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1.
 The focus of this research was to determine the impact of abandoned mines on surface water and groundwater in the historical mining districts of the Cerbat Mountains, Arizona. The surface water in the mining areas was found to be contaminated by various combinations and concentrations of heavy metals. Elevated arsenic, cadmium, and iron concentrations were detected in most surface-water samples, while lead, copper, and zinc contamination differed from region to region, depending on the ore mined. The groundwater was seriously polluted by arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese in the immediate vicinity of mines that processed ore on the site, such as the Tennessee Mine near Chloride. Chloride's groundwater, however, showed no evidence of contamination. Three possible explanations are discussed: immobilization of the heavy metals in the soil by chemical reactions and adsorption, dilution effects due to the rainy season in spring, or the existence of different groundwater systems. Received: 17 September 1996 · Accepted: 14 May 1997  相似文献   

2.
Hydrochemical monitoring and heavy metal speciation by sequential extraction techniques indicate direct relationships among enrichment of the heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, and cadmium), soil acidification, and salinization in Kedron Brook floodplain area of Brisbane, Australia. Assessment of modes of occurrence and distribution pattern of the heavy metals in soil, sediment, and water environments of this coastal plain indicates that the total concentrations and reactive fractions of these metals are elevated in soil and channel bed sediments. Such geochemical signatures reflect the complex influence of sources and a combination of natural and anthropogenic processes on concentration and dispersion within the coastal zone. According to a working model presented, the enrichment of the heavy metals, like cadmium, in the soil and sediment profiles is triggered by capillary pumping during low groundwater standing levels, when the metals are in a stable form associated with dry gels. During higher groundwater levels and occasional flood events, these metals become mobilized when the gel material is transformed into soluble colloidal phase.This study indicates that the potential impacts of heavy metal pollution on the coastal ecosystems can not be assessed and managed in isolation solely by considering the natural cause-effect relationships. The complex nature of sediment-soil-water interactions in the coastal hydrodynamic zones can produce a manifold of effects, including mobilization, concentration, and/or dispersion of heavy metals at both short and longer time scales. In the case of Kedron Brook, chemical erosion due to variation in natural climatic and hydrodynamic conditions contributes significantly to concentration of heavy metals in the coastal environments. Therefore, a sound understanding of the prevailing hydrogeochemical processes is essential for prediction of the fate of heavy metals and establishment of meaningful coastal zone management strategies.  相似文献   

3.
Industrialization coupled with urbanizaton has led to stress in the Buckingham Canal which runs parallel to Bay of Bengal at a distance of around 1 km from the coastline. 4 sediment cores were collected along Ennore — Pulicat stretch to determine acid leachable trace metal concentration. Core samples were collected using gravity corer. The cores were sliced horizontally at 2.5 cm to determine the grain size, sediment composition, pH, organic matter, calcium carbonate, acid leachable trace metals; cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc. The trace metals were extracted using acid mixture containing hydro fluoric acid, nitric acid and sulphuric acid and analysed by atomic emission spectrophotometer. In an attempt to infer anthropogenic input from geogenic input, several approaches including comparison with sediment quality guidelines — ecotoxicological sense of heavy metal contamination and classification by quantitative indexes such as geoaccumalation index, anthropogenic factor, enrichment factor, contamination factor and degree and pollution load index was attempted. Grain size analysis and sediment composition of core samples shows Ennore is sandy in nature having a neutral pH. Organic matter enrichment is observed to a higher extent in core 3. Core 2 at a depth of 5 cm shows organic matter of 9.4 %. calcium carbonate is totally absent at the surface sediments in core 2. Cores collected within the canal showed a higher heavy metal concentration than the cores collected from Pulicat lagoon and 2 km into the Ennore Sea. The trace metal concentration for cadmium, lead and zinc in Ennore does not pose a threat to the sediment dwelling fauna whereas chromium and copper are likely to pose a threat. Quantitative indexes place Ennore under moderately polluted. Ennore is likely to face a serious threat of metal pollution with the present deposition rates unless stringent pollution control norms are adopted.  相似文献   

