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1.
The higher concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in the lower atmosphere is severely harmful for human health and it also makes visibility diminution along with weather and climate modifications.The main objective is to find out the spatiotemporal variation and dispersal of PM10 and PM2.5 along with COVID-19 infection in the dusty city Kolkata.The consecutive two years PM10 and PM2.5 data of different stations have been obtained from State Pollution Control Board,Govt.of West Bengal.Forward trajectory analysis has been done through HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)model to find the path and direction of air particles.The result showed that the various meteorological or environmental factors(such as temperature,relative humidity,wind,wind speed,pressure and gusty wind)and geographical location regulate the spatiotemporal variation of PM10 and PM2.5.These factors like high temperature with relative humidity and strong wind influence to disperse the particulate matters from north to south direction from city to outside during summer in Kolkata metropolitan city.During summer(both pre and lockdown years),the height of particles is extended up to 1000 m owing to active atmospheric ventilation whereas in winter it is confined within 100 m.The HYSPLIT model clearly specified that the particles dispersed from south,south-west to north and north east direction due to strong wind.The constant magnification of PM10 and PM2.5 in the lower atmosphere leads to greater frequency of COVID-19 infections and deaths.In Kolkata,the one of the crucial reasons of high infection and deaths(COVID-19)is co-morbidity of people. 相似文献
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将不同浓度PM_(2.5)降尘作用于A549细胞后,利用MTT法检测其存活率,W-G染色观察细胞形态,荧光探针法检测细胞ROS和MMP相对水平,以探讨PM_(2.5)降尘对A549细胞线粒体氧化损伤的影响及作用机制。结果显示,经12. 5μg/m L的PM_(2.5)降尘作用A549细胞3 h后,细胞存活率为(81. 77±6. 15)%,并随作用浓度及时间增加呈递减趋势。PM_(2.5)染毒后可观察到细胞形态不规则,胞膜溶解破坏,细胞微核出现。PM_(2.5)降尘作用于细胞24 h后,胞内ROS相对含量随暴露浓度增加呈递增趋势,细胞MMP相对水平随染毒浓度增加而降低,且胞内ROS和MMP两者间存在显著相关关系(R2=0. 878)。提示PM_(2.5)降尘处理A549细胞后可通过刺激ROS的产生,诱导细胞MMP下降,造成细胞线粒体氧化损伤。 相似文献
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为评估大气重污染期间北京市可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))的毒性,采集2016年3月份一次大气重污染过程中北京市大气PM_(10)样品,应用质粒DNA损伤评价法来研究其氧化损伤能力。结果表明,雾霾期间PM_(10)对DNA的损伤率高于雾霾逐渐消退时期,远高于雾霾前期清洁天,颗粒物对DNA损伤率随剂量的增加而增加。雾霾前后PM_(10)水溶样品的平均TD_(20)值表现为雾霾前清洁天(788.01μg/mL)雾霾消退后期(470.40μg/mL)雾霾期间(55.78μg/mL),说明氧化能力雾霾期间雾霾消退后期雾霾前清洁天。另外通过雾霾前后数据对比得到,暴露毒性指数TI大小顺序为雾霾期间(13 245.06)雾霾消退后期(1 658.87)雾霾前清洁天(254.08),说明雾霾期间PM_(10)对人体危害更大。 相似文献
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高能偏振能量色散-X射线荧光光谱法测定PM10大气颗粒物的组成 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为配合X射线衍射分析(XRD)方法对可吸入大气颗粒悬浮物(PM10)的结晶物相进行定性和定量分析的研究工作,本文应用高能偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱(HE-P-EDXRF)对Whatman玻璃纤维滤膜采集的PM10颗粒物中主、次量元素进行定量分析,着重研究了空气滤膜空白值对测定PM10颗粒物中组成的影响。结果表明,当玻璃纤维滤膜空白值中元素的面密度大于0.1μg/cm2时,需使用玻璃纤维滤膜为载体的标准样品;元素的面密度小于0.1μg/cm2时,可用聚碳酸脂膜为载体的标准样品。对HE-P-EDXRF谱仪测定PM10颗粒物中痕量重元素进行探讨,将测定元素范围扩展到62个元素,其中Na、Mg、S、Y、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu的检岀限>0.1μg/cm2;Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Br和Rb的检岀限<0.01μg/cm2;Cl、Al、Si、P、K、Sc、Ti、V、Ge、As、Br、Se、Sr、Zr、Mo、Pd、Rh、In、Nb、Ag、Cd、Te、Sb、Sn、Ba、Cs、La、Ce、Pr、Au、Pt、W、Tl、Pb、Bi、Th和U等元素检出限为0.1～0.01μg/cm2。 相似文献
