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1.
从勘查地球化学到应用地球化学 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
勘查地球化学是在20世纪从一门探矿技术发展成一门年轻的地学分支科学.进入21世纪,它可能为解决资源与环境关键问题做出许多从事勘查地球化学工作的人都未预料到的重大贡献.由于它的发展今后可能超越它原有的局限,因而称之为应用地球化学更符合它的发展方向.应用地球化学是尚未成形的一门科学.它是许多化学家、地球化学家、地质学家、物理学家、数学家、农学家与环境学家的多学科学术活动.由此产生了一种国际学术杂志“应用地球化学(appliedgeochemistry)”,但应用地球化学的研究成果散见于许多杂志,还没有一个学术团体以此命名.因而,国际勘查地球化学家协会大可借此机会改名为应用地球化学家协会,以便吸收多学科的人才,为解决人类资源与环境中关键问题共同努力.周期表上所有元素不同尺度不同性质的地球化学图已成为解决资源与环境关键问题的最重要的基础图件.勘查地球化学家多年研究地球化学填图的思路与方法可以帮助其它学科扩大视野,而多学科的融合将使改名为应用地球化学的勘查地球化学的研究得以更深入的发展. 相似文献
2.
This paper summarises the 19th Century research conducted in the Lochaber area and which sought to answer the enigma of the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy. This should be seen as an introduction to the main theories that were developed by a number of scientists, including Darwin, Agassiz and Jamieson. They considered the landforms to be a product of either lacustrine, marine or glaciolacustrine processes, the latter of which proposed by Jamieson, became the accepted explanation by the end of the century. 相似文献
3.
Paulo Pinheiro da Silva Leonardo Salayandía Aída Gándara Ann Q. Gates 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(4):249-269
The realization of an international cyberinfrastructure of shared resources to overcome time and space limitations is challenging
scientists to rethink how to document their processes. Many known scientific process requirements that would normally be considered
impossible to implement a few years ago are close to becoming a reality for scientists, such as large scale integration and
data reuse, data sharing across distinct scientific domains, comprehensive support for explaining process results, and full
search capability for scientific products across domains. This article introduces the CI-Miner approach that can be used to
aggregate knowledge about scientific processes and their products through the use of semantic annotations. The article shows
how this aggregated knowledge is used to benefit scientists during the development of their research activities. The discussion
is grounded on lessons learned through the use of CI-Miner to semantically annotate scientific processes in the areas of geo-sciences,
environmental sciences and solar physics: A use case in the field of geo-science illustrates the CI-Miner approach in action. 相似文献
4.
我国勘查地球物理的若干进展——1991年 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1991年是我国“八五”计划第一年。一批新的勘查地球物理科研项目通过论证立项开始实施。相对于“七五”末期的前两年。1991年完成的科技成果较少。航空和海洋地球物理勘查、油气地震、区域重力的队伍规模和1990年相近,完成的工作量略有增加。地面电法和浅层地震有较多新仪器推出,它们大多是近年投产仪器的改进提高,显示了加速更新的良好趋势。大型地震、测井仪器系统1990年刚有较多新品投产,1991年尚少新的成果。地球物理方法在油气和煤田开发阶段的应用受到更大重视,在工程勘查和环境调查领域中的应用继续发展,“陆地声纳”等新方法开始在工程勘查中使用。各种新的处理解释方法、软件及系统不断形成,并进一步向多种方法资料联合处理解释方向发展。 相似文献
5.