4.
Five sediment cores from the fresh water region of the Vembanad wetland system were studied for the trace element contents The average concentration of iron, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium were determined. The core samples were collected using gravity type corer, digested with a mixture of nitric acid and perchloric acid and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Heavy metals such as iron, copper, nickel and zinc reported enrichment towards the surface of the core sediment sample collected from the centre of the lake. Lead, cadmium and mercury showed uniform distribution through out the core. Quality of the sediments were evaluated based on sediment quality guidelines, pollution load index, sum of toxic units and with effect range low/effect range median and threshold effect level/probable effect level values of Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. The degree of contamination for each station was determined. The concentration of different heavy metals has been compared with the world average concentration of shale values. Results of the analysis showed that Vembanad lake is facing serious metal pollution with increased rate of deposition.  相似文献   

5.
为了研究一种高效的多种重金属污染土壤修复剂,本文采用了一种具有OH-缓释功能的改性Mg（OH）2,通过重金属污染土壤稳定化修复实验,探讨了改性Mg（OH）2对污染土壤中多种重金属（Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn）的稳定效率及对多种重金属形态分布的影响。结果表明,投加改性Mg（OH）2对土壤中多种重金属均有稳定作用,对Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的稳定效率分别为72.42%、34.53%、87.64%和97.65%,且改性Mg（OH）2的投加使重金属交换态质量明显减少、残渣态质量增加,进一步提高了重金属的稳定性,降低了重金属生物有效性;另外,改性Mg（OH）2具有OH-缓释性,可使土壤长期保持一定的碱性,是一种经济有效的土壤修复剂。  相似文献   

6.
Water and sediment samples were collected from 20 location of the Buriganga river of Bangladesh during Summer and Winter 2009 to determine the spatial distribution, seasonal and temporal variation of different heavy metal contents. Sequential extraction procedure was employed in sediment samples for the geochemical partitioning of the metals. Total trace metal content in water and sediment samples were analyzed and compared with different standard and reference values. Concentration of total chromium, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt and arsenic in water samples were greatly exceeded the toxicity reference values in both season. Concentration of chromium, lead, copper and nickel in sediment samples were mostly higher than that of severe effect level values, at which the sediment is considered heavily polluted. On average 72 % chromium, 92 % lead, 88 % zinc, 73 % copper, 63 % nickel and 68 % of total cobalt were associated with the first three labile sequential extraction phases, which portion is readily bioavailable and might be associated with frequent negative biological effects. Enrichment factor values demonstrated that the lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium and copper in most of the sediment samples were enriched sever to very severely. The pollution load index value for the total area was as high as 21.1 in Summer and 24.6 in Winter season; while values above one indicates progressive deterioration of the sites and estuarine quality. The extent of heavy metals pollution in the Buriganga river system implies that the condition is much frightening and may severely affect the aquatic ecology of the river.  相似文献   

7.
氨基膨润土对铜镍镉污染土壤的钝化修复研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采集土壤,加入铜、镍和镉制成重金属污染土壤。以四乙烯五胺改性膨润土和膨润土原土作为修复剂,通过模拟酸雨和混合提取剂提取有效态重金属,评价膨润土和氨基膨润土对土壤中铜、镍、镉的钝化效果。结果表明:p H=3. 5的模拟酸雨对各污染土壤中重金属离子的提取率均在0. 1%以下。混合提取剂对污染土壤中有效态金属的提取能力比模拟酸雨强很多。添加膨润土原土和氨基膨润土均能钝化土壤中的铜、镍和镉,氨基膨润土上嫁接的氨基对金属有络合作用,因而比膨润土原土对铜、镍和镉具有更强的钝化能力。综合评价表明氨基膨润土是一种对铜、镍和镉污染土壤具有应用前景的钝化修复材料。  相似文献   