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PM_(2.5)降尘作用于A549细胞后,MTT法检测细胞存活率,扫描电镜观察细胞形态,流式细胞术检测细胞周期改变,RT-PCR检测周期阻滞相关基因p53、p21、CDK1、c-myc和lncRNA H19的表达水平,Western-blot检测周期蛋白cyclin B1表达。通过转染H19 siRNA干扰H19的表达,RT-PCR检测其对p53、c-myc及CDK1表达的影响,以探讨PM2.5降尘诱导A549细胞周期阻滞的作用机制。结果显示,PM2.5降尘暴露可降低A549细胞存活率,随作用浓度及时间增加呈递减趋势,并可观察到细胞形态破坏,细胞膜表面吸附聚集大量粉尘颗粒。PM2.5作用于细胞24 h后,A549细胞增殖阻滞在G2/M期,周期阻滞相关基因p53、p21及H19表达增加,CDK1及cyclin B1表达降低。此外,转染H19 siRNA后成功干扰H19的表达,并调控CDK1表达进一步降低。综合以上结果,PM2.5降尘处理A549细胞后可通过激活p53及p21活性,抑制CDK1和cyclin B1表达水平,诱导G2/M期阻滞从而抑制细胞增殖。短期暴露于PM2.5后,lncRNA H19在染毒细胞中可能发挥特异性癌基因的作用,通过与p53及c-myc结合参与调控细胞周期,干扰H19低表达使细胞G2/M期阻滞更加明显。 相似文献
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大气细粒子(PM2.5)污染是全球尤其是我国许多城市的重要环境问题。利用示踪物质识别和估算大气颗粒物来源是公认的可靠技术,纤维素可以作为示踪物质表征一次颗粒物的天然植被排放来源。本文针对大气细粒子中纤维素含量低、全程序空白相对较高等难点,优化建立了纤维素酶水解、GOD-苯酚-四氨基安替比林测糖法,在我国首次应用于测定大气PM2.5中纤维素的含量,估算天然植被排放源的贡献。方法检出限为0.26 μg/m3(纤维素),可以满足大气PM2.5纤维素测定要求;而且有效地降低了空白,全程序空白值(36.5 μg葡萄糖)低于文献方法空白值(53.8 μg葡萄糖),使之更适合于PM2.5的测定。使用本方法对2012年5月至6月采集的北京市大气PM2.5样品进行分析,纤维素检出率为96%,纤维素的平均含量为(0.573±0.17) μg/m3,折合为天然植被排放量占PM2.5质量浓度的1.37%±0.65%;天然植被排放源对有机碳的平均贡献率为4.4%,最大达到9.2%,反映出天然植被排放是北京市PM2.5的重要来源之 一。本研究方法为我国城市大气颗粒物(包括总悬浮颗粒物、PM10、PM2.5等)来源识别提供了新的手段。 相似文献
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PM2.5是近年来影响我国城市大气环境的首要污染物,其成因机制复杂。本文采用扫描电镜和ICP-MS研究了广州市大气颗粒物PM2.5的显微形貌及其化学组成特征,并应用富集因子法进行源解析。结果表明,PM2.5的颗粒形态以无定形态为主;主要物质表现为含Fe、Mg、Al、K、Na的硅酸盐组合,具有道路扬尘、建筑施工排放等一次粒子特征;单个无定形颗粒物能谱表现出硫酸盐+硝酸盐的组合特征,为汽车尾气所排放的前体污染气体NOx和SO2进入大气环境中,在特定的物理化学条件下通过成核作用发生相态改变所形成的二次粒子。PM2.5中高度富集Cd、Se、Zn、Cu、Pb、As等重金属,异常富集的Br主要为当地普遍使用的阻燃剂十溴联苯醚和拆解电子垃圾所致,稀土元素的浓度在0.022~0.582 ng/m3之间,具有重稀土元素富集的特征。这些特征反映出广州市PM2.5颗粒物的组成既有一次粒子,也有二次粒子,物质来源具有多重性。 相似文献
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根据X射线衍射(XRD)分析发现: A Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6(A=K+、H3O+)系列铁钒的XRD数据十分相近,难以用XRD区别,需通过能谱(EDS)辅助分析,才能区分此类铁矾。另外,此类铁矾的003和107面网间距d随K+含量增大而增大,且呈一元三次方程的关系;而033和220面网间距d随K+含量增大而减小,呈一元二次方程的关系。对该现象从铁矾晶体结构方面进行解释:K+、H3O+离子位于较大空隙中,且沿着Z轴方向排列,当K+、H3O+离子之间相互替换时,会导致该铁矾晶体结构在Z轴方向有较明显的变化。 相似文献
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T. Benjamin W.R. Heuser D.S. Burnett M.G. Seitz 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(9):1251-1264
Using fission and alpha track radiography techniques, we have measured partition coefficients (D) for the actinide elements Th, U and Pu between diopsidic clinopyroxene, whitlockite [β-Ca3 (PO4)2] and silicate liquid at 20kbar. Equilibrium partitioning at the crystal-liquid interface is assumed, and corrections for actinide zoning have been applied to the measured D values. Reproducibility for both actinide and minor element D values is carefully examined as a criterion for crystal-liquid interface equilibrium. The data are mostly compatible with interface equilibrium except for experiments at high cooling rates ( ? 30 deg/hr). Partition coefficients for Th/U/Pu of about 0.002/0.002/0.06 are measured for clinopyroxene and 1.2/0.5/3.4 for whitlockite. At an oxygen fugacity of 10?8.5, Pu is much more readily incorporated into the crystalline phases than is U or Th because of the importance of trivalent Pu. The DPu(cpx) is similar to D(cpx) of the light rare earths supporting the concept of Pu/(rare earth) dating. 相似文献