中国加入国际大洋钻探计划的5年总结（1998-2002） 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国大洋钻探学术委员会 《地球科学进展》2003,18(5):656-661
国际大洋钻探计划（ODP,1985-2003）及其前身深海钻探计划（DSDP,1968-1983）,是20世纪地球科学规模最大、历时最久的国际合作研究计划,30多年来一直在推动学科发展的前沿,导致了学科的一场革命。我国经国务院批准于1998年春正式加入大洋钻探计划,年付50万美元,成为第一个"参与成员"（as sociated member）。加入大洋钻探计划近 5年来,已经取得重大进展。
（1）成功地在南海实施了ODP184航次。这次在我国科学家建议、设计和主持下的航次在南海 2 000～3 000 m深水区的 6个站位取芯超过 5 000 m,实现了中国海大洋钻探零的突破,使我国一举进入国际深海研究的前沿。在航次后的研究中,我国取得的成果也遥遥领先,不仅在不同时间尺度上取得了西太平洋区迄今为止最佳的深海沉积记录,而且在气候演变的周期性、亚洲季风变迁和南海盆地演化等方面获得了大量创新成果,其中包括学术上的突破性进展,目前正在逐步向国际学术界展示。
（2）促进了我国深海基础研究及其基地建设。加入ODP近 5年来,我国深海基础研究迅速发展,继国家自然科学基金重大项目（东亚古季风的海洋记录）后,又于2000年底启动了国家重点基础研究发展规划项目"地球圈层相互作用中的深海过程和深海记录",并实现了深海国家重点基础研究发展规划（973）项目和"大洋专项"的相互结合,已有教育部、中国科学院、海洋局、国土资源部等部门的10多个实验室或研究所在不同程度上加入深海基础研究,其中包括至少 6所重点大学在内,已经初步建成了以深海研究为重要目标的重点实验室,初步涌现出一批有成就的青年科学家。
（3）增强了我国在有关国际学术界的地位。尽管我国支付的成员费只占ODP整个预算的百分之一强,4年来所起的作用已远不以此为限。特别在筹备新的"综合大洋钻探"计划中,我国代表在有关专业组中的席位已应邀由 2个增至 5个,仅2001-2002年春一年内就有 3次大洋钻探的国际会议在我国举行,近 5年来ODP和筹备中的IODP方面至少有 6批共数十人次访华,是90年代新加入ODP各个成员中最为活跃的一个。
大洋钻探是一项长周期、高层次的国际科研计划,近 5年来我国以南海航次为中心的研究成果刚开始产出,预计近两年内将达到高潮;而随之建立起来的队伍和基地也可望在未来几年在更大领域范围内进入国际前沿,取得新的重大进展。 相似文献
（1）成功地在南海实施了ODP184航次。这次在我国科学家建议、设计和主持下的航次在南海 2 000～3 000 m深水区的 6个站位取芯超过 5 000 m,实现了中国海大洋钻探零的突破,使我国一举进入国际深海研究的前沿。在航次后的研究中,我国取得的成果也遥遥领先,不仅在不同时间尺度上取得了西太平洋区迄今为止最佳的深海沉积记录,而且在气候演变的周期性、亚洲季风变迁和南海盆地演化等方面获得了大量创新成果,其中包括学术上的突破性进展,目前正在逐步向国际学术界展示。
（2）促进了我国深海基础研究及其基地建设。加入ODP近 5年来,我国深海基础研究迅速发展,继国家自然科学基金重大项目（东亚古季风的海洋记录）后,又于2000年底启动了国家重点基础研究发展规划项目"地球圈层相互作用中的深海过程和深海记录",并实现了深海国家重点基础研究发展规划（973）项目和"大洋专项"的相互结合,已有教育部、中国科学院、海洋局、国土资源部等部门的10多个实验室或研究所在不同程度上加入深海基础研究,其中包括至少 6所重点大学在内,已经初步建成了以深海研究为重要目标的重点实验室,初步涌现出一批有成就的青年科学家。
（3）增强了我国在有关国际学术界的地位。尽管我国支付的成员费只占ODP整个预算的百分之一强,4年来所起的作用已远不以此为限。特别在筹备新的"综合大洋钻探"计划中,我国代表在有关专业组中的席位已应邀由 2个增至 5个,仅2001-2002年春一年内就有 3次大洋钻探的国际会议在我国举行,近 5年来ODP和筹备中的IODP方面至少有 6批共数十人次访华,是90年代新加入ODP各个成员中最为活跃的一个。
大洋钻探是一项长周期、高层次的国际科研计划,近 5年来我国以南海航次为中心的研究成果刚开始产出,预计近两年内将达到高潮;而随之建立起来的队伍和基地也可望在未来几年在更大领域范围内进入国际前沿,取得新的重大进展。 相似文献
6.