8.
The Vado Carranza dump, located in the Mexicali Valley, Baja California, northwest Mexico, was operated for more than 15 years receiving about 30 tons/day of solid wastes. The disposed wastes were periodically burned in open air. The presence of a shallow aquifer in the area makes the groundwater vulnerable to contamination processes. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of heavy metals content (Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn) in soil and groundwater in the vicinity of this dump. The results indicate high content of metals in soil, mainly at a superficial level, with the highest concentrations in the areas where burning of wastes occurred. Elevated concentrations of cadmium and copper were detected in groundwater with the highest concentrations occurring in monitoring wells located in the north side of the dump, downward of groundwater flow. Although the high content of metals in soil can be attributed to the burning of waste, other sources of pollution could be the agricultural irrigation in the vicinity of the dump. The program PHREEQC was used to model the geochemical evolution of groundwater. Results suggest that evaporation of the contaminated waters circulating below the landfill is one of the key processes that explain the increased concentration of contaminants in groundwater and its seasonal variations. As groundwater flows away from the dump, evaporation can concentrate the chemicals making the water more toxic. These results are important because they illustrate processes that are likely to occur in landfills located in other desert areas of the world.  相似文献   

9.
In the present study sediment and water samples collected from Kowsar Dam reservoir in Kohkiluye and Boyerahmad Province, southwest of Iran, are subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning. The concentrations of nickel, lead, zinc, copper, cobalt, cadmium, manganese and iron in water and bed sediment were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of metals bounded to five sedimentary phases were estimated. On this basis, the proportions of natural and anthropogenic elements were calculated.The anthropogenic portion of elements are as follows: zinc (96 %)> cobalt (88 %)> iron (78 %)> magnesium (78 %)> nickel (78 %)> copper (66 %)> lead (63 %)> cadmium (59 %). The results show sediment contamination by nickel, cadmium and lead, according to the world aquatic sediments and mean earth crust values. Manganese and copper have strong association with organic matter and are of high portion of sulfide bounded ions. Finally, The degree of sediment contamination was evaluated using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution index (IPoll). The sediments were identified to be of high cadmium and lead pollution index. The pattern of pollution intensity according to enrichment factor is as follows; manganese (1.25) < copper (1.63) < zinc (1.93) < cobalt (2.35) < nickel (3.83) < lead (12.63) < cadmium (78.32). Cluster analysis was performed in order to assess heavy metal interactions between water and sediment. Accordingly, nickel, cadmium and copper are earth originated. Zinc, copper and manganese are dominated by pH. All the elemental concentrations in water and sediment are correlated except for sedimental copper.  相似文献   

10.
The distribution and concentration of metals and metalloids in the floodplain of the Clark Fork River of western Montana, USA, are mainly controlled by post-depositional diagenetic mechanisms of metal fractionation. Due to the influx of wastes into the river's headwaters from mining processes around the turn of the century, extensive amounts of contaminated material were deposited onto the floodplain. Tailings were deposited as widespread overbank deposits and point bars adjacent to abandoned channels, and are characterized by orange and gray mottled sediment, which is devoid of vegetation and covered by a blue metal sulfate precipitate during dry periods. Examination of stratigraphic profiles of floodplain sediment indicates three periods of deposition: 1) pre-mining, represented by coarse sand and organic overbank deposits under reducing conditions; 2) syn-mining, characterized by transition sediments and tailings deposits under oxidizing conditions; and, 3) post-mining, distinguished by grass-bound topsoil.Sites were established where sediments and water throughout the stratigraphic section were collected and analyzed. Chemical analyses indicate enriched concentrations of cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc in sediments and porewater, and arsenic in groundwater, in areas contaminated by tailings deposits. Vertical trends in concentrations of metals show that they are distributed based on apportionment of metal phases between reducing-oxidizing environments and pH fluctuations.  相似文献   

