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1.
粒度是反映沉积动力特征的重要参数,红树林湿地沉积物在输送和沉积过程中记录了丰富的沉积环境信息。为探讨湛江湾红树林湿地沉积物粒度垂向特征及沉积动力过程,加强对湿地生态保护,通过运用图解法、对比研究法分析湛江湾南海堤(NHD)、东头山岛(DTSD)、湖光镇(HGZ)和观海长廊(GHCL)4个站位红树林湿地沉积柱粒度参数特征、频率分布曲线以及沉积速率,揭示近百年来湛江湾的沉积动力演变。结果表明:(1)NHD和DTSD沉积柱的210Pbex比活度都呈现较好的指数衰变趋势,且沉积速率逐年增加。近百年来,NHD和DTSD平均沉积速率分别为1.277 cm/a和1.034 cm/a,但在2011年之后DTSD的速率远超过NHD。(2)各沉积柱粒度特征存在明显差异。NHD沉积柱粒径均值为3.42ϕ,以砂为主(67.23%),为粉砂质砂;DTSD粒径均值为5.71ϕ,分选系数2.21,组分以粉砂为主(55.13%),为砂质粉砂;HGZ沉积柱粒径均值为5.49ϕ,沉积物类型为砂质粉砂;GHCL粒径均值为4.18ϕ,砂为主要组分(55.85%)。(3)各沉积柱4个层位的粒度频率分布曲线呈现多峰态特征,沉积过程掺杂了多种沉积介质的作用。NHD和GHCL粒级集中在砂质颗粒端,指示较强的沉积动力;DTSD和HGZ粉砂粒级突出,沉积动力较弱。(4)沉积物粒度特征与所在陆源或岛屿、径流来沙有关;沉积过程深受潮流动力、红树林的分布及人类活动的影响。近年来湛江湾沉积速率的加快可能会对航道产生影响,应加强对湾内湿地生态环境的重视。 相似文献
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汾渭盆地在上新世至早更新世发育巨型内流湖泊——三门古湖。三门组是三门古湖内沉积的一套河湖相地层,同时是中国北方重要的新生代陆相地层单位。三门组沉积结束是指示黄河贯通的重要标志之一,但对三门组命名地三门峡盆地黄底沟剖面的研究显示,其岩性特征及地层时代与汾渭盆地内其他次级盆地的三门组明显不同,这不利于三门组的划分和对比,也导致了学术界对黄河贯通三门峡时代的争议。最近,我们对三门峡盆地东部平陆县张村镇后沟村出露的三门组做了详细的沉积特征和磁性地层研究,结果表明:(1)三门峡盆地三门组的地层特征和时代(2.7—1.6 Ma)与汾渭盆地内其他次级盆地基本一致,指示黄河袭夺三门古湖的时间大约为1.6 Ma,与其他证据揭示的黄河贯通三门峡的时间一致;(2)之前作为三门组命名剖面的黄底沟剖面可能因黄河的侵蚀而缺失了三门组,修订后的磁性地层年代框架指示该剖面可能保存了上新统游河组和上中新统灞河组。三门组在三门峡盆地多个剖面均有出露,本文建议将地层连续、界线清晰、出露最佳、有详细古地磁定年且交通便利的后沟剖面作为三门组的标准剖面。 相似文献
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三门组的内涵及其意义 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
黄河三门峡水库北岸的山西省平陆县黄底沟剖面 ,较完整地保存着古三门湖湖相沉积记录。经磁性地层研究结果表明 ,古三门湖沉积起始于吉尔伯特负极性时中期 ,大约在 5MaB .P .;结束于布容正极性时晚期 ,结合热释光年龄 ,大约在 1 5 0kaB .P .。鉴于这套地层均属古三门湖沉积地层 ,按照岩石地层学的命名原则 ,依然称之为三门组 ,并根据岩性特征自上而下划分为三段 :上段以砂层为主 ;中段以粘土层为主 ;下段为底砾石层。黄底沟剖面是已知的记录古三门湖发育起始时间最早、结束年代最晚的地层剖面 相似文献
5.
湖北梁子湖沉积物正构烷烃与多环芳烃对环境变迁的记录 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
对梁子湖沉积柱91～345 cm段中正构烷烃和17种多环芳烃含量进行了分析,发现在整个沉积柱中,长碳链正构烷烃的比例和17种多环芳烃含量的变化具有良好的一致性,二者都是从181～194 em(14C定年显示其对应的沉积年代为我国历史上的春秋战国时期)开始突然增高,指示了陆源有机质输入的剧增.认为这种变化正是春秋战同时期我国自然环境条件的改变以及由此引起的人类活动的增加在湖泊沉积记录中的反映. 相似文献
6.
