且与斑马蛤和白蛤差异显著(P0.05)。TYR2、TYR6和TYR10在橙蛤中表达量最高,推测与橙色形成有关。TYR11在斑马蛤中表达量最高,且与白蛤和白斑马蛤差异显著(P0.05),推测与背景色形成有关。系统发育分析结果表明,TYR3与马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)同源性最高为64%。TYR10与加州双斑蛸(Octopus bimaculoides)同源性最高,为53%。与长牡蛎进化关系最近。 相似文献
8.
以海水青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)胚胎为研究对象,比较了120#燃料油分散液(water-accommodated fractions,WAFs)与乳化液(biologically enhanced water-accommodated fractions,BE-WAFs)的急性毒性效应,并研究了不同浓度(40、100、250 mg/L)下WAFs、BE-WAFs对胚胎内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性的影响。结果表明:在受到石油烃的氧化胁迫后,海水青鳉胚胎内3种抗氧化酶活性变化明显。随着石油烃浓度的升高和暴露时间的延长,3种酶表现出程度不同的诱导效应和抑制效应。其中受石油烃污染影响最为明显的为SOD酶;而GST酶则对消油剂单独暴露表现较为敏感。实验证明,海水青鳉体内SOD酶活性对石油烃污染反应最为敏感,适合作为监测石油烃污染程度的生物标志物。 相似文献
9.
泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)是我国传统养殖贝类,细菌性疾病导致的死亡已成为制约泥蚶养殖业发展的重要因素,血细胞是泥蚶免疫防御的执行者,血细胞能直接吞噬异物,能通过包囊作用将异物包裹,血细胞还在炎症反应和伤口修复中发挥作用。采用RNA-seq测序技术研究了溶藻弧菌体外刺激后泥蚶血细胞3h和6h时转录组动态变化,与未受刺激血细胞相比,3h时1790个基因表达发生显著改变,包括1319个上调基因和471个下调基因;6h时3183个基因表达发生显著改变,包括2629个上调基因和554个下调基因。KEGG通路富集分析发现溶藻弧菌刺激后免疫相关多个信号通路或生物学过程发生显著改变,如吞噬体、细胞凋亡、蛋白酶体、内质网加工、局部黏附等。部分免疫相关基因表达丰度3h时变化不显著而6h时发生显著改变,部分免疫相关基因3h和6h时表达丰度均显著改变。研究结果为泥蚶血细胞早期免疫反应提供了新的见解,为泥蚶抗病机理研究提供了理论基础。 相似文献
10.
金属硫蛋白(Metallothionein,MT)是一类富含半胱氨酸的小分子蛋白质,参与机体重金属解毒和金属元素代谢等生理过程。本研究采用RACE技术,克隆获得了菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)金属硫蛋白(RpMT)的全长cDNA序列。RpMT的cDNA全长为570bp,编码75个氨基酸,包含15个MT所特有的Cys-Xn-Cys结构。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了两种壳色菲律宾蛤仔(白蛤和斑马蛤)RpMT基因在Cd2+暴露后的表达变化。结果发现:Cd2+急性和亚慢性暴露均可导致两种壳色蛤仔消化腺和鳃组织RpMT基因表达量的显著上调;暴露后两种壳色蛤仔鳃组织RpMT基因表达量的增加幅度均高于消化腺组织,且以白蛤鳃组织基因表达水平的上调幅度较高。上述结果表明,RpMT可能在菲律宾蛤仔抵御Cd2+胁迫过程中发挥了重要作用。 相似文献
11.
杂色鲍血细胞分类、结构和免疫功能的流式细胞术分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用流式细胞术对杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor Reeve)血细胞的分类、结构和免疫功能进行分析。根据细胞前向角散射光(FSC)和侧向角散射光(SSC)强度的不同,可将血细胞分为三个亚群:透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞,组成比例分别为32.71%、58.17%和8.55%。血细胞的平均总凋亡和死亡率为3.76%。血细胞对荧光微球的总吞噬率为63.67%,其中吞噬1个、2个、3个及以上荧光微球的血细胞分别占22.31%、16.39%、24.96%。线粒体数量、溶酶体数量、非特异性酯酶活性和非诱导性活性氧(ROS)含量均在大颗粒细胞中最高,透明细胞最低。结果表明,杂色鲍三类血细胞在结构和功能上均存在差异,两类颗粒细胞可能在鲍类免疫过程中发挥着更为重要的作用。 相似文献
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14.