11.
The remobilization of iron, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, copper and zinc in the pore water of estuarine sediment cores at Yingkou was assessed using diffusive equilibrium in thin films and diffusive gradients in thin films techniques. A relatively anoxic system (+33.7 to ?224.1 mV) in the sediment cores might cause the reductive release of iron, manganese and cobalt into pore water from the estuarine sediment. High-average concentrations of iron (47.85 μg ml?1) and manganese (3.81 μg ml?1) were observed using diffusive equilibrium in thin films on the sediment core, but the concentration of cobalt (18.02 ng ml?1) was relatively low. A strong correlation between iron and cobalt was observed based on the vertical profiles of the metals. Manganese and iron were more readily released from the solid phase to the solution. The peak cobalt, copper and zinc concentrations were observed in the upper layer (2–4 cm) measured using diffusive gradients in thin films. However, the peak iron, manganese and cobalt concentrations were located in the deeper layer (≥7 cm). In addition, the concentration profiles measured using diffusive gradients in thin films of cobalt, copper and zinc were independent of the iron, manganese and cobalt distribution with respect to depth.  相似文献   

12.
In part of a large abandoned mining complex, electromagnetic geophysical surveys were used along with data derived from cores and monitoring wells to infer sources of contamination and subsurface hydrologic connections between acidic refuse deposits and adjacent undisturbed geologic materials.Electrical resistivity increases sharply along the boundary of an elevated deposit of pyritic coarse refuse, which is highly contaminated and electrically conductive, indicating poor subsurface hydrologic connections with surrounding deposits of fine refuse and undisturbed glacial material. Groundwater chemistry, as reflected in values of specific conductance, also differs markedly across the deposit's boundary, indicating that a widespread contaminant plume has not developed around the coarse refuse in more than 40 yr since the deposit was created. Most acidic drainage from the coarse refuse is by surface runoff and is concentrated around stream channels.Although most of the contaminated groundwater within the study area is concentrated within the surficial refuse deposits, transects of apparent resistivity and phase angle indicate the existence of an anomalous conductive layer at depth (>4 m) in thick alluvial sediments along the northern boundary of the mining complex. Based on knowledge of local geology, the anomaly is interpreted to represent a subsurface connection between the alluvium and a flooded abandoned underground mine.  相似文献   

13.
An integrated physicochemical and hydrogeochemical assessment was carried out at an automobile junk market in Obosi and in residential areas in Anambra State, south-eastern Nigeria to examine the concentration of heavy metals in the groundwater and determine the quality of the water for drinking and other domestic purposes. Forty groundwater samples were collected from boreholes and hand-dug wells (three samples from Obosi and the rest from Onitsha). They were subjected to atomic absorption spectrometry using standard field and laboratory techniques and analysed for physicochemical and hydrogeochemical parameters. Results show that the groundwater in the study area is slightly acidic to neutral, soft to moderately hard when compared with the World Health Organization maximum allowable concentration values and the Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality. The electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 58 to 1796 μS/cm, 6.78 to 8.76 and 0.17 to 1.50 mg/L, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations measured (in ppm) in the water included nickel, manganese, copper and zinc and varied from 0 to 1.82, 0 to 0.195, 0 to 0.325 and 0 to 0.09, respectively, while heavy metal concentrations in the soil measured (in ppm) included iron, lead and cadmium and varied from 0 to 3.87, 0 to 1.80 and 0 to 7.38 mg/kg, respectively. Statistical results gave significant correlation (at 0.05) between electrical conductivity and total hardness, biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen, and several others elements. The study helps in the understanding of the chemistry of groundwater for long-term monitoring and management for the local community.  相似文献   

14.
Heavy metal concentrations in samples collected from the London 2012 Olympic Village were determined using a three-step sequential extraction and a rapid extraction method. Metal toxicity was measured by employing the Microtox? solid phase analysis. Both extraction methods produced comparable results (p?=?0.996), but the rapid method produced higher readings. A number of heavy metals were detected using the two extraction methods, including aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc; beryllium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium were also found in low concentration ranging between 0.16 and 27.10?mg/kg in the total acid digestion. The total metal levels in all the soil samples were within the UK Soil Guideline Value (SGV) except for lead which ranged between 62.9 and 776.2?mg/kg. The 30?min EC50 of different soil fractions was 2?C5.8?g/L. In the absence of any of heavy metals in the SGV, the Dutch Guideline values were referred. Mathematical models for a number of metals were generated based on the changes in EC50 values between each (F1, F2 and F3) soil fractions and the initial toxicity in the non-fractionated samples. The resulting models produced good R2 values (>96%) for predicting the change in toxicity of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper by measuring their changes in concentrations. These models could substantially reduce the time requires to determine the toxicity in the samples; they would be a useful tool in the clean up process where monitoring of metal toxicity is required.  相似文献   