《地质科技情报》2021,40(2)
关中盆地巨厚的新生代沉积为研究区域构造、沉积环境演变与古气候变化研究提供了良好的地质记录,但目前对新生界地层划分和第四纪下限问题仍存在争论。基于钻孔和剖面资料,结合古地磁和生物地层,对关中盆地新生界地层进行了梳理和修订,就第四纪下限和新生界地层划分与对比问题进行了探讨。岩性地层、磁性地层、生物地层证据以及气候变化特征等都支持将第四纪下限定在传统三门组的黄三门与绿三门的交界处或风成黄土与红黏土的界线之处,即松山负极性向高斯正极性转换处(M/G),古地磁年龄为2.6 Ma。基于关中盆地钻孔和剖面的古地磁数据及前人资料,划分了新生界地层,重新厘定了各沉积地层的沉积年代,将新近纪和第四纪沉积分为风成相和河湖相两套同期异相沉积地层序列,风成红黏土的年代延伸到中中新世,建议将中新世的风成堆积命名为段家坡组。这对关中盆地沉积环境形成演化与古气候变化研究、盆地资源开发以及地质工程建设具有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
为了揭示末次冰消期以来北部湾东部沉积环境的整体变化,深入认识环流对北部湾沉积的控制作用,对位于北部湾东部的15只柱样进行了粒度、碳酸盐含量和C/N分析,并测定了其中11只柱样的AMS14 C年代.结果表明,在末次冰消期随海平面上升,北部湾沉积环境由陆向海转变,沉积物碳酸盐含量总体递增,而C/N值则递减,其间伴随发生于全新世早期的碳酸盐低值事件,在北部湾深水区的柱样中也有记录.全新世中期海平面基本稳定以后,稳定的C/N数值表示有机质来源趋于稳定,而碳酸盐含量受钙质生物生产力不同(南高北低)和陆源输入的区域性差异影响出现不同变化.与C/N分析结合,碳酸盐含量曲线可用于地层划分与对比.北部湾环流可能形成于7ka BP左右,影响了沉积物的输运与沉积.全新世中晚期沉积厚度存在区域差异,海南岛西侧大于2.0m,湾顶多介于0.8~2.0m,而涠洲岛西南海域厚度相对最小,可能与湾北物质难以向南输运,而湾南物质主要在琼州海峡西口外卸载有关. 相似文献
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对广西钦州湾海岸滩涂的4个钻孔的沉积物进行孢粉分析,结合 210Pb法测得沉积速率,讨论了该地区大约150年来的沉积环境演变规律.钦州湾地区具有19世纪中-末叶较现在偏凉的区域性气候; 20世纪初期西海岸沉积物中红树林花粉Rhizophora和Aegiceras锐减,反映出红树林滩衰退的特征; 60年代和70年代,钦州湾西海岸线明显向内陆迁移,高潮滩环境向低潮滩演化; 而80年代始,东海岸线由于钦江流域来沙的迅速堆积,沉积速率较高,岸线向海推移明显,沉积物中木本植物花粉和禾本科均有所增加,这和围垦修堤的人类活动加速了低潮滩向高潮滩演化有关.钦州湾总体表现出西向扩张,东向缩减的趋势. 相似文献
11.
Hans W. Paerl 《Estuaries and Coasts》2009,32(4):593-601
Expanding human activities along the freshwater to marine continuum of coastal watersheds increasingly impact nutrient inputs,
nutrient limitation of primary production, and efforts to reduce nutrient over-enrichment and eutrophication. Historically,
phosphorus (P) has been the priority nutrient controlling upstream freshwater productivity, whereas nitrogen (N) limitation
has characterized coastal waters. However, changing anthropogenic activities have caused imbalances in N and P loading, making
it difficult to control eutrophication by reducing only one nutrient. Furthermore, upstream nutrient reduction controls can
impact downstream nutrient limitation characteristics. Recently, it was suggested that only reducing P will effectively control
eutrophication in both freshwater and coastal ecosystems. However, controls on production and nutrient cycling in estuarine
and coastal systems are physically and chemically distinct from those in freshwater counterparts, and upstream nutrient management
actions (exclusive P controls) have exacerbated N-limited downstream eutrophication. Controls on both nutrients are needed
for long-term management of eutrophication along the continuum. 相似文献
12.