Infestation of the surf clam Mesodesma donacium by the spionid polychaete Polydora bioccipitalis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jos M. Riascos Olaf Heilmayer Marcelo E. Oliva Jürgen Laudien Wolf E. Arntz 《Journal of Sea Research》2008,59(4):217-227
The surf clam Mesodesma donacium is an economically important species for Chilean and Peruvian shellfisheries. This clam is often infested by Polydora bioccipitalis, a species belonging to the Spionidae, the most common parasitic polychaete group. To study this association, clams were sampled monthly over a one-year period in northern Chile. Collected clams covered the entire available size range and were classified into four infestation levels in order to study: (1) the relationship between prevalence of infestation (PI) and host size, (2) the temporal pattern of infestation events related to seasonal temperature changes, and (3) the relationship between infestation, body condition index (BCI) and gonado-somatic index (GSI). Additionally, growth rate and digging ability of clams with different infestation levels was studied. A logistic regression model best explained the relationship between PI and host size, with the smallest infested clam being 34 mm long and PI increasing steeply thereafter. Ontogenetic shifts in the habitat of the clam and ontogenetic changes, mainly in shell morphology, seem to explain the sigmoid pattern. Periods of increased shell blistering after infestation by P. bioccipitalis showed a similar seasonal pattern with GSI and BCI of non-infested clams, suggesting either an association between infestation ability and low condition of the clam or common environmental triggers for those factors. Heavily infested clams showed a significant lower BCI, growth rate and digging ability; however, given its low number, they are unlikely to be significant in terms of the local population survival. However, the infestation could play a key role in explaining mass mortality of northern populations during El Niño events, given the latitudinal differences in PI and the fact that infestation ability could be enhanced by increased temperature and facilitated in stressed clams. 相似文献
15.
Effects of the North American polychaete Marenzelleria cf. viridis on a simple shallow-water benthic community of the northern Baltic Sea were studied in a field experiment combining natural densities of dominating macrofaunal species. The presence of M. cf. viridis increased benthic production (chlorophyll a) and reduced the survival of the native polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Adult Macoma balthica caused a significant mortality on M. cf. viridis whereas adult Cerastoderma glaucum had no effect on M. cf. viridis. We suggest that the competitive interactions between M. cf. viridis and M. balthica are a possible key factor determining the distribution pattern of M. cf. viridis in the Baltic Sea. 相似文献
16.
Sara Fratini Lorenzo Zane Lapo Ragionieri Marco Vannini Stefano Cannicci 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,79(4):679-686
The “genetic erosion” hypothesis posits that heavy metal stress is related to a loss of genetic diversity at the population level. The genetic diversity of natural populations can, however, be affected by natural processes as well as by human impact. We studied the relationship between heavy metal bioaccumulation and genetic variability in the intertidal crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus. Tissue samples were collected from 40 individuals inhabiting four polluted and four unpolluted sites along the Tuscan coast (Mediterranean basin), and were examined for four heavy metals (arsenic, As, cadmium, Cd, lead, Pb, and copper, Cu). We also assessed the genetic variability of 235 crabs from the same localities using six microsatellite loci.Our results show that the bioaccumulation levels of these individuals accurately reflect the levels of pollution in their immediate environment, and that heavy metals accumulate more in the hepatopancreas than in the gills. Moreover, populations from polluted sites have significantly less genetic variability, measured as mean standardized d2, and a significantly lower percentage of unrelated individuals, than populations from unpolluted sites. This evidence supports the “genetic erosion” hypothesis for metal heavy exposure in natural environments. 相似文献
17.
缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)微卫星标记的分离及近缘物种通用性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用磁珠富集和PCR筛选相结合的方法,得到12对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)的多态性微卫星引物。每个位点的观测等位基因数为2—15个,有效等位基因数为1.0339—8.8063个;观测杂合度(Ho)为0.0333—1.0000,平均观测杂合度为0.7525;期望杂合度(He)为0.0333—0.9020,平均期望杂合度为0.6866;多态信息含量(PIC)为0.0320—0.8680。所有位点中,有8个位点属于高度多态位点(PIC0.5),SC1-5和SC4-6属于低度多态位点(PIC0.25);经Bonferroni校正后,无显著偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡的位点;连锁不平衡检验结果表明,位点间不存在连锁不平衡现象。此外,分析了这些引物在近缘种长竹蛏(Solen strictus)、大竹蛏(Solen grandis)和小刀蛏(Cultellus attenuatus)的通用性情况,结果显示:长竹蛏中,位点SC1-4、SC2-8、SC3-1、SC3-14表现出了高度多态(PIC0.5);在大竹蛏中,位点SC3-4、SC3-7、SC4-6表现出了高度多态性(PIC0.5),SC2-9为低态位点(PIC0.25);在小刀蛏中,位点SC1-7、SC2-9、SC3-4、SC3-14表现出了高度多态性(PIC0.5),SC4-6为低态位点(PIC0.25)。 相似文献
18.
菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)是重要的海洋经济贝类和海水养殖品种,具有较强的表型可塑性特点,不同地理群体之间存在表型差异。本研究根据实测数据建立了胶州湾与天鹅湖菲律宾蛤仔壳长(SL)与壳高(SH)、壳宽(SW)和活体重(W)的回归方程,定量分析了两个地理群体的形态学差异。由于其近似圆形的形态使得所能测量的外部指标较少,限制了传统形态测量学在其地理群体判别中的应用。本研究提出了将传统形态测量学和广义线性模型(GLM)相结合的方法,建立了判别菲律宾蛤仔地理群体的逻辑斯蒂(Logistic)回归方程。结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔的天鹅湖群体比胶州湾群体具有更高的SH/SL和SW/SL比值,壳形椭圆较圆且隆起程度高,"凸"形明显;基于GLM模型的Logistic回归能够快速准确地判别菲律宾蛤仔的地理群体归属,判别正确率高达94.23%。本研究为双壳类物种地理群体判别提供了新的分析方法和技术手段。 相似文献
19.
为构建泥蚶感染弧菌标准技术体系,本研究采用哈维氏弧菌浸泡感染和注射胁迫两种攻毒方式对泥蚶进行了急性毒性实验,观察泥蚶在菌液胁迫下的存活情况,分析哈维氏弧菌对泥蚶的半致死浓度。浸泡感染实验结果表明,随着感染水体中弧菌升高,泥蚶死亡起始时间和最大日死亡率时间均有所提前,泥蚶死亡情况呈现上升趋势,当浸泡浓度超过2×107CFU/mL,泥蚶15 d累计死亡率接近100%。注射胁迫实验结果表明,泥蚶死亡率与弧菌注射浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.964,P<0.01)。Probit回归分析结果显示,哈维氏弧菌浸泡感染泥蚶7 d后停止实验,15 d的半致死浓度(LC50)为1.35×107CFU/mL;注射胁迫下的96 h半致死剂量(96 h LD50)为2.12×107CFU/g,说明哈维氏弧菌对泥蚶有明显的毒害作用。研究结果为泥蚶对哈维氏弧菌耐受性提供数据参考,并且为泥蚶弧菌病防治提供了理论基础。 相似文献
20.
鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)对青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)的毒性及半致死浓度研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用不同浓度的鳗弧菌对青蛤进行了急性毒性实验,观察青蛤在菌液胁迫下的存活情况,进一步统计得到鳗弧菌对青蛤的半致死浓度。结果表明,青蛤在鳗弧菌液浓度OD600为1.0—2.2范围内,胁迫96h以内死亡率呈逐渐上升趋势,并且在OD600=2.2时所有受试个体全部死亡。在相同的胁迫时间内,受试个体死亡率与胁迫浓度均呈正相关。经SPSS16.0软件分析后,最终得到鳗弧菌对青蛤的半致死浓度(LC50)为OD600=1.57,说明鳗弧菌对青蛤有明显的毒害作用。 相似文献