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利用混合气体的标准样品对激光拉曼探针进行标定,可以快速准确地对包裹体中的无机及有机气相组分进行定量分析。而常用的商用钢瓶装混合气体标样,存在费用高、气体组成单一固定等缺点。本文设计了一套在线标样制备装置,提出一种在线配置不同浓度和压力条件下混合气体标样的方法。利用高纯度(纯度99.999%)的N2、CH4以及CO2钢瓶气,经过在线混合增压,在5 MPa和10 MPa条件下制备了N2摩尔分数为30%、50%和70%的N2-CH4以及N2-CO2混合气体在线标样。该方法制备的标样与70%N2+30%CO2的商用钢瓶气标样对比表明,CO2与N2的拉曼相对峰高以及相对峰面积值的误差在4%以内,具有较高的准确度和重现性。通过不同压力和浓度条件下CH4以及CO2的拉曼相对定量因子测定表明,气体的相对定量因子在5~10 MPa压力条件下与压力及组成无关。地质样品应用结果表明,本方法可以方便、灵活、准确地按任意比例将两瓶及两瓶以上纯气体钢瓶样品进行混合及增压,为激光拉曼标定、气体组成原位测量等提供了一种新的技术思路。 相似文献
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Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl and mimetite Pb5(AsO4)3Cl are isostructural minerals with apatite. Due to their high environmental stability, they have gained considerable attention as metals sequestration agents in water treatment and contaminated soil remediation. Pyromorphite and mimetite can form a continuous solid solution series in near-Earth surface environments. Precipitation of the end members and intermediate members of the series is likely to occur in the areas where the cost-effective in situ immobilization reclamation method, based on phosphate amendments, is applied. In contrast to the widely studied thermodynamic parameters of pyromorphite and mimetite, knowledge of the thermodynamics of their solid solutions is sparse. To supplement the data, a number of compounds from the pyromorphite-mimetite series were synthesized at room temperature using a method to simulate the conditions in the near-Earth surface environments. Afterwards, batch dissolution and dissolution-recrystallization experiments of seven synthesized precipitates were conducted at 25 °C, pH = 2 and in a 0.05 M KNO3 background electrolyte. The experiments were carried out for a period of 6 (dissolution) and 14 (dissolution-recrystallization) months. A plateau in the [Pb] evolution patterns was used to determine equilibrium. All seven dissolutions were congruent, and the ionic activity products (IAP) of the minerals from the pyromorphite-mimetite solid solution series were calculated based on the dissolution reaction: . The IAPs for pyromorphite and mimetite exhibit a significant difference in values over three orders of magnitude between approximately 10−79 for pyromorphite and approximately 10−76 for mimetite. The series appeared to be ideal, and Lippmann and Roozboom diagrams were used for better understanding of its thermodynamics. The results indicated a strong tendency of pyromorphite to partition into the solid phase in the series, which explains some of the naturally observed phenomena. The improvement of the lattice stability of the mimetite due to isostructural phosphate substitutions in anionic sites was observed. The thermodynamic data reported in this study supplement existing databases used in geochemical modeling. 相似文献