Individual scientists, scientific organizations, and government agencies have all concluded that eutrophication is among the
most detrimental of all human activities in coastal ecosystems; very large amounts of funding have been earmarked to study
the negative consequences of nutrient pollution. Most studies of eutrophication have been conducted long after the numbers
and diversity of larger marine consumers were dramatically reduced by centuries of intense harvesting. It is now understood
that these once abundant predators played pivotal roles in regulating ecosystem structure and function, and that the widespread
overharvesting of large consumers can trigger indirect effects that alter species compositions in ways that are very similar
to those reported to result from eutrophication. All of this suggests that we should reevaluate whether the many negative
effects attributed to eutrophication are actually a result of nutrient additions or whether they may be the result of the
indirect effects of dramatically altered coastal food webs. In this essay, we review experimental assessments of the degree
to which changes in consumer abundances have indirectly altered the structure of benthic ecosystems in coastal waters, and
on the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up effects on coral reefs, rocky shores, and seagrass meadows. We find that
the evidence clearly indicates that indirect consumer effects are the primary drivers of coastal benthic ecosystem structure
and function. 相似文献
13.
Trophic Assessment in Chinese coastal systems-review of methods and application to the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Yongjin Xiao João G. Ferreira Suzanne B. Bricker João P. Nunes Mingyuan Zhu Xuelei Zhang 《Estuaries and Coasts》2007,30(6):901-918
Coastal eutrophication has become one of the main threats to Chinese coastal areas during the last two decades. High nutrient
loads from human activities have modified the natural background water quality in coastal water bodies, resulting in a range
of undesirable effects. There is a need to assess the eutrophic level in coastal systems and to identify the extent of this
impact to guide development of appropriate management efforts. Traditional Chinese assessment methods are discussed and compared
with other currently-used methods, such as the Oslo-Paris Convention for the Protection of the North Sea (OSPAR) Comprehensive
Procedure and Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS). The ASSETS method and two Chinese methods were tested on two
Chinese systems: the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay. ASSETS is process based, and uses a pressure-state-response
model based on three main indices: Influencing Factors, Overall Eutrophic Condition, and Future Outlook. The traditional methods
are based on a nutrient index. ASSETS was successfully applied to both systems, classifying the Changjiang Estuary as Bad
(high eutrophication) and Jiaozhou Bay as High (low eutrophication). The traditional methods led to ambiguous results, particularly
for Jiaozhou Bay, due to the high spatial variability of data and a failure to assess the role of shellfish aquaculture in
nutrient control. An overview of the Chinese coastal zone identifies 50 estuaries and bays that should form part of a national
assessment. A comparison of methods and results suggests that ASSETS is a promising tool for evaluating the eutrophication
status of these systems. 相似文献
14.
Evolving Paradigms and Challenges in Estuarine and Coastal Eutrophication Dynamics in a Culturally and Climatically Stressed World 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hans W. Paerl Nathan S. Hall Benjamin L. Peierls Karen L. Rossignol 《Estuaries and Coasts》2014,37(2):243-258
Coastal watersheds support more than one half of the world’s human population and are experiencing unprecedented urban, agricultural, and industrial expansion. The freshwater–marine continua draining these watersheds are impacted increasingly by nutrient inputs and resultant eutrophication, including symptomatic harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, finfish and shellfish kills, and loss of higher plant and animal habitat. In addressing nutrient input reductions to stem and reverse eutrophication, phosphorus (P) has received priority traditionally in upstream freshwater regions, while controlling nitrogen (N) inputs has been the focus of management strategies in estuarine and coastal waters. However, freshwater, brackish, and full-salinity components of this continuum are connected structurally and functionally. Intensification of human activities has caused imbalances in N and P loading, altering nutrient limitation characteristics and complicating successful eutrophication control along the continuum. Several recent examples indicate the need for dual N and P input constraints as the only nutrient management option effective for long-term eutrophication control. Climatic changes increase variability in freshwater discharge with more severe storms and intense droughts and interact closely with nutrient inputs to modulate the magnitude and relative proportions of N and P loading. The effects of these interactions on phytoplankton production and composition were examined in two neighboring North Carolina lagoonal estuaries, the New River and Neuse River Estuaries, which are experiencing concurrent eutrophication and climatically driven hydrologic variability. Efforts aimed at stemming estuarine and coastal eutrophication in these and other similarly impacted estuarine systems should focus on establishing N and P input thresholds that take into account effects of hydrologic variability, so that eutrophication and harmful algal blooms can be controlled over a range of current and predicted climate change scenarios. 相似文献
15.