Janet M. Hergt Ricardo Arevalo Jr L. Paul Bèdard Jeremy Bellucci Jacinta Enzweiler Klaus Peter Jochum Kathryn L. Linge William F. McDonough Regina Mertz-Kraus Michael Wiedenbeck Xiaohong Wang Jon D. Woodhead 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2010,34(4):325-326
This collection of articles represents the fourth in a series of reviews in which authors have aimed at capturing the key advances in a range of analytical fields ( Hergt et al. 2005, 2006, 2008 ). The publication period under review is 2008–2009 and the intention here is to provide readers with a summary of the most influential developments published during this period, across a broad range of topics appropriate to the Earth and environmental sciences. Most authors comment on the ways in which the emphases of research in their specific fields of examination have changed over time. All note an increase in rigour and focus on data quality. Whether advances have taken place in instrumentation, sample manipulation or data deconvolution, there are a large number of dedicated scientists out there contributing to the high quality of geochemical data employed in geological and environmental research. 相似文献
7.
In the analysis of petroleum reservoirs, one of the most challenging problems is to use inverse theory in the search for an optimal parameterization of the reservoir. Generally, scientists approach this problem by computing a sensitivity matrix and then perform a singular value decomposition in order to determine the number of degrees of freedom i.e. the number of independent parameters necessary to specify the configuration of the system. Here we propose a complementary approach: it uses the concept of refinement indicators to select those degrees which have the greatest sensitivity to an objective function quantifying the mismatch between measured and simulated data. We apply this approach to the problem of data integration for petrophysical reservoir charaterization where geoscientists are currently working with multimillion cell geological models. Data integration may be performed by gradually deforming (by a linear combination) a set of these multimillion grid geostatistical realizations during the optimization process. The inversion parameters are then reduced to the number of coefficients of this linear combination. However, there is an infinity of geostatistical realizations to choose from which may not be efficient regarding operational constraints. Following our new approach, we are able through a single objective function evaluation to compute refinement indicators that indicate which realizations might improve the iterative geological model in a significant way. This computation is extremely fast as it implies a single gradient computation through the adjoint state approach and dot products. Using only the most sensitive realizations from a given set, we are able to resolve quicker the optimization problem case. We applied this methodology to the integration of interference test data into 3D geostatistical models. 相似文献
8.
Perception about people’s behaviour during emergencies defines, to a large extent, the course of planning and resource allocation for community emergency response as well as development of mitigation measures. During the past decade, there has been a paradigm shift in the approach to disaster management. A recent trend has been to encourage more community participation as opposed to the top-down approach of the past. It is believed that community participation will bring about a comprehensive and accurate appreciation of people’s perception regarding hazards, risk, vulnerability, and resilience, and this research is an attempt to achieve just that. In order to accomplish our goal, we engaged a group of women that would typically fall into the category of “vulnerable group” in a focus group interview setting. The participants were mainly over 40 years old, the majority with little education, unemployed, facing language barriers, of low income, and reliant on public transit. Many participants identified that they lived in the vicinity of rivers, lakes, railways, or power plants, but did not seem to be aware of their exposure to potential threats—indicating a lack of education and awareness. The most common hazards and mitigation measures they were aware of, included floods (including basement flooding), fire, fire alarm, and smoke detectors. Additionally, illness and loneliness were mentioned as factors contributing to their increased vulnerability, hence reduced resiliency. With the help of the focus group members’ participation, we were able to discuss the importance of communities being aware of their surroundings, available resources and help, and permit them to voice their concerns in order to be able to cope during emergencies. We trust and hope that more community participation will lead to stronger and more resilient cities. 相似文献
9.
