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1.
Melt Generation and Movement beneath Theistareykir, NE Iceland   总被引：2，自引：5，他引：2  
A detailed study of the volume and composition of all the lavasfrom the Theistareykir segment of the Northern Volcanic Zoneof Iceland was designed to study basaltic melt generation andmovement beneath a spreading ridge. The trace element compositionsof the lavas are variable, and those of melt inclusions in olivine,clinopyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts even more so. We showthat this variability can be produced by mixing instantaneousmelts produced by isentropic decompression of mantle whose initialpotential temperature is 1480°C, and that the calculatedvolume and composition of the average melt is consistent withgeophysical and petrological observations. Pressure and temperatureestimates suggest that the phenocrysts form in the upper mantle,at depths of 30–40 km, and trap melts formed at greaterdepths. Some mixing of the instantaneous melts occurs beforethe melt is trapped, and more mixing occurs before the lavasare erupted. A similar model can account for the compositionof melt inclusions from the FAMOUS area of the Mid-AtlanticRidge, and from the Gorda and Juan de Fuca Ridges. KEY WORDS: basalt; Iceland; melt inclusions; melting; ridges  相似文献   

2.
The development of petrogenetic models of igneous processes in the mantle is dependent on a detailed knowledge of the diversity of magmas produced in the melting regime. These primary magmas, however, undergo significant mixing and fractionation during transport to the surface, destroying much of the evidence of their primary diversity. To circumvent this problem and to determine the diversity of melts produced in the mantle, we used melt inclusions hosted in primitive plagioclase phenocrysts from eight mid-ocean ridge basalts from the axial and West Valleys of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. This area was selected for study because of the demonstrated close association of enriched (E-MORB) lavas and incompatible element enriched depleted (N-MORB) lavas. Rehomogenized melt inclusions from E-MORB, T-MORB, and N-MORB lavas have been analyzed by electron and ion microprobe for major and trace elements. The depleted and enriched lavas, as well as their melt inclusions, have very similar compatible element concentrations (major elements, Sr, Ni and Cr). Inclusion compositions are more primitive than, yet collinear with, the host lava suites. In contrast, the minor and trace element characteristics of melt inclusions from depleted and enriched lavas are different both in range and absolute concentration. N-MORB lavas contain both depleted and enriched melt inclusions, and therefore exhibit the largest compositional range (K2O: 0.01 to 0.4 oxide wt%, P2O5: <0.01 to 0.2 oxide wt%, LaN: 7 to 35, YbN: 1 to 13, and Ti/Zr: <100 to 1300). E-MORB lavas contain only enriched inclusions, and are therefore relatively homogeneous (K2O: 0.32 to 0.9 oxide wt %, P2O5: 0.02 to 0.35 oxide wt%, LaN: 11 to 60, YbN: 4 to 21, and Ti/Zr: ∼100). In addition, the most primitive E-32 inclusions are similar in composition to the most enriched inclusions from the depleted hosts. Major element data for melt inclusions from both N-MORB and E-MORB lavas suggest that the magmas lie on a low pressure cotectic, consistent with a petrogenesis including fractional crystallization. However, the minor and trace element compositions in melt inclusions vary independently of the major element composition implying an alternative history. When fractionation-corrected, inclusion compositions correlate with their host glass composition. Hence, the degree of enrichment of the lavas is a function of the composition of aggregated melts, not of processing in the upper mantle or lower crust. Based on this fact, the lava suites are not produced from a single parent magma, but from a suite of primary magmas. The chemistry of the melt inclusions from the enriched lavas is consistent with a derivation from variable percentages of partial melting within the spinel stability field by a process of open system (continuous or critical) melting assuming a depleted lherzolite source veined with clinopyroxenite. The low percentage melts are dominantly enriched melts of the clinopyroxenite. In contrast, the depleted lavas were created by melting of a harzburgite source, possibly fluxed with a fluid enriched in K, Ba and the LREE. Such a source was likely melted up to or past the point at which all of its clinopyroxene was consumed. This set of characteristics is consistent with a scenario by which diverse melts produced at different depths travel through the melting regime to the base of the crust without homogenizing en route. The homogeneous major element characteristics are created in the lower crust by fractional crystallization and reaction with lower crustal gabbros. Therefore, the degree of decoupling between major and trace element characteristics of the melt inclusions (and lavas) is dictated by the reaction rate of the melts with the materials in the conduit walls, as well as the residence times and flux rate, in the upper mantle and lower crust. Received: 2 December 1997 / Accepted: 27 August 1998  相似文献   