15.
Near the shores of Great Slave Lake, natural sources of heavy metals include gold and base metal deposits, mineralized greenstone belts and sedimentary bedrock, and uraniferous granites. Potential anthropogenic sources of heavy metals (As, Zn, Pb) include large gold and base metal extraction -processing facilities on the shores of the lake. Six sediment cores were collected on a traverse of the lake. Heavy metal concentrations and distributions are related to the regional bedrock geochemistry in the drainage basin. Higher uranium concentrations in the northernmost core are attributed to extensive uraniferous areas north of the lake. More subtle variations of concentration are related to sedimentologic characteristics and processes in the lake. The west basin is a natural sink for most of the heavy metals determined. Two centrally located west basin cores had mean zinc concentrations of 145 ppm, whereas cores closer to the north and south shores had mean concentrations of 80–110 ppm. Mn, Ni, and Pb were enriched in some of the cores from the area of shallower water near the MacKenzie River outlet, rather than in the central west basin. The enrichment is related to Mn-, Ni-, and Pb-rich amorphous coatings on quartz grains. Elevated zinc or lead levels from anthropogenic activities were not detected but elevated levels are suspected for arsenic. In the two cores from the center of the west basin, surface sediment contains up to 12 ppm arsenic, not high in comparison with noncontaminated freshwater lakes elsewhere in Canada but considerably elevated relative to concentrations of 1 ppm found deeper in the same cores. Contribution from the National Water Research Institute, Western and Northern Region. Presented at the 10th International Sedimentological Congress, Jerusalem, Israel, 1978.  相似文献   

16.
The purpose of this study was to determine and assess the concentrations of trace metals in surface seawaters and sediments from different coastal habitats of the Red Sea coast of Yemen. Surface seawater and sediment samples were collected, treated and analyzed for cadmium, cobalt, manganese, chromium, lead, iron, nickel, copper, zinc and vanadium by the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. The concentrations were high for cadmium, cobalt and lead and low or consistent with the natural background concentrations for the rest of the metals. However, the coastal habitats of the Red Sea coast of Yemen are still considered unpolluted, it is concluded that the cadmium cobalt and lead levels in surface seawaters are high and could have negative effects on marine life of the sites. Further studies are needed to characterize the sources fate, biogeochemical processes and impacts of these trace metals on coastal habitats and marine life of the region.  相似文献   

17.
Heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary, China   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
 Five short cores were used to examine heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Statistically insignificant trends in lead-210 and most metals with core depth are primarily due to high sedimentation rates. Metal contents are correlated with percent aluminum, which reflects the clay contents in the sediment, and they are also affected by proximity to sewage outlets and local industry. National standards for copper are exceeded in four cores, zinc in one core, and arsenic in all cores. Heavy metal contents are generally lower on the Yangtze tidal flats compared to most other estuaries because high sediment loads dilute metal inputs. Received: 1 June 1999 · Accepted: 15 August 2000  相似文献   