10.
Daniel Buor 《GeoJournal》2005,61(1):89-102
The paper examines the factors that influence the utilisation of health services by women in the rural and urban areas in Ghana. The systematic sampling procedure was used to draw the sample from women aged 18 and above with diverse backgrounds from Ahafo-Ano South district, representing the rural districts and Kumasi metropolis, representing the urban districts. The research instruments used for data collection were the questionnaire and formal interviews. Multiple regression was the main tool for analysis. The research reveals that the key factors that impact significantly on the utilisation of health services by women in the Ahafo-Ano South district are, distance, income and family size (number of children) while for Kumasi metropolis they are education, distance and marital status. Whereas it is clear that distance is a common problem facing women in both rural and urban areas in Ghana in the utilisation of health services, marital status and number of children have emerged as contrasting factors influencing utilisation of health services by women in rural and urban Ghana. Recommendations to improve utilisation include the location of maternal and child health services within easy reach in the rural areas, intensification of family planning education in the rural areas, the empowerment of women through access to formal education and vocational training for income generation activities and the full implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). A model of utilisation of health services by women in the rural and urban areas has emerged. 相似文献
11.
Daniel Buor 《GeoJournal》2004,61(1):89-102
The paper examines the factors that influence the utilisation of health services by women in the rural and urban areas in Ghana. The systematic sampling procedure was used to draw the sample from women aged 18 and above with diverse backgrounds from Ahafo-Ano South district, representing the rural districts and Kumasi metropolis, representing the urban districts. The research instruments used for data collection were the questionnaire and formal interviews. Multiple regression was the main tool for analysis. The research reveals that the key factors that impact significantly on the utilisation of health services by women in the Ahafo-Ano South district are, distance, income and family size (number of children) while for Kumasi metropolis they are education, distance and marital status. Whereas it is clear that distance is a common problem facing women in both rural and urban areas in Ghana in the utilisation of health services, marital status and number of children have emerged as contrasting factors influencing utilisation of health services by women in rural and urban Ghana. Recommendations to improve utilisation include the location of maternal and child health services within easy reach in the rural areas, intensification of family planning education in the rural areas, the empowerment of women through access to formal education and vocational training for income generation activities and the full implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). A model of utilisation of health services by women in the rural and urban areas has emerged. 相似文献
12.
There is a clear need for integrated research on landslide disaster risk. Landslide disasters have major impacts in developing countries due to the increasing social vulnerability of both rural and urban communities. In recent decades, landslide disasters in Latin America triggered by both precipitation and earthquakes have also increased considerably. Thus, scientific contributions based on integrated risk research are quite urgent for improving the knowledge base for reducing the vulnerability of exposed communities to landslides. Thus, there is a parallel necessity to promote capacity building for young scientists in Latin America by considering the shift of disaster paradigm to recognize the “unnaturalness” of disasters. Under such a framework, there are particular goals to be pursued including: (1) Development of landslide regional networks with a commitment for understanding risk as a socially constructed process; (2) Engagement of young scientists in integrated landslide risk research; (3) Inducing a scientific multi- and transdisciplinary approach for integrated landslide risk research; (4) Development and implementation of capacity building; (5) Contributing to the dissemination and application of common methodologies on landslide disasters investigations; and (6) Strengthening collaboration on integrated landslide disaster risk research in Latin America. In this paper, we present one of the main activities of the ICL Latin-American network in terms of capacity building carried out in 2013; to that end, the first international workshop on forensic investigations of disasters associated with landslides was held in the University of Sciences and Arts of Chiapas in the city of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico, from June 26th to July 4th, 2013. 相似文献
13.