3.
Equilibrium melt trace element contents are calculated from Proterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS) mafic and anorthositic cumulates, and from plagioclase and orthopyroxene megacrysts. Assumed trapped melt fractions (TMF) <20% generally eliminate all minor phases in most mafic cumulate rocks, reducing them to mixtures of feldspar, pyroxene and olivine, which would represent the high-temperature cumulus assemblage. In anorthosites, TMF <15% generally reduce the mode to a feldspar-only assemblage. All model melts have trace element profiles enriched in highly incompatible elements relative to normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (NMORB); commonly with negative Nb and Th anomalies. Most mafic cumulates yield similar profiles with constant incompatible element ratios, and can be linked through fractional crystallization. High K-La subtypes probably represent crust-contaminated facies. Mafic cumulates are inferred to belong to a tholeiitic differentiation series, variably contaminated by upper and lower crustal components, and probably related to coeval tholeiitic basaltic dyke swarms and lavas in Labrador. Model melts from anorthosites and megacrysts have normalized trace element profiles with steeper slopes than those calculated from mafic cumulates, indicating that mafic cumulates and anorthosites did not crystallize from the same melts. Orthopyroxene megacrysts yield model melts that are more enriched than typical anorthositic model melts, precluding an origin from parental melts. Jotunites have lower K-Rb-Ba-Y-Yb and higher La-Ce than model residues from fractionation of anorthositic model melts, suggesting they are not cosanguineous with them, but provide reasonable fits to evolved mafic cumulate model melts. Incompatible element profiles of anorthositic model melts closely resemble those of crustal melts such as tonalites, with steep Y-Yb-Lu segments that suggest residual garnet in the source. Inversion models yield protoliths similar to depleted lower crustal granulite xenoliths with aluminous compositions, suggesting that the incompatible trace element budget of the anorthosites are derived from remobilization of the lower crust. The similarity of the highly incompatible trace elements and LILE between anorthositic and mafic cumulate model melts suggests that the basalts parental to the mafic cumulates locally assimilated considerable quantities of the same crust that yielded the anorthosites. The reaction between underplating basalt and aluminous lower crust would have forced crystallization of abundant plagioclase, and remobilization of these hybrid plagioclase-rich mushes then produced the anorthosite massifs.  相似文献   

4.
In this paper, we discuss the formation conditions of rhyolites and results of their interaction with later portions of basic magmas on the basis of the investigation of melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from a rhyolite xenolith and host neovolcanic basalts of the Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In terms of bulk chemistry and the compositions of melt inclusions in pyroxene and olivine phenocrysts, the basic rocks of the southern part of this segment are typical MOR basalts. Their olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase crystallized at temperatures of 1160–1280°C and a pressure range between 20 and 100 MPa. The xenolith is a leucocratic rock with negligible amounts of mafic minerals, which clearly distinguishes it from the known occurrences of silicic rocks in the rift valleys of MOR. The rhyolite melt crystallized at temperatures of 900–880°C. The final stages of rhyolite melt crystallization at temperatures of 780–800°C were accompanied by the release of a saline aqueous fluid with high chloride contents. Based on the geochemical characteristics of melt inclusions and melting products, it can be suggested that the magmatic melt was produced by melting of metamorphosed oceanic crust within the Cleft segment under the influence sof saline aqueous fluid trapped in the pores and interstices of the rock. The rock represented by the xenolith is a late differentiation product of such melts. The ultimate products of silicic melt fractionation show high volatile contents: H2O > 3.0 wt %, Cl ～ 2.0 wt %, and F ～ 0.1 wt %. The interaction of the xenolith with the host basaltic melt occurred at temperatures equal or slightly higher than those of ferrobasalt melts (1190–1180°C). During ascent the xenolith occurred for a few tens of hours in high-temperature basic magma, and diffusion exchange between the basaltic and silicic melts was very minor.  相似文献   

