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海洋体系中有关表面活性剂的研究概况 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
综述了国内外近年来海洋体系中有关表面活性剂的研究概况。包括天然表面活性物质及人工合成表面活性剂的分布和作用,及表面活性剂在海洋体系中的应用等方面。 相似文献
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本文系统地研究人工海水(ASW)中,3种不同类型表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB,阳离子表面活性剂;十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS,阴离子表面活性剂;吐温20,Tween20,非离子表面活性剂)存在时辛基酚(OP)在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为.结果表明海洋沉积物中的有机质含量与海洋沉积物吸附OP的能力有着显著的正相关性.在表面活性剂浓度为0～10 mg· L-1时,3种表面活性剂对OP在海洋沉积物上的吸附都有促进作用,其促进作用由强到弱顺序依次为:CTAB＞T ween20＞ SDBS.在表面活性剂浓度从0增加到120 mg·L-1,相同浓度的OP(4mg·L -1)在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为变化中,CTAB使OP的吸附量增加较快,当CTAB浓度大于40 mg·L-1时溶液中未吸附的OP浓度低于检测限;SDBS使OP在海洋沉积物上的吸附量先快速增加、后趋于平稳;Tween20使OP在海洋沉积物上的吸附量先增加后减小,吸附量达到最大值时Tween20的浓度与其临界角束浓度浓度(CMC)相接近. 相似文献
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从渤海污染土壤中分离的表面活性剂产生菌,经鉴定为Bacillus sp.BO2,该菌在对数生长期产生表面活性剂,至稳定期后可将发酵液的表面张力降低至31.0 mN·m1.初步分析发现其表面活性剂成分为环脂肽,该脂肽在不同温度、盐度、pH条件下有较好的稳定性.进一步采用响应曲面法(RSM),以乳化系数作为响应值来优化菌株BO2产生物表面活性剂培养条件.还通过实验确定碳源(液体石蜡)、NH4NO3、KH2PO4为3个影响表面活性剂产量的显著因素,再进行发酵培养基优化,获得最佳培养基配方.获得的发酵参数为利用该菌株发酵生产生物表面活性剂提供数据,为石油降解菌的应用开发提供了有价值的信息. 相似文献
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海洋油污染的生物治理技术 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
当前,生物治理技术在西方国家方兴未艾,广泛介入到水污染、土壤污染、海洋油污染、放射性污染、矿山金属污染、工厂排污污染等多方面环境治理范围。随着海洋石油的勘探开发与进出口贸易的开展,海洋油污染问题日渐突出。本文简要介绍了海洋油污染的生物治理技术概况与基本原理。 相似文献
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本文研究了表面活性剂对氢氧化镁吸附硼的影响,对不同类型的表面活性剂,不同的加入方式以及不同的加入量等进行了试验,并试验了在表面活性剂存在下,pH值对吸硼量的影响。阴离子表面活性剂——十二烷基硫酸钠的加入 可以减少Mg(OH)_2对硼的吸附;十二烷基硫酸钠加入的顺序对Mg(OH)_2吸硼没有影响,这表明Mg(OH)_2吸硼是可逆的;在十二烷基硫酸钠的存在下,最大吸硼量时的pH为10.3。 相似文献
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分析了表面活性剂和非水溶相有机污染物在水和土壤环境中的相互作用，以及表面活性的特性，解释了表面活性剂增效修复水和土壤环境中非水溶相污染物的机制。表面活性剂溶液通过增溶作用和增流作用，驱除地下水含水层中的非水相液体以及吸附于土壤颗粒物上的污染物，提高地下水和土壤中憎水性有机污染物的现场修复速率。增效修复效果依赖于临界胶束浓度(CMC)、污染物和表面活性剂的吸附特性、污染物的溶解性和土壤类型等。表面活性剂能增加化合物的溶解度，降低与水的界面张力，并形成乳液。 相似文献
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随着石油化学工业的发展，由石油裂解产物制成的合成洗涤剂的产量正在飞速增长。1960年到1972年，我国合成洗涤剂产量增长了16倍，1984年年产量已达70多万吨，而且近年来有更大的增长趋势。一般的洗衣粉约含20%的表面活性物质，其余主要是增净剂(如磷酸盐、硅酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐)等。表面活性剂根据其在水溶液中显示出的离子特性，可分为阴离子表面活性剂、阳离子表面活性剂、两性表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂等四类。我国生产的合成洗涤剂以阴离子型为主，占总产量的70%以上。
合成洗涤剂的广泛应用产生了一系列环境污染问题，特别是对水生生物的影响和危害已引起人们的关注。目前，国内外对此问题正从以下几方面开展研究：(1)大量洗涤剂排入水体产生泡沫层并消耗溶解氧而引起的水质和底质的恶化；(2)表面活性剂本身对生物的急性和慢性的致毒效应；(3)表面活性剂的界面活性作用所引起的水环境中污染物界面交换过程的变化，以及由此而产生的生物效应；(4)洗涤剂中的增净剂等成分所引起的水质富营养化等。
另一方面，我们也注意到，不仅大量生活和工业用洗涤剂随废水进入河口浅海区后对生态环境的影响值得重视，而且研究其在河口区的地球化学特征，显然能为河口海域环境特征及污染状况的研究提供重要的信息。然而国内尚未见有我国河口海域阴离子洗涤剂含量分布的任何资料。在国外虽然有过这方面工作的某些报道(Ambe, 1973; Gagnon,1983)，但以河口水体、底泥及其诸环境因素作为一个整体来考察阴离子表面活性剂的行为及其环境意义的工作还属罕见。为此，我们研究拟定了简便快速测定阴离子表面活性剂的方法，结合海河口有机污染的调查，进行了这方面的研究工作。 相似文献
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This study investigates the evolution of supra-salt faults in the Eastern Hammerfest Basin using high–quality seismic reflection data. Traditional techniques of displacement analysis, including the variation of fault displacement (throw) against distance (x), depth (z), expansion and growth indices were adopted. Fault reactivation was assessed using bivariate plots of a) cumulative throw vs. age and b) throw (t) vs. depth of nine (9) representative faults.The interpreted faults are supra-salt crestal and synclinal faults striking NE, E and SE. These faults have complicated t-x and t-z plots and are characterized by considerable stratigraphic thickening in their downthrown section. Faults in the study area have developed over the salt structure since latest Paleozoic times; some of them were reactivated by Early to Middle Triassic through dip linkage of initially isolated