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为探讨复合维生素B(叶酸、B_6和B_(12))能否抑制PM_(2.5)对大鼠的急性肺损伤作用,本研究将56只SD大鼠随机分成对照组、不同剂量(0. 4、2. 0、10. 0 mg/m L) PM_(2.5)染毒组和相应的复合维生素B干预组(0. 02 mg/m L叶酸、1 mg/m L维生素B6、0. 002 5 mg/m L维生素B12),取肺组织进行HE染色观察组织病理学形态变化并进行病理学评分;收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)测定总蛋白(TP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量。结果显示,PM_(2.5)染毒能对大鼠肺组织造成不同程度的病理性损伤,复合维生素B能减缓此损伤;与对照组相比,低、中、高剂量的PM_(2.5)染毒大鼠可引起BALF中LDH、AKP、ACP、TP和MDA含量显著升高(P 0. 05),而SOD和CAT活性显著降低(P 0. 05),且TP和MDA含量随染毒剂量的增加而升高(P 0. 05),CAT活性随染毒剂量的增加而降低; 3个染毒剂量的复合维生素B干预组LDH、TP和MDA含量显著降低(P 0. 05),而SOD和CAT活性显著升高(P 0. 05); PM_(2.5)低、高剂量+复合维生素B组BALF中ACP含量显著降低(P 0. 05); PM_(2.5)中剂量+复合维生素B组BALF中ACP含量无显著改变;仅有PM_(2.5)低剂量+复合维生素B组AKP含量降低(P 0. 05),其余干预组AKP含量无显著变化。因此认为,PM_(2.5)降尘能打破机体的氧化-抗氧化平衡,造成大鼠急性肺损伤,而复合维生素B能减缓此损伤,对机体起到保护作用。 相似文献
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The system CaMgSi2O6CaAl2SiO6CaFeAlSiO6 has been studied in air at 1 atm. The phase assemblage at subsolidus temperatures in the CaMgSi2O6-rich portion is Cpx + An + Mel and that in the CaMgSi2O6-poor portion Cpx + An + Mel + Sp. At subsolidus temperatures the sigle-phase field of clinopyroxene increases with an increase in the CaFeAlSiO6 component of the system. The Al2O3 content of clinopyroxene, however, continues to increase beyond the single-phase field and attains at least 16.04 wt.% Al2O3 with 3.9 wt.% Fe2O3. The stability field of fassaite in the system over a range of pressures and oxygen fugacities has been estimated from data in the literature as well as the present data. The CaFeAlSiO6 content of fassaite is dependent on oxygen fugacity, but is not influenced by pressure. The stability field is strongly influenced by oxygen fugacity at low and high pressure, and decreases with decreasing oxygen fugacity. Clinopyroxenes in both volcanic and metamorphic rocks from various localities, when plotted on the CaMgSi2O6CaAl2SiO6CaFeAlSiO6 triangle, show that there is no compositional gap between diopside and fassaitic pyroxene in metamorphic rocks, and that the fassaitic pyroxene in alkalic rocks becomes richer in both CaAl2SiO6 and CaFeAlSiO5 components as crystallization proceeds. These results agree with those obtained in the experimental study. 相似文献
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The cumulative association constant (β2) for the geochemically important aqueous complex UO2[HPO4]2?2 has been determined by potentiometric titration in Na2HPO4-UO2(NO3)2 solutions in the pH range 3.9–4.7, at ionic strengths below 0.024 molal with the Newton-Raphson method used to compute β2 from the chemical analytical data. Based on 25 measurements we obtain logβ2 = 18.3 ± 0.2 at 25°C. From the same experiments we compute that the association constant of UO2OH+ is 8.9 ± 0.1, in disagreement with the value of 8.3 ± 0.3 for this constant given by Baes and Mesmer (1976). 相似文献
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Jehison Bolaño-Truyol Ismael L.Schneider Heidis Cano Cuadro Jorge D.Bolaño-Truyol Marcos L.S.Oliveira 《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,(1)