5.
The compositions of parental melts of Tolbachinsky Dol (Kamchatka) basalts were estimated from the compositions of olivine-hosted (Fo90.5-83.1) primitive melt inclusions in the rocks of the Northern breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption (1975 A.C.) and of the late-Holocene cone “1004”. The parental melts contain 100–150 ppm Cu and 0.16–0.30 wt % S. These concentrations are much higher than those determined for the initial magmas of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), for example of the Juan de Fuca ridge (Cu = 55–105 ppm, S=0.09–0.12 wt %). Modeling of mantle melting under variable redox conditions demonstrated that the high Cu and S contents in the Tolbachinsky Dol melts can be obtained by 6–12% melting of DMM-like source under oxidized conditions (ΔQFM = +1.2 ± 0.1) and do not require a significant (>30–35% for S) subduction-related influx of these elements to the mantle source. The high contents of Cu and S in the Tolbachinsky Dol melts are largely explained by the increase of sulfide solubility in a silicate melt under oxidized conditions. In contrast, relatively reduced (ΔQFM ～ 0) conditions of MORB generation result in low contents of Cu and S in their initial magmas. The estimated ΔQFM values agree well with the data obtained using the Cr-spinel–olivine oxybarometer. The high oxygen potential of Tolbachinsky Dol primary magmas is inherited by more evolved magmas, thus favouring Cu enrichment up to 270 ppm during magma fractionation, approaching maximum copper contents in the global systematics of island-arc rocks.  相似文献   

6.
The Massif du Sud is a large ophiolitic complex that crops out in the southern region of New Caledonia (SW Pacific). It is dominated by harzburgite tectonite that locally shows a transitional gradation to massive dunite up section. Clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase progressively appear in dunite up to the transition to layered wehrlite and orthopyroxene–gabbro. The dunite–wehrlite and wehrlite–gabbro contacts are parallel and the latter defines the paleo-Moho.Highly depleted modal, mineral and bulk rock compositions indicate that harzburgites are residues after high degrees (20–30%) of partial melting mainly in the spinel-stability field. Their relative enrichment in HFSE, LREE and MREE is due to re-equilibration of melting residues with percolating melts. Dunite formed in the Moho transition zone by reaction between residual mantle harzburgite and olivine-saturated melts that led to pyroxene dissolution and olivine precipitation. Rare clinopyroxene and plagioclase crystallized in interstitial melt pores of dunite from primitive, low-TiO2, ultra-depleted liquids with a geochemical signature transitional between those of island arc tholeiites and boninites.Ascending batches of relatively high-SiO2, ultra-depleted melts migrated through the Moho transition zone and generated wehrlite by olivine dissolution and crystallization of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase in variable amounts. These liquids were more evolved and were produced by higher degrees of melting or from a more depleted source compared with melts that locally crystallized clinopyroxene in dunite. Ultra-depleted magmas, non-cogenetic with those that formed the Moho transition zone, ascended to the lower crust and generated gabbroic cumulates with subduction-related affinity. Thus, the ultramafic and mafic rocks in the Moho transition zone and lower crust of the Massif du Sud ophiolite are not products of fractional crystallization from a single magma-type but are the result of migration and accumulation of different melts in a multi-stage evolution.The record of high partial melting in the mantle section, and migration and accumulation of ultra-depleted subduction-related melts in the Moho transition zone and lower crust support that the Massif du Sud ophiolite is a portion of forearc lithosphere generated in an extensional regime during the early phases of the subduction zone evolution. Our results show the existence of different types of ultra-depleted melt compositions arriving at the Moho transition zone and lower crust of an infant intraoceanic paleo-arc. Ultra-depleted melts may thus be a significant component of the melt budget generated in oceanic spreading forearcs prior to aggregation and mixing of a large range of melt compositions in the crust.  相似文献   

7.
冯光英  刘燊  牛晓露  杨经绥 《地球科学》2018,43(4):1293-1306
双凤山基性侵入岩体位于松嫩-张广才岭地块南缘,其岩石组成主要为橄榄辉长岩.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示该岩体形成于279±4 Ma.岩石矿物组成主要为橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石、高An值（80.1~87.9）斜长石以及以反应边形式存在的角闪石,矿物学特征指示其母岩浆为经历过充分流体交代的富水岩浆.全岩主微量元素组成揭示其源区物质组成为石榴子石二辉橄榄岩,部分熔融程度约20%,岩浆演化过程中经历了斜长石堆晶作用以及斜方辉石的结晶分异作用.全岩Sr-Nd同位素及锆石Hf同位素研究显示其（87Sr/86Sr）i=0.705 2~0.706 1,并具有正的εNd（t）值（0.9~1.3）和εHf（t）值（0~10.2）,表明其来源于亏损的地幔源区,并且岩浆上升过程中没有经历明显的地壳混染.微量元素和同位素特征综合反映岩浆源区经历了古亚洲洋俯冲沉积物熔体和流体交代作用的改造,但起主导作用的是流体.其地球化学特征总体显示MORB以及弧型玄武岩过渡的特征,暗示其形成于弧后伸展环境.研究区基性侵入岩地幔源区的不均一性主要受到古亚洲洋多期次俯冲作用析出熔/流体对上覆地幔楔不同程度的改造.   相似文献   