fault sets. Along strike, the fault exhibit complex segmentation through coalescence of several subunits linked by local throw/displacement minima. Expansion and growth indices show that the faults of the study area developed during the deposition of Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous sediments by polycyclic growth involving both blind and syn-sedimentary activity.An important piece of information from this study is that fault propagation is controlled by lithological heterogeneity and that both lateral and vertical segmentation of faults are important for hydrocarbon migration within the Triassic to Late Cretaceous interval. 相似文献
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大窑湾疏浚物倾倒区环境调查研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文以1989年8月调查资料为基础,论述了大窑湾疏浚物倾倒区的水化学要素(pH、盐度、DO、COD、浊度)、营养盐(NO_2-N、NO_3-N、NH_4-N、PO_4-P、SiO_3-Si)和重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)等污染物分布特征;分析了水质、底质的环境状况及潮流的影响。从环境地球化学观点探讨了该疏浚物倾倒区选择的科学性。 相似文献
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阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)抗氧化功能的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
以草鱼为实验对象,采用不同浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)进行10天暴露实验,研究阴离子表面活性剂对鱼类抗氧化酶的影响。急性毒性实验表明,SDS对草鱼的96hLC50为5·2mg/L。亚致死浓度SDS暴露可导致草鱼超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性发生变化。在所有受检组织中,SOD和GSH-Px活性在暴露初期均受到不同程度的诱导,但随着SDS浓度升高和暴露时间延长,酶活性均呈明显的下降趋势,提示SDS暴露所引起的酶活性变化与暴露浓度和暴露时间有一定的相关性。此外,实验还显示两种抗氧化酶在草鱼各组织中的分布均存在明显差异。其中,肝脏SOD和红细胞GSH-Px活性较高,易于检测,且对SDS胁迫敏感。这些结果表明,SDS暴露对草鱼具有一定毒性,对抗氧化酶活性亦有明显的负面影响。 相似文献
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Microbial communities flourish at gas hydrate occurrences in ocean sediments. Studies are reported in this paper on the laboratory production, separation, characterization and hydrate catalysis of biosurfactants from cultures of the Bacillus subtilis bacterium associated with Gulf of Mexico gas-hydrate accumulations. The B. subtilis bacterium from ATCC 21332 species was cultured anaerobically with glucose as carbon-source to produce surfactin, one of the more potent surface active agents known. The surface-active agent was removed from the broth in foam created by bubbling inert gas through the mixture, and biosurfactant was then recovered from the collapsed-foam distilled water solution by acid precipitation and dichloromethane extraction. According to HPLC spectra, five surfactin isomers were identified in the sample of laboratory-generated biosurfactant. Recovered surfactin was then used to perform gas-hydrate formation studies in porous media saturated with the surfactin-water solution. Gas-hydrate induction time and formation rate determinations showed that the anaerobically-produced biosurfactants catalyzed hydrate formation markedly. The tests suggest prolific surfactin production by the B. subtilis bacterium and of other species under prevailing anaerobic conditions around seafloor gas hydrates that promotes hydrate formation and the propensity of the bioproduct to be dispersed in the porous media by natural gas vents. 相似文献
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The use of liver histopathology in various fish species as a biomarker in marine monitoring programmes to assess the biological effect of exposure to anthropogenic contaminants is well established. However, although the eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) has repeatedly been recommended as an appropriate bioindicator for monitoring purposes in the Baltic Sea, information on histopathological liver alterations of this species is scarce. In order to obtain an overview, a total of 1070 eelpout, collected in the period between spring 2001 and winter 2010 from 34 sampling sites distributed over large parts of the Baltic Sea, were histologically analyzed. Liver