18.
Metals including lead, chromium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, copper and mercury can cause significant damage to the environment and human health as a result of their mobilities and solubilities. The selection of the most appropriate soil and sediment remediation method depends on the site characteristics, concentration, types of pollutants to be removed, and the end use of the contaminated medium. The approaches include isolation, immobilization, toxicity reduction, physical separation and extraction. Many of these technologies have been used full-scale. This paper will review both the full-scale and developing technologies that are available. Contaminants can be isolated and contained to minimize further movement, to reduce the permeability of the waste to less than 1×10−7 m/s (according to U.S. guidelines) and to increase the strength or bearing capacity of the waste. Physical barriers made of steel, cement, bentonite and grout walls can be used for isolation and minimization of metal mobility. Another method is solidification /stabilization, which contains the contaminants in an area by mixing or injecting agents. Solidification encapsulates contaminants in a solid matrix while stabilization involves formation of chemical bonds to reduce contaminant mobility. Another approach is size selection processes for removal of the larger, cleaner particles from the smaller more polluted ones. To accomplish this, several processes are used. They include: hydrocyclones, fluidized bed separation and flotation. Addition of special chemicals and aeration in the latter case causes these contaminated particles to float. Electrokinetic processes involve passing a low intensity electric current between a cathode and an anode imbedded in the contaminated soil. Ions and small charged particles, in addition to water, are transported between the electrodes. This technology have been demonstrated in the U.S. full-scale, in a limited manner but in Europe, it is used for copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and nickel. The duration of time that the electrode remains in the soil, and spacing is site-specific. Techniques for the extraction of metals by biological means have been not extensively applied up to this point. The main methods include bioleaching and phytoremediation. Bioleaching involves Thiobacillus sp. bacteria which can reduce sulphur compounds under aerobic and acidic conditions (pH 4) at temperatures between 15 and 55°C. Plants such as Thlaspi, Urtica, Chenopodium, Polygonum sachalase and Alyssim have the capability to accumulate cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc and can therefore be considered as an indirect method of treating contaminated soils. This method is limited to shallow depths of contamination. Soil washing and in situ flushing involve the addition of water with or without additives including organic and inorganic acids, sodium hydroxide which can dissolve organic soil matter, water soluble solvents such as methanol, nontoxic cations, complexing agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), acids in combination with complexation agents or oxidizing/reducing agents. Our research has indicated that biosurfactants, biologically produced surfactants, may also be promising agents for enhancing removal of metals from contaminated soils and sediments.

In summary, the main techniques that have been used for metal removal are solidification/stabilization, electrokinetics, and in situ extraction. Site characteristics are of paramount importance in choosing the most appropriate remediation method. Phytoremediation and bioleaching can also be used but are not as well developed.  相似文献   


19.
Populations of the hard clam,Mercenaria mercenaria, were sampled at thirty sites in the lower Chesapeake Bay region in 1972 and 1973. Subsamples were taken for analysis for the trace metals cadmium, copper and zinc. Emphasis was placed on samples from the York and James rivers, two very productive and commercially utilized clam grounds. The levels of metals determined were comparable to those reported from other regions except Southampton Water in the United Kingdom. Differences in levels between the York and James rivers were statistically significant (P<0.001) which indicates that the James River probably suffers from contamination by these metals. One metal, copper, varied significantly with the age of the organism whereas the other two, cadmium and zinc, varied with salinity. InMercenaria the salinity of the sampling site must be considered before cadmium and zinc data can be interpreted. A standard action-level to denote pollution from copper would be adequate in this species.  相似文献   

20.
Arsenic is present in groundwater at Siliguri–Jalpaiguri area, West Bengal, India. This is the place where Tista river descending from the Himalayas meets the alluvial plain. The area represents alluvial fan and floodplains of Tista, Mahananda-Balasan, Jaladhaka and its tributaries. In the river sediment samples, para- and ferro-magnetic minerals within 0.3–0.05 mm fraction contain 9–80 ppm of arsenic. The study indicates that iron bearing minerals viz. biotite, hornblende as well as iron coated grains of the sediment are major contributors towards arsenic budget. Though magnetite as a mineral shows maximum arsenic content (22 ppm), it is volumetrically not of much significance. Measurement of groundwater collected from tube wells shows up to 0.05 ppm of arsenic. These arsenic contaminated tube wells occur in a linear fashion along the course of the rivers. Moreover, localization of contaminated tube wells coincides with the change of channel gradient as observed in longitudinal section. The study enumerates a cause–effect relationship of arsenic occurrence with river gradient and fluvial sedimentation.  相似文献   

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