8.
The late Pleistocene Lake Basalt of Medicine Lake volcano, California is comprised of variably porphyritic basalt and basaltic andesite flows and scoria. These eruptives are similar in composition and phenocryst abundance to the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 mafic magmas common in convergent margin settings. The petrogenesis of the magmas that produced the Lake Basalt has been inferred from field relations, melting experiments and subsequent major and trace element modeling. Their formation involved both hydrous differentiation and plagioclase accumulation and thus the Lake Basalt can be used to constrain the relative contributions of these processes to the production of high-Al2O3 arc basalt. Phenocryst-poor lavas of the Lake Basalt formed by hydrous differentiation; their compositions and observed phenocrysts were reproduced in 1 kbar, H2O-saturated melting experiments. Anorthite-rich plagioclase compositions of the lavas of the Lake Basalt necessitate crystallization from melts with between 4 and 6 wt% dissolved H2O. Phenocryst-rich lavas of the Lake Basalt, with 18 modal% phenocrysts and greater, formed by plagioclase accumulation in magmas similar to the phenocryst-poor lavas. This interpretation is supported by the depleted incompatible element abundances and enriched Sr/Zr ratio of the more porphyritic lavas relative to the phenocryst-poor lavas. We model the formation of the Lake Basalt as a two-stage process that combines a differentiation model and a plagioclase accumulation model. Stage one involved hydrous fractionation, granitic assimilation and mixing with undifferentiated parent magma. This process generated lavas with up to 19.2 wt% A12O3 and 7 modal% phenocrysts. In stage two, plagioclase accumulated in these liquids and produced more aluminous and porphyritic lavas with up to 21.8 wt% A12O3 and 33 modal% phenocrysts.  相似文献   

9.
In response to at least one change in the direction of sea-floor spreading, the Juan de Fuca Ridge and Gorda Rise have rotated approximately 20° clockwise with respect to geographic North during the last 10 million years. The rotation histories of these ridge segments have been determined from the ages and azimuths of linear magnetic anomalies within the corresponding “zed” patterns. In each case the rotations were systematic and occurred between about 9 and 3 Ma B.P. Significantly, the rotations occurred in a number of discrete stages during each of which the rates of rotation were approximately constant; rotation rates range from 1.3 to 8.6°/Ma.Though the rotation histories of these spreading centers are generally similar, some changes in the rotation rates are not synchronous, and until 3 Ma B.P., the Juan de Fuca Ridge had a 5–10° more easterly trend than the Gorda Rise. For the last 3 million years both ridge segments have had stable trends near 19°E of North.On a time scale of millions of years, ridge reorientation may be regarded as a continuous process wherein the rotation of the spreading center results from asymmetric spreading. Discontinuous changes in the degree of asymmetric spreading are required to account for observed changes in rotation rate. If the orthogonal arrangement of spreading centers and transform faults represents a least-work condition in which the resistance to plate motions is minimized by minimizing the lengths of ridge segments, as suggested previously, and if the rate at which the system seeks to reduce the total resistance after a change in spreading direction is maximum, it follows that the degree of asymmetric spreading, and hence the rate of rotation, are inversely proportional to the resistance to motion on transform faults. Thus, the various stages of rotation of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and Gorda Rise probably reflect different stress conditions on the Blanco Fracture Zone.It is difficult to account for the different trends of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and Gorda Rise largely because the Gorda Block is not behaving as a rigid plate and because the Mendocino Fracture Zone is not a transform fault. However, the fact that the Gorda Rise has had a stable trend for 3 million years, in spite of the deformation of an adjacent plate, suggests that the motion of the Gorda Block is not controlled by the motions of the vast Pacific and North American Plates, and that the Driving mechanism is “felt” directly at the ridge.  相似文献   