Deterioration of air quality due to the increase in atmospheric emissions from biomass burning(BB)is one of the major environmental problems worldwide.In this study,we estimated the contributions of BB to PM2.5 concentrations in the municipalities of Soledad and Malambo located in the Colombian Caribbean.The evaluation period ranged from February 24 to March 30,2018,a period with a high number of BB events recorded in the surroundings of the evaluated sites.The contribution of BB to the two sampling sites was estimated using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)dispersion model with forwarding trajectories from each of the burning points identified by satellite images(n=1089).The PM2.5 emissions were determined using the fire radiative power(FRP),obtained by remote-sensing data,and corresponded to the radiant energy released per time unit by burning vegetation.The average PM2.5 concentrations during the evaluation period were 19.91μg/m3 for Soledad and 22.44μg/m3 for Malambo.The average contribution of BB to these municipalities was 22.8%and 28.8%,respectively.The methodology used in this study allowed to estimate the contribution of this important source without knowledge of a previous tracer of BB,thereby increasing the use of the proposed procedure worldwide.This information would enable the implementation of effective mitigation,thereby diminishing the adverse impact of PM2.5 on the health of the population. 相似文献
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The short range distribution of interatomic distances in three feldspar glasses has been determined by X-ray radial distribution analysis. The resulting radial distribution functions (RDF's) are interpreted by comparison with RDF's calculated for various quasi-crystalline models of the glass structure.The experimental RDF's of the alkali feldspar glasses were found to be inconsistent with the four-membered rings of tetrahedra associated with crystalline feldspars; the structures of these glasses are probably based on interconnected six-membered rings of the type found in tridymite, nepheline, or kalsilite. In contrast, the RDF of calcic feldspar glass is consistent with a four-membered ring structure of the type found in crystalline anorthite. T-O bond lengths (T = Si,Al) increase from 1.60 Å in SiO2 glass [J. H. Konnert and J. Karle (1973) Acta Cryst.A29, 702–710] to 1.63 Å in the alkali feldspar glasses to 1.66 Å in the calcic feldspar glass due to the substitution of Al for Si in the tetrahedra] sites. The T-O-T bond angles inferred from the RDF peak positions are 151° in SiO2 glass (see reference above), 146° in the alkali feldspar glasses, and 143° in the calcic feldspar glass. Detail in the RDF at distances greater than 5 Å suggests that the alkali feldspar glasses have a higher degree of long range order than the calcic feldspar glasses.Assuming that the structural details of our feldspar glasses are similar to those of the melts, the observed structural differences between the alkali feldspar and calcic feldspar glasses helps explain the differences in crystallization kinetics of anhydrous feldspar composition melts. Structural interpretations of some thermodynamic and rheologic phenomena associated with feldspar melts are also presented based on these results. 相似文献