lesions were recorded and classified according to established liver lesion categories. A high prevalence of non-specific and early toxicopathic non-neoplastic hepatic lesions was recorded. In contrast, pre-neoplastic lesions were observed only in rare cases and neoplastic changes were absent. A comparison with published data on other fish species revealed that the observed alterations may indicate effects of environmental stressors including contaminants. The results of the present study, thus, support the application of eelpout liver histopathology in environmental monitoring. 相似文献
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Kinder A Sierts-Herrmann A Biselli S Heinzel N Hühnerfuss H Kammann U Reineke N Theobald N Steinhart H 《Marine environmental research》2007,63(5):506-515
Heat shock proteins 70 (hsp70) are known to be induced by a great variety of chemical stressors. The effects of different environmental contaminants, which were identified in sediments of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea as main contaminants or as contaminants of special toxicological interest, on the extent of expression of hsp70 in a permanent cell line Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) were investigated. Concentrations of the single contaminants leading to elevated hsp70 levels were compared to the respective concentrations of these contaminants encountered in the sediment extracts thus allowing an assessment of their contribution to the toxicity of these sediments. Analysis of hsp70 was performed using western blotting techniques with subsequent comparative quantification by densitometry. Eleven of thirteen contaminants have shown a dose-dependent increase in hsp70 levels. An expression of hsp70 was observed in most cases between 0.1 and 10 microg/mL test solution. Some of the investigated stressors led to extremely high hsp70 contents even at low concentrations. However, in most cases contaminant concentrations in sediments were too low to cause an effect. For this reason, effects of the tested sediments are attributed to other contaminants or rather to mixtures of stressors. 相似文献
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人工湿地是一种新型污水处理技术,微生物作为人工湿地的主要分解者,在人工湿地去除水中污染物的过程中发挥着重要作用,因其高效污水净化能力目前已得到广泛关注。本文从人工湿地中的微生物多样性、微生物污水净化机理、研究方法及根际微生物的研究等方面介绍了微生物在人工湿地污水处理中的研究进展。指出根际微生物在人工湿地中的的分布和作用特点,以及开展研究的重要意义。 相似文献
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García-Alonso J Greenway GM Munshi A Gómez JC Mazik K Knight AW Hardege JD Elliott M 《Marine environmental research》2011,71(4):295-303
Due to the ecological importance of estuaries, it is necessary to understand the biological effects that potentially toxic contaminants induce in bioindicator species. A key aspect is whether effects at lower levels of biological organisation transfer through the system to higher levels. In understanding such processes, characterising multivariate relationships between contaminants, sediment toxicities and detoxification processes are important. Worms (Hediste diversicolor) and sediments were collected along the Humber Estuary, England, and inorganic and organic contaminants were quantified. Sediment toxicities and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) activity in the ragworm were analysed. Concentrations of metals were highest near urban and industrial areas, whereas organic contaminants appeared at upstream locations. GST activity correlated with heavy metals. The genotoxicity, oestrogenicity, dioxin and dioxin-like activity were higher at upstream locations. Oestrogenicity correlated with alkylphenols and some organochlorines, whilst genotoxicity correlated with organochlorines and heavy metals. Despite this, higher level biological responses could not be predicted, indicating that homeostasis is operating. 相似文献