10.
Spinel harzburgite and websterite mantle xenoliths from Simcoe volcano in southern Washington represent fragments of mantle lithosphere from the back-arc side of the Cascade arc front. Previous studies have shown that metasomatism by either silica-rich fluids or hydrous melts crystallized phlogopite, imparted high oxygen fugacities (0.3 to 1.4 log units above QFM), and more radiogenic Os isotopic compositions on these peridotites. These features are consistent with part or all of the metasomatic agent being derived from the Juan de Fuca slab. New Re–Os, Sm–Nd, Sr, and U–Th–Pb isotopic data shed further light on the origin and composition of the metasomatic agent. The clinopyroxenes from the xenoliths have correlated Pb isotopic compositions (206Pb/204Pb=18.63–19.55, 207Pb/204Pb=15.56–15.63, 208Pb/204Pb=38.22–38.87). The most radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions extend beyond the most radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions for the Cascade arc lavas and display a shallower trend. Mixtures between Juan de Fuca basalts and pelagic or terrigenous sediments would result in Pb isotopic compositions that are not radiogenic enough in 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb at the high 206Pb/204Pb end of this array. Therefore, models for rapid transfer of components from the slab to the mantle lithosphere are not viable in this case. Instead, a multi-stage model is preferred. In the first stage, the slab component is transferred via fluid or melt into, and reacts with the hanging wall mantle. This results in a residual slab depleted in Pb relative to U and Th, and consequent high U/Pb and Th/Pb. Additional dehydration or melting of the slab imparts this chemical signature to the peridotite in the hanging wall. In the second stage, the hybridized hanging wall peridotite evolves for tens of million years until corner flow drags it down to deeper levels in the mantle wedge where melting occurs in response to higher temperatures. In the third stage, this melt migrates upward where it metasomatizes the mantle lithosphere represented by the Simcoe xenoliths. Trace element compositions of the clinopyroxenes, and the presence of high alkali glasses in the xenoliths, are consistent with the metasomatic agent derived from the hybridized hanging wall being alkali-rich, and possibly similar to potassic-rich lavas found in arc and back-arc settings. These data therefore demonstrate the importance of the hybridized hanging wall mantle above slabs as a source for melts which can be metasomatic agents in the upper mantle, and as a site for storage of material derived from the slab for periods of at least tens of million years.  相似文献   

11.
A microanalytical trace element and geochronological study wascarried out on mafic amphibole-rich cumulates (quartz diorites)cropping out in northern Victoria Land (Antarctica). Associatedtonalites and basement rocks were also investigated. Rock texturesand major and trace element mineral compositions reveal thepresence in quartz diorites of two mineral assemblages: (1)clinopyroxene-I + brown amphibole ± dark mica; (2) clinopyroxene-II+ green amphibole + plagioclase + quartz. Both mineral assemblagescontain mafic phases with elevated Mg-number, but their traceelement signatures differ significantly. In situ U–Pbzircon geochronology was carried out to support petrogeneticand geological interpretations. Quartz diorites were emplacedin the mid-crust probably at 516 ± 3 Ma. Parental meltsof quartz diorites were computed by applying solid/liquid partitioncoefficients. The melt in equilibrium with the first mineralassemblage (melt-I) is extremely depleted in heavy rare earthelements (HREE), Y, Ti, Zr and Hf (at about 0·2 timesnormal mid-ocean ridge basalt) and enriched in B, Th, U, thelarge ion lithophile elements and light REE (LREE). It sharesmany similarities with sanukitic melts (e.g. Setouchi andesites),which originated by equilibration of subduction-derived sedimentmelts with a refractory mantle. The melt in equilibrium withthe second mineral assemblage (melt-II) is characterized bya steep LREE enrichment (LaN/YbN up to 39), a U-shaped HREEpattern and low Ti, which is depleted relative to HREE. Thetrace element signature of melt-II can be acquired through amphibolecrystallization starting from a sanukitic melt similar to melt-I,probably in a deeper magma chamber. Our results allow us toconstrain that melts from the subducted slab were produced ona regional scale, in accordance with literature data, belowa large sector of the east Gondwana margin during the mid-Cambrian.Implications for the role of amphibole in petrogenesis of subduction-relatedmagmas are also discussed. KEY WORDS: amphibole; sanukite; high-Mg andesites; Ross Orogeny; Antarctica  相似文献   

12.
程石  周怀阳 《岩石学报》2019,35(11):3565-3577
人们对超慢速扩张洋中脊深部岩浆过程的了解至今仍十分模糊。我们对西南印度洋洋中脊(Southwest Indian Ridge,SWIR) 63. 9°E处采集到的斜长石超斑状玄武岩(Plagioclase Ultra-Phyric Basalt,PUB)进行了岩石学和地球化学研究。样品具有以下几个特征:斜长石斑晶的体积分数高达～25%,而橄榄石斑晶的体积分数约1%;尽管该样品中玻璃的成分与同一洋脊段玄武岩的成分基本一致,但高Fo橄榄石斑晶与玻璃基质的成分不平衡;不同类型的斜长石晶体之间存在成分差异,单个斜长石大斑晶中的An值也呈现出与正常的结晶分异过程不符的环带;斜长石斑晶中发育溶蚀、筛状等不平衡结构。因此,我们认为,斜长石超斑状玄武岩经历了多期次熔体的作用,是由通过密度分选聚集在岩浆房顶部的斜长石斑晶被之后的火山喷发带出海底形成。尽管斜长石超斑状玄武岩与同一洋脊段的非斑状玄武岩之间并不存在母熔体成分上的差别,但超斑状玄武岩的出现进一步反映了超慢速扩张洋壳岩浆活动的多样性。  相似文献   

