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1.
辽宁凌源柏杖子金矿区花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用SHRIMP测年方法测得柏杖子金矿区含矿花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(222±3)Ma,与区内都山花岗岩基和三家子金矿区花岗斑岩的年龄一致,属中生代印支期后碰撞花岗岩。该年龄限定了金矿化年龄的下限,即金矿化不可能早于印支期,但并不能确定金矿化的精确年龄。根据金矿脉与后期岩脉伴生的特征,矿化可能发生在中生代燕山期。 相似文献
2.
内蒙古东部二连浩特-乌兰浩特地区金矿化特征的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究区属含古老地块并经中生代改造的中古生代造山带,存在金、锡等丰度较高的锡林浩特元古宙杂岩、古生代蛇绿岩及板块缝合带、二叠系火山岩、中生代伸展构造背景下的大规模火山-侵入活动及锡多金属成矿作用.本区金矿化类型主要有:韧性剪切带中的石英脉型、蚀变岩型金矿,产于幔源中基性侵入岩中的铜金矿,燕山晚期斑岩型铜金矿,与燕山期次火山岩浆活动有关的脉状铜矿床中的伴生金矿化,微细浸染型金矿化,浅成低温热液型金矿化等.研究区金矿成矿时代可分为242~229Ma、169~161.8Ma、132~159Ma (可能以130~140Ma为主)、127~109.2Ma四个区间.认识到存在印支期成矿、燕山期多阶段成矿等特点对于区内金矿勘查有重要意义.新发现7个矿床(点)的伴生金矿化.毛登、大井等多金属矿床的伴生金矿化具有重要的潜在工业意义. 相似文献
3.
《矿物岩石》2015,(3)
加吾金矿床大地构造上位于中央造山系"共和缺口"西缘,位于中央造山带多个块体交接转换的重要部位,其形成与区内印支期中酸性岩浆活动密切相关。对区内与金成矿关系密切的花岗斑岩脉中的锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年以及Lu-Hf同位素测试。测试结果显示,锆石206Pb/238 U加权平均年龄为233.4Ma±4.3Ma(MSWD=2.7),形成时代为中三叠世,与青海西秦岭地区其他印支中晚期中酸性岩浆岩形成时代相近;锆石εHf(t)值介于-12.35~-1.12之间,二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)介于1.3Ga~2.0Ga之间,加吾金矿区内花岗斑岩的源区主要为早-中元古代地壳。相对较高的εHf(t)值的出现说明形成花岗斑岩脉的岩浆有一定幔源组分的加入。与加吾金矿成矿关系密切的花岗斑岩脉形成于陆-陆碰撞过程中挤压向伸展转换的地球动力学环境。由于俯冲陆壳板片断离,幔源岩浆上涌/底侵至下地壳底部,诱发增厚古老下地壳部分熔融产生壳-幔混合岩浆,在印支中期侵入到中下三叠统隆务河组地层中,为金矿的形成提供了热源和深部成矿流体。加吾金矿床成矿时代与花岗斑岩脉的成岩时间一致,即233.4 Ma±4.3 Ma。 相似文献
4.
金厂沟梁—二道沟金矿田内花岗岩类侵入体锆石的离子探针U—Pb年代及意义 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：13
金厂沟梁-二道沟金矿田内花岗岩类侵入体SHRIMP锆石U-Ph定年结果表明,该区中生代以来到少经历了三次中酸性岩浆侵入作用,它们分别以西台子二长花岗岩、娄上含辉石石英闪长岩和西对面沟花岗闪长岩及闪长玢岩脉在218±4Ma(印支期)、161±1Ma(燕山早期)和126±1Ma(燕山晚期)的侵位为标志。花岗岩类的地球化学资料表明,这些花岗岩类侵入体形成与造山作用有关,为造山后或陆内拉张作用的产物。二道沟矿区成矿前或成矿期闪长玢岩脉的年龄126±1Ma限定了该区金矿化的最大年龄;结合前人有关年代学资料,认为本区金矿化应发生在126～118Ma。这说明金厂沟梁-二道沟金矿田的金矿床与我国胶东、小秦岭和辽东等地区的金矿床是同时形成的,再次证明燕山晚期是中国最重要而广泛的金成矿期。此外,在这些主要的金矿区内,金矿化时间上均具有与各自区内最晚一次花岗质岩浆作用同时或稍晚的特征,这可能指示金矿床是造山作用或区域构造-岩浆演化最晚期的产物。 相似文献
5.
《矿物岩石》2017,(1)
大别造山带岳西地区分布有大量NNE走向的岩脉,其岩石类型多样,包括石英正长斑岩、花岗斑岩、石英闪长岩以及辉绿岩等。区内广泛发育中生代岩浆岩,以中酸性为主,伴有少量的基性岩。岩脉切穿区内广泛发育的岩浆岩,为燕山期岩浆活动最晚的产物。通过锆石LA-ICPMS定年方法得到石英正长斑岩、石英闪长岩和花岗斑岩3种类型的三件岩脉样品的年龄分别为127.1 Ma±4.5 Ma,127.5 Ma±1.9 Ma和127.4 Ma±2.5 Ma,这些岩脉的形成时代较为集中,其形成时代为早白垩世,代表了岳西地区中生代岩浆活动幕的结束。岳西地区岩脉群是郯庐断裂带左行走滑动力学体制下,岩浆沿剪张裂隙侵入形成,岩脉的形成时代指示郯庐断裂带南段中生代第三次左行走滑可能发生在127 Ma左右。 相似文献
6.