Neighborhood environments are related to parenting behaviors, which in turn have a life-long effect on children’s health and well-being. Activity spaces, which measure individual routine patterns of movement, may be helpful in assessing how physical and social environments shape parenting. In this study we use qualitative data and GIS mapping from four California cities to examine parental activity spaces. Parents described a number of factors that shape their activity spaces including caregiving status, the age of their children, and income. Parental activity spaces also varied between times (weekends vs. weekdays) and places (adult-only vs. child-specific places). Knowing how to best capture and study parental activity spaces could identify mechanisms by which environmental factors influence parenting behaviors and child health. 相似文献
14.
China is preparing to develop and implement an emissions trading system in its 13th five-year plan. Allowance allocation is one of the key issues to settle during the establishment of this system. This study applies the China Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis model to assess how the allowances should be allocated. Simulation results show that, while impacts on China’s economic development vary according to how allowances are allocated, the negative impacts cannot be mitigated completely, which are between −0.5 and −0.1 % when 5 % of carbon emissions are reduced. In terms of the impacts on the macroeconomy, sectoral output, and capital revenue, results suggest that auctioning the allowances and recycling the revenue to reduce the indirect tax will perform best in alleviating the negative impacts. Meanwhile, impacts of carbon mitigation on international competitiveness can be reduced most in the approach where only key energy- and trade-intensive sectors are able to receive free allowances. However, if citizens’ welfare and quality of life is prioritized, auctioning the allowance and transferring the revenue to households in proportion to their occupation will be the most effective approach; in this case, the negative impacts on rural households’ disposable incomes and welfare will be reduced, and the income gap between rural and urban households will be narrowed.
相似文献15.
《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2008,340(9-10):689-699
Over the last three decades, under pressure of concern about global change, studies about possible futures of social and ecological systems have rapidly developed. Some of them have reached an impressive level of ambition and impact on policy debates. However, only a limited number of research fields have yet embarked on such studies, whereas many more should become involved. Development of such research is also limited by the fact that it is still considered almost exclusively as a matter of collective assessment, at the interface between academia and policy making, rather as the fundamental scientific endeavour it is really. To push further, a number of stumbling blocks have still to be overcome until the conjectural nature of any research about future events and processes is fully accepted and scientists widen their repertoire of approaches for the study of possible futures. Such a study is necessary to prepare both for long-term transformations of the environment and for extreme events: beyond some significant differences, both domains share the fundamental traits that make the study of futures such a peculiar and challenging endeavour. In this effort, the resources provided by the futures studies field could be more thoroughly mobilized. 相似文献
16.
David J. Delene 《Earth Science Informatics》2011,4(1):29-44
The practice of conducting quality control and quality assurance in the construction of data sets is often an overlooked and
underestimated task of many research projects in the Earth Sciences. The development of software to effectively process and
quickly analyze measurements is a critical aspect of a research project. An evolutionary approach has been used at the University
of North Dakota to develop and implement software to process and analyze airborne measurements. Development over the past
eight years has resulted in a collection of software named the Airborne Data Processing and Analysis (ADPAA) package which
has been published as an open source project on Source Forge. The ADPAA package is intended to fully automate data processing
while incorporating the concept of missing value codes and levels of data processing. At each data level, ADPAA utilizes a
standard ASCII file format to store measurements from individual instruments into separate files. After all data levels have
been processed, a summary file containing parameters of scientific interest for the field project is created for each aircraft
flight. All project information is organized into a standard directory structure. ADPAA contains several tools that facilitate
quality control procedures conducted on instruments during field projects and laboratory testing. Each quality control procedure
is designed to ensure proper instrument performance and hence the validity of the instrument’s measurement. Data processing
by ADPAA allows edit files to be created that are automatically used to insert missing value codes into a time period that
had instrument problems. The creation of edit files is typically done after the completion of a field project when scientists
are performing quality assurance of the data set. Since data processing is automatic, preliminary data can be created and
analyzed within hours of an aircraft flight and a complete field project data set can be reprocessed many times during the
quality assurance process. Once a final data set has been created, ADPAA provides several tools for visualization and analysis.