13.
Original authors’ data on the mineralogy and composition of melt inclusions in two samples show that the Early Eocene magmatic rocks at Cape Khairyuzova were formed by mixing melts of mafic, intermediate, and acid composition, which were derived from different sources. The mafic melt was rich in MgO, and its temperature was 1100–1150°C. The temperature of the acid melt varied from 1070 to 1130°C. The melts are also different in concentrations of trace elements and in their ratios. All three melt types are enriched in LILE and LREE and depleted in HFSE and were likely derived in suprasubductional environments. The mafic and intermediate magmas were formed by melting a mantle wedge and subsequent fractionation of the melts. The acid melts could be formed by melting crustal rocks when they were overheated in the newly formed orogen of significant thickness. When ascending, the mantle melts could mix in variable proportions with acid melts in crustal chambers.  相似文献   

14.
Data obtained on lamprophyres from the carbonatite–volcanic unit in the lower horizon of the Tomtor Massif indicate that the rocks and zoned diopside and kaersutite phenocrysts in them are enriched in incompatible elements more significantly than is typical of alkaline ultramafic rocks of the Maymecha–Kotui and Kola provinces. The concentrations of these elements and their indicator ratios in the cores and intermediate zones of the diopside and kaersutite phenocrysts significantly vary, and this suggests that the minerals might have crystallized from different melts. This is consistent with the earlier conclusions, which were derived from studying melt inclusions, that the phenocrysts crystallized from mixing alkaline mafic melts of sodic and potassic types and different Mg–number which were enriched in the carbonatite component. The cores of the diopside phenocrysts started to crystallize from sodic mafic magma in a magmatic chamber, while the intermediate and outermost zones of this mineral crystallized from mixed sodic–potassic mafic melts. The carbonatite component was separated from the sodic mafic melt at high temperature (>1150°C) during diopside core crystallization. The bulk compositions of the alkaline lamprophyres and of the diopside and kaersutite phenocrysts contain lower normalized concentrations of HREE than LREE. This led us to conclude that the parental sodic and potassic mafic melts were derived from an enriched mantle source material under garnet–facies parameters, as is typical of continental rifts. It is noteworthy that the potassic mafic melt was derived at greater depths and lower degrees of melting of the mantle source than the sodic melt. The iron–rich sodic melt from which the cores of the diopside phenocrysts started to crystallize was enriched in V, REE, Y, and volatile components (H2O, CO2, F, Cl, and S). The onset of carbonate–silicate liquid immiscibility was marked by the redistribution of REE and Y into the carbonatite melt. The potassic, more Mg–rich mafic melt from which the intermediate and outermost zones of the diopside phenocrysts crystallized was enriched in Ti, Nb, Zr, and REE and always remained homogeneous when this mineral crystallized.  相似文献   

15.
Gabbro and eclogite boudins are preserved within the amphibolites of the composite para- and ortho-gneiss Variscan basement of the Savona Crystalline Massif (Ligurian Briançonnais, Italy). Whole rock trace element patterns, low initial εNd (+5.4 to +8.8) data and trace element analyses on relict igneous clinopyroxene revealed that the mafic rocks were derived from depleted mantle melts, which most likely underwent crustal contamination during emplacement. Gabbros have a cumulus origin controlled by clinopyroxene and plagioclase segregation, whereas the eclogites represent evolved melts. U-Pb and trace element micro-analyses on zircons separated from one amphibolitised gabbro and one eclogite help to constrain coeval ages at ~468 Ma for their igneous protoliths. The occurrence of a few inherited zircons confirms the involvement of a crustal component in the petrogenesis of the mafic rocks. In the eclogite, concordant zircon ages younger than the protolith age testify to metamorphic re-crystallisation (or new growth) from about 420 to 305 Ma. Zircon textures and trace element compositions indicate that eclogite facies metamorphism occurred 392–376 Ma ago. The younger zircon portions yielding a mean Concordia age of 333 ± 7 Ma are related to equilibration or new growth during the post-eclogite, amphibolite-facies equilibration.  相似文献   