湖北梁子湖近代沉积记录对人类活动的响应 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为了研究人类活动背景下的湖泊生态响应过程和机制, 分析人类活动对湖泊富营养化的贡献, 在210Pb计年和历史事件记载基础上, 通过梁子湖沉积物水生生物遗存和色素分析重建了梁子湖地区过去100多年来湖泊生态系统演化过程.沉积物色素和水生生物遗存组合带的变化表明梁子湖营养演化具有5个阶段: 过去100多年梁子湖地区经历了生态环境良好的贫营养化期(1885-1902A.D.)、轻度富营养化期(1902-1964A.D.)、中度富营养化期(1964-1988A.D.)、富营养化期(1988-1998A.D.)、中度富营养化期(1998-2003A.D.).水生生物遗存随着湖泊富营养化的发生而呈现一定的分布特征, 对富营养化敏感的奥古茨藻、荇菜、角果藻、纹沼螺、表壳虫等逐步减少.通过湖泊演化阶段与区域人类活动重大阶段的联合对比研究发现随着人类活动的增强及对湖泊生态的持续干扰, 湖泊生态演化呈现明显的阶段性, 湖泊富营养化的发生与流域强烈的人类活动如围垦与农业活动带来的营养物质输入有着直接联系, 湖泊生态环境演化对重大人类活动事件具有响应性.本研究对于认识湖泊生态环境演化与人类活动的关系、整治湖泊环境具有重要的指导意义. 相似文献
16.
Carlos M. Duarte Daniel J. Conley Jacob Carstensen María Sánchez-Camacho 《Estuaries and Coasts》2009,32(1):29-36
The implicit assumption of many scientific and regulatory frameworks that ecosystems impacted by human pressures may be reverted
to their original condition by suppressing the pressure was tested using coastal eutrophication. The response to nutrient
abatement of four thoroughly studied coastal ecosystems that received increased nutrient inputs between the 1970s and the
1980s showed that the trajectories of these ecosystems were not directly reversible. All four ecosystems displayed convoluted
trajectories that failed to return to the reference status upon nutrient reduction. This failure is proposed to result from
the broad changes in environmental conditions, all affecting ecosystem dynamics, that occurred over the 30 years spanning
from the onset of eutrophication to the reduction of nutrient levels. Understanding ecosystem response to multiple shifting
baselines is essential to set reliable targets for restoration efforts. 相似文献
17.
Paul F. Toner 《Environmental Geology》1986,9(1):3-10
The inland freshwaters of Ireland are generally of good quality, a condition at least partly attributable to the relatively
small population and industrial base, which are mainly located in coastal areas. The wastes generated by agricultural activities
greatly exceed those resulting from domestic and industrial activities. However, the bulk of these agricultural wastes are
attributable to grazing livestock and are not likely to lead to pollution of waters. The disposal of manure slurries from
intensive rearing operations and silage making are the main agricultural operations which have been implicated in pollution
incidents, e.g., fish kills and lake eutrophication. Contamination of surface waters with nitrate and pesticides is not a
significant problem at this stage, which reflects the relatively low usage of artificial fertilizers and biocides in Ireland.
It is suggested that, in the long term, the main effect of agriculture on Irish surface waters will be eutrophication. 相似文献
18.
Challenges and opportunities for science in reducing nutrient over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Donald F. Boesch 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(4):886-900
Nutrient over-enrichment has resulted in major changes in the coastal ecosystems of developed nations in Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania, mostly taking place over the narrow period of 1960 to 1980. Many estuaries and embayments are affected, but the effects of this eutrophication have been also felt over large areas of semi-enclosed seas including the Baltic, North, Adriatic, and Black Seas in Europe, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Seto Inland Sea in Japan. Primary production increased, water clarity decreased, food chains were altered, oxygen depletion of bottom waters developed or expanded, seagrass beds were lost, and harmful algal blooms occurred with increased frequency. This period of dramatic alteration of coastal ecosystems, mostly for the worse from a human perspective, coincided with the more than doubling of additions of fixed nitrogen to the biosphere from human activities, driven particularly by a more than 5-fold increase in use of manufactured fertilizers during that 20-year period. Nutrient over-enrichment often interacted synergistically with other human activities, such as overfishing, habitat destruction, and other forms of chemical pollution, in contributing to the widespread degradation of coastal ecosystems that was observed during the last half of the 20th century. Science was effective in documenting the consequences and root causes of nutrient over-enrichment and has provided the basis for extensive efforts to abate it, ranging from national statutes and regulations to multijurisdictional compacts under the Helsinki Commission for the Baltic Sea, the Oslo-Paris Commission for the North Sea, and the Chesapeake Bay Program, for example. These efforts have usually been based on a relatively arbitrary goal of reducing nutrient inputs by a certain percentage, without much understanding of how and when this would affect the coastal ecosystem. While some of these efforts have succeeded in achieving reductions of inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen, principally through treatment of point-source discharges, relatively little progress has been made in reducing diffuse sources of nitrogen. Second-generation management goals tend to be based on desired outcomes for the coastal ecosystem and determination of the load reductions needed to attain them, for example the Total Daily Maximum Load approach in the U.S. and the Water Franmework Directive in the European Union. Science and technology are now challenged not just to diagnose the degree of eutrophication and its causes, but to contribute to its prognosis and treatment by determining the relative susceptibility of coastal ecosystems to nutrient over-enrichment, defining desirable and achievable outcomes for rehabilitation efforts, reducing nutrient sources, enhancing nutrient sinks, strategically targeting these efforts within watersheds, and predicting and observing responses in an adaptive management framework. 相似文献
19.