In addition to aircraft data, ADPAA can be used on any data set that is based on time series measurements. The concepts illustrated
by ADPAA and components of ADPAA, such as the Cplot visualization tool, are applicable to areas of Earth Science that work
with time series measurements. 相似文献
17.
中国科学界现在采用的研究方法是证实的方法,归纳的方法。波普尔强烈批评了证实的方法,指出证实不可能达到全称理论。哲学的本质是批判的,科学的本质也是批判的,因此,波普尔坚持科学研究的方法是证伪而不是证实。证伪的方法不仅是正确的科学研究的方法,还能够大幅度提高科学研究的速度与进度。因为,采用证伪的方法,只要抓住关键的证据,切中要害,就可以一剑封喉,一锤定音。科学在本质上是进步的,科学是向前发展的。美国哲学家库恩指出,并不是所有的科学研究统统是向着真理方向前进的。有些科学家在兢兢业业地研究,可是,他们的研究却不一定是在为真理添砖加瓦。科学是探索未知,追求真理,如果研究的方向与真理背道而驰,则越研究离真理越远。文中讨论了中国学术界关注度较高的几个问题,如大陆深俯冲、岩石圈减薄、北方造山带、板块构造启动时间,还有笔者研究过的双沟蛇绿岩等,指出研究中存在的问题。当务之急是改弦易辙,采用证伪的方法,加快科学研究的进程。这样,中国科学才能独立于世界科学之林。 相似文献
18.
Lewis Abedi Asante Emmanuel Kofi Gavu Dennis Papa Odenyi Quansah Derek Osei Tutu 《GeoJournal》2018,83(6):1223-1237
This study examines the experiences of low and middle income earners in urban Ghana in combining renting and self-building a house with their meagre income. Using a case study of 3 building sites in Accra, this study employs semi-structured interview guide to gather qualitative data from fifty respondents. The conclusion of this study is that improving housing career amidst other competing responsibilities in the life course pathways imposes stress and huge financial burden on households in a manner that they are compelled to forgo or cut down on non-housing consumption such as clothing, up-keep of in-laws, marriage, higher educational qualification and cars among others. This study recommends a revisit of the discussion on the enforcement of the provisions of the Rent Act, 1963 and consideration of the practice of rent deposit and monthly rent. Affordable housing finance options should be a priority of African governments and their development partners. 相似文献
19.
Development of the ideas about the equilibrium between freshwater and saline water has received considerable attention in the literature, but little has been written so far about the earliest scientific works about well salinization. Based on a review of the literature from the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, this historical note explores how insights into groundwater abstraction and saltwater intrusion developed, and examples of the earliest field studies are provided. Fundamental research was driven by the need for increasing water supply, but the progress of science did not lead to sustainable management practices everywhere. Research outcomes were shared between scientists of different countries, marking the beginning of coastal hydrogeology as a scientific specialization in the first decade of the 20th century. 相似文献
20.
This study focuses on the development of a system with a spatial database and a webGIS able to store, validate and display the data to assist the decision makers in managing early warning systems for river embankment failure. In order to obtain precise results, it is essential to have a tool with ability of managing a large number of data for checking their reliability and for locating them in the space. In this paper, special emphasis was given in the development of procedures to assess the reliability of the measures. For this purpose, the database includes all the information needed to describe the instrument performance, such as the sand pack size and casing diameter of open-standpipe piezometers for evaluating their time lag, and the calibration curves of transducers with the possibility of their updating. The position of the non-functioning instruments is identified through the analysis of the electrical signal and spatial displays, while the analyses of the redundancy and coherence of measures is used for detecting doubtful data. Database and webGIS were applied to the monitoring data of an embankment of the Adige River in Northern Italy. The database and webGIS system has proved to be a suitable and effective tool for the management and validation of real-time data and periodical field measurements. 相似文献