16.
《Chemical Geology》2003,193(1-2):137-154
The composition of Kuerti mafic rocks in the Altay Mountains in northwest China ranges from highly geochemically depleted, with very low La, Ta and Nb and high εNd(t) values, to slightly enriched, arc lava-like composition. They display flat to light rare earth element (REE)-depleted patterns and have variable depletions in high field-strength elements (HFSE). These mafic rocks were most probably derived from a variably depleted mantle source containing a subduction component beneath an ancient intra-oceanic backarc basin. Together with the slightly older arc volcanic rocks in the Altay region, the Kuerti mafic rocks display generally positive correlations of their key elemental ratios (e.g., Th/Nb, La/Yb and Th/Yb). These indicate that the more mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) component was contained in these magmas, the less arc component was present in their mantle source. Therefore, we propose a two-stage melting evolution model to interpret the compositional evolution of the Kuerti mafic rocks and associated arc volcanic rocks. First, arc basaltic melts were extracted from the hydrated arc mantle wedge beneath Kuerti, leaving behind a mantle source that is variably depleted in incompatible trace elements. Then, mafic rocks were erupted during seafloor spreading in the Kuerti backarc basin from the upwelling asthenospheric mantle. The variably depleted mantle source produced mafic rocks with composition ranging from arc lava-like to more geochemically depleted than MORB. The recognition of Kuerti mafic rocks as backarc basin basalts (BABB) is consistent with the proposed tectonic model that an active backarc basin–island arc system along the paleo-Asian ocean margin was formed in the Altay region during Devonian–Early Carboniferous. New data further indicate that the final orogenic event in the Altay Mountains, i.e. the collision of the north and south continental plates in the region, most probably took place in Late Carboniferous and Permian.  相似文献   

17.
This paper presents field, petrographic–structural and geochemical data on spinel and plagioclase peridotites from the southern domain of the Lanzo ophiolitic peridotite massif (Western Alps). Spinel lherzolites, harzburgites and dunites crop out at Mt. Arpone and Mt. Musinè. Field evidence indicates that pristine porphyroclastic spinel lherzolites are transformed to coarse granular spinel harzburgites, which are in turn overprinted by plagioclase peridotites, while strongly depleted spinel harzburgite and dunite bands and bodies replace the plagioclase peridotites. On the northern flank of Mt. Arpone, deformed, porphyroclastic (lithospheric) lherzolites, with diffuse pyroxenite banding, represent the oldest spinel-facies rocks. They show microstructures of a composite subsolidus evolution, suggesting provenance from deeper (asthenospheric) mantle levels and accretion to the lithosphere. These protoliths are locally transformed to coarse granular (reactive) spinel harzburgites and dunites, which show textures reminiscent of melt/rock reaction and geochemical characteristics suggesting that they are products of peridotite interaction with reactively percolating melts. Geochemical data and modelling suggest that <1–5% fractional melting of spinel-facies DMM produced the injected melts. Plagioclase peridotites are hybrid rocks resulting from pre-existing spinel peridotites and variable enrichment of plagioclase and micro-gabbroic material by percolating melts. The impregnating melts attained silica-saturation, as testified by widespread orthopyroxene replacement of olivine, during open system migration in the lithosphere. At Mt. Musinè, coarse granular spinel harzburgite and dunite bodies replace the plagioclase peridotites. Most of these replacive, refractory peridotites have interstitial magmatic clinopyroxene with trace element compositions in equilibrium with MORB, while some Cpx have REE-depleted patterns suggesting transient geochemical features of the migrating MORB-type melts, acquired by interaction with the ambient plagioclase peridotite. These replacive spinel harzburgite and dunite bodies are interpreted as channels exploited for focused and reactive migration of silica-undersaturated melts with aggregate MORB compositions. Such melts were unrelated to the silica-saturated melts that refertilized the pre-existing plagioclase peridotites. Finally, MORB melt migration occurred along open fractures, now recorded as gabbroic dikes.