Diann J. Prosser Thomas E. Jordan Jessica L. Nagel Rochelle D. Seitz Donald E. Weller Dennis F. Whigham 《Estuaries and Coasts》2018,41(1):2-18
The nearshore land-water interface is an important ecological zone that faces anthropogenic pressure from development in coastal regions throughout the world. Coastal waters and estuaries like Chesapeake Bay receive and process land discharges loaded with anthropogenic nutrients and other pollutants that cause eutrophication, hypoxia, and other damage to shallow-water ecosystems. In addition, shorelines are increasingly armored with bulkhead (seawall), riprap, and other structures to protect human infrastructure against the threats of sea-level rise, storm surge, and erosion. Armoring can further influence estuarine and nearshore marine ecosystem functions by degrading water quality, spreading invasive species, and destroying ecologically valuable habitat. These detrimental effects on ecosystem function have ramifications for ecologically and economically important flora and fauna. This special issue of Estuaries and Coasts explores the interacting effects of coastal land use and shoreline armoring on estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. The majority of papers focus on the Chesapeake Bay region, USA, where 50 major tributaries and an extensive watershed (~ 167,000 km2), provide an ideal model to examine the impacts of human activities at scales ranging from the local shoreline to the entire watershed. The papers consider the influence of watershed land use and natural versus armored shorelines on ecosystem properties and processes as well as on key natural resources. 相似文献
20.
Increasing eutrophication and seasonal anoxia in bottom water in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters has progressed in recent decades, caused by elevated anthropogenic N and P input. Sedimentary biogenic elements were investigated to determine whether the biogenic proxies could be used in paleoenvironmental studies in an energetic estuary, as well as to reconstruct the histories of environmental changes in the East China Sea (ECS). Two 210Pb-dated cores from the coastal and offshore waters were analyzed for organic C (TOC) and its stable isotope (δ13C), total N (TN), biogenic Si (BSi), total P (TP) and P species. In coastal sediment, the variations of P species, especially Fe-P, Al-P and detrital apatite P (Det-P), reflected the dry–wet oscillations in the Changjiang River for the past century, which has influenced the sediment grain size and terrestrial material input. Much lower BSi content (0.756%) at 16–22 cm likely recorded the pronounced decrease in silicate flux in the Changjiang River and its lower flow in the late 1980s. In offshore sediment, higher concentrations of TOC, TN, BSi, Ex-P, Fe-P and Lea-OP indicated higher primary productivity in response to the strong winter monsoons during the 1960s–1980s, and their 20-a fluctuations were in agreement with the decadal variations of the winter monsoon. Low contents and little variations of Al-P and Det-P indicated the slight influence of the terrestrial sediment input in offshore waters. The influence of human activities on the environment in recent decades has also been recorded in coastal sediment. Grain-size normalized concentrations of TOC, TN, TP, Ex-P, Fe-P and Lea-OP increased by 24%, 23%, 15%, 13% and 51% in the upper 16 cm of coastal sediment, indicating elevated P and N load and primary productivity since the 1990s. Elevated TN/TP ratios and decreased BSi/TOC recorded the changed nutrient structure and the decrease in the proportion of the diatom to phytoplankton community. However, the sediment record indicated that the eutrophication might actually have started from the end of the 20th century rather than the reported middle of 20th century. In contrast, biogenic elements in offshore sediment did not reflect disturbance by human activities. This study revealed that multi-nutrient proxies in sediment in the ECS could indicate natural environmental changes including runoff and the winter monsoon over the past century, as well as the influence of human activities in recent decades. Phosphorus species with distinct origins and biogeochemical behaviors could effectively reflect different aspects of past environmental conditions. 相似文献