《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2017,(4)
白云金矿是辽东青城子矿集区北部典型的岩浆热液型金矿床,矿区发育有花岗斑岩、石英斑岩、闪长玢岩、煌斑岩和二长斑岩等脉岩,其中花岗斑岩和石英斑岩常产于金矿体的上下盘,与成矿空间关系密切。本文通过锆石U-Pb年代学测试,精确厘定花岗斑岩和石英斑岩的年龄分别是218.56±0.37 Ma和218.5±2.9 Ma,为印支期岩浆作用的产物;二长斑岩的年龄为164.44±0.38 Ma,属燕山期。综合研究表明,白云矿区金矿体与印支期花岗斑岩和石英斑岩可能是同一岩浆体系的产物。 相似文献
7.
华熊地块金矿集区成矿机理探讨 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
华熊地块区金、铅、银矿床矿集区与中生代隆起带、断陷盆地、燕山期花岗岩基及小花岗斑岩体空间关系密切。隆起带抬升、为陷盆地下降、岩浆作用和成矿作用在白垩纪同时发生。区内金矿早期成矿热液以岩浆水为主，晚期有大气降水参与成矿。成矿物质及介质来源于太华群及下部地层、花岗岩浆和中生代湖盆。成矿机理是：区域板块运动使本区在侏罗纪末下地壳形成花岗岩浆熔融层。白垩纪始，区内以断块差异升降为主，形成掀斜式断陷盆地和掀 相似文献
8.
辽宁阜新排山楼金矿区岩浆岩锆石 SHRIMP定年及其意义 总被引：22，自引：2，他引：22
采用先进的 SHRIMP定年技术对辽宁阜新排山楼金矿区成矿前变形的闪长玢岩脉、变形花岗斑岩脉、成矿后的闪长玢岩脉和大石头沟黑云母花岗岩的锆石进行了 U Pb年龄测定 , 获成矿前变形闪长玢岩脉的 206Pb/238Pb年龄为 (126± 2)Ma; 变形花岗斑岩脉为 (124± 1)Ma; 成矿后的闪长玢岩脉为 (125± 1)Ma; 大石头沟黑云母花岗岩为 (124± 1)Ma. 这 4类岩浆岩的年龄在误差允许范围内可基本视为同时代的 . 这一结果揭示 , 排山楼韧性剪切带型金矿床是中生代燕山晚期形成的 , 这与前人采用 Ar Ar法测得矿石蚀变黑云母的年龄 [(124.4± 0.391)Ma]是一致的 . 这表明 , 在中国东部 , 许多产在前寒武系岩层中、受韧性剪切带控制的金矿床形成时代是中生代燕山晚期 . 广泛产在胶东、辽西北票 - 蒙东赤峰、河北张家口和内蒙古乌拉山等地区的金矿床都主要是中生代燕山晚期形成的 , 表明燕山晚期是中国东部最重要的金矿化期 . 相似文献
9.
位于黑龙江省东安-汤旺河地区的东安式、团结沟式浅成低温热液型金成矿作用与早白垩世次流纹岩(隐爆角砾岩)-花岗斑岩(碱长花岗岩)构成的火山-侵入杂岩体密切相关。区内翠宏山矽卡岩-热液充填型铁铅锌多金属矿和霍吉河斑岩型钼矿床的成矿二长花岗(斑)岩体的精准年龄(186~199Ma),与小兴安岭东南鹿鸣斑岩型钼矿、小西林矽卡岩-热液充填型铅锌矿的成矿二长花岗(斑)岩体年龄(180~207Ma)之间具很好的耦合性,成矿时代为燕山早期-印支晚期。结合近期逊克翠中铁矿、高松山金矿和高岗山钼矿等的勘查进展,初步梳理了区域中生代岩浆作用与金钼铁等多金属矿成矿作用,以及制约找矿突破的一些地质问题,提出了钼铁铅锌矿勘查以印支晚期-燕山期二长花岗岩岩基体成矿,金矿勘查以燕山晚期火山-侵入杂岩体及火山机构成矿的找矿思路和今后的找矿方向建议。 相似文献
10.
滇西北红山晚白垩世花岗斑岩型Cu-Mo成矿系统及其大地构造学意义 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
红山铜多金属矿床位于滇西北中甸红山一带,其一直被认为是印支期夕卡岩型矿床。新的研究结果表明红山矿区存在两个成矿系统:1与印支期石英二长斑岩有关的夕卡岩型铜多金属成矿系统,其典型矿床是与石榴子石夕卡岩伴生的含铜磁铁矿体与磁黄铁矿体;2与花岗斑岩有关的斑岩型Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn成矿系统,其包括地表喷溢沉积成因的含铁钙硅质岩、可能为流体通道相的Cu-Mo多金属石英网脉与大脉、充填于岩溶洞穴中的层状Pb-Zn矿体、花岗斑岩内部的浸染状Cu-Mo矿化、及岩体外接触带夕卡岩型多金属矿床。含矿石英脉6个辉钼矿样品Re-Os模式年龄介于75.46~78.46Ma之间,等时线年龄为77Ma,红山矿区花岗斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床形成时代为晚白垩世。红山矿区晚白垩世花岗斑岩及其伴生斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床和大规模流体活动是滇西地区晚白垩世区域构造-流体-成矿体系的一部分,其形成与印度—亚洲大陆碰撞有关,据此可推断印度—亚洲大陆的碰撞作用及其伴生的大规模成矿作用在77Ma就已开始。红山矿区晚白垩世斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床成矿系统的厘定对于斑岩型矿床成矿流体结构模型和区域成矿与构造学的研究具重要的启示意义。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
16.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
18.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
19.
Preston Cloud 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):678-696
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
20.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献