Our data document the complexity of rock-types and mantle processes in the South Lanzo peridotite massif and describe a composite tectonic and magmatic scenario that is not consistent with the “asthenospheric scenario” proposed by previous authors. We envisage a “transitional scenario” in which extending subcontinental lithospheric mantle was strongly modified (both depleted and refertilized) by early melts with MORB-affinity formed by decompression partial melting of the upwelling asthenosphere, during pre-oceanic rifting and lithospheric thinning in the Ligurian Tethys realm.  相似文献   


18.
The Bayan Gol ophiolite fragment is a portion of the North Tianshan Early Carboniferous ophiolite belt. This ophiolite belt represents a geological record of an Early Carboniferous “Red Sea type” ocean basin that was developed on the northern margin of the Tianshan Carboniferous-Permian rift system in northwestern China. The late Early Carboniferous Bayan Gol ophiolite suite was emplaced in an Early Carboniferous rift volcanosedimentary succession of shallow-marine to continental facies (Volcanics Unit). Ophiolitic rocks in the Bayan Gol area comprise ultramafic rocks, gabbros with associated plagiogranite veins, diorite, diabase, pillow basalts and massive lavas. The Early Carboniferous tiffing and the opening process of the North Tianshan ocean basin produced mafic magmas in composition of tholeiite and minor amounts of evolved magmas. Compositions of trace elements and Nd, Sr and Pb isotopes reveal the presence of two distinct mantle sources: (1) the Early Carboniferous rift mafic lavas from the Volcanics Unit were generated by a relatively low degree of partial melting of an asthenospheric OIB-type intraplate source; (2)younger (late Early Carboniferous, -324.8 Ma ago) mafic lavas from the Ophiolite Unit were formed in a relatively depleted MORB-like mantle source, located in the uppermost asthenosphere and then gradually mixed with melts from the asthenospheric OIB-like mantle. A slight interaction between asthenosphere-derived magmas and lithospheric mantle took place during ascent to the surface. Subsequently, the most depleted mafic lavas of the ophiolite assemblage were contaminated by upper-crustal components (seawater or carbonate crust).  相似文献   

19.
Archean volcanic rocks in the Confederation Lake area, northwestern Ontario, Canada, are in three mafic to felsic cycles collectively 8,500 to 11,240 m thick. Each cycle begins with pillowed basalt and andesite flows and is capped with andesitic to rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks and minor flows. Seventy five samples from this succession were analyzed for major and trace elements including the rare earth elements. In two cycles, tholeiitic basalts are overlain by calcalkaline andesite to rhyolite. In the third, cycle, the tholeiitic basalts are overlain by tholeiitic rhyolites. Fe enrichment in basalts is accompanied by depletion of Ca, Al, Cr, Ni, and Sr, and enrichment in Ti, P, the rare earth elements, Nb, Zr, and Y. This is interpreted as open system fractionation of olivine, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene. Si enrichment in dacites and rhyolites is attributed to fractional crystallization of plagioclase, K-feldspar, and biotite. Tholeiitic basalt liquids are believed to be mantle-derived. Intercalated andesites with fractionated rare earth patterns appear to be products of mixing of tholeiitic basalt and rhyolite liquids and, andesites with flat rare earth patterns are probably produced by melting of previously depleted mantle. Felsic magmas are partial melts of tholeiitic basalt or products of liquid immiscibility in a tholeiitic system perhaps involving extreme fractionation in a high level magma chamber, and assimilation of sialic crust. It is concluded that Archean cyclical volcanism in this area involves the interplay of several magmatic liquids in processes of fractional crystallization, magma mixing, liquid immiscibility, and the probable existence of compositionally zoned magma chambers in the late stages of each cycle. The compositionally zoned chambers existed over the time period represented by the upper felsic portion of each cycle.  相似文献   

20.
Newly obtained precise analytical data on trace elements and radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes testify to anomalous geochemical characteristics of mafic and intermediate Quaternary lavas in Paramushir (in the north of the Kuril arc), Kunashir and Iturup (in the south) islands, which are the largest three islands of the Kuril island arc. The high K and LREE concentrations in the volcanic products in Paramushir Island resulted from the southward expansion of the mantle thermal anomaly of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the involvement of melts related to the melting of oceanic sediments in magma generation. The depleted characteristics of the mafic volcanics are explained by the relatively young tectono-magmatic events during the opening of the Kuril backarc basin. The Kuril island-arc system developed on a heterogeneous basement. The northern islands are a continuation of the volcanic structures of southern Kamchatka, which were formed above an isotopically depleted and hot lithospheric mantle domain of composition close to that of the Pacific MORB type. The southern islands were produced above an isotopically enriched and cold lithospheric domain of the Indian-Ocean MORB type, which was modified in relation to relatively young backarc tectono-magmatic processes. Although issues related to the genesis of the transverse geochemical zoning were beyond the originally formulated scope of our research, the homogeneous enough isotopic composition of the rear-arc lavas in the absence of any mineralogical and geochemical lines of evidence of crustal contamination suggests an independent magmatic source.  相似文献   

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