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1.
长江中下游是中国东部中生代大规模成矿的重要地区之一,是我国东部一个重要的Cu-Fe-Au-Mo多金属成矿区带。本文以鄂东南地区铁山岩体和金山店岩体为研究对像,利用原位LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和锆石Hf同位素分析方法,探讨该地区岩体成因以及岩浆作用与成矿作用。铁山石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为138.9±0.96Ma(样品jls1-110)、138.2±0.94Ma(样品jls3)、131.0±1.2Ma(样品jls4)和118.9±1.2Ma(样品jls5),金山店石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为128.6±0.88Ma(样品jsd),为早白垩世、燕山晚期。铁山岩体石英闪长岩εHf(0)为负值,εHf(t)为负值(-17.3707~-8.31555),一阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM1)平均为1.33Ga,二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)平均为2.03Ga;金山店岩体石英闪长岩εHf(0)为负值,εHf(t)为负值(-7.81135~-3.45982),一阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM1)平均为1.03Ga,二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)平均为1.56Ga。铁山和金山店石英闪长岩样品中锆石Hf同位素组成特征显示该地区为岩体形成时有壳源物质参加的这一可能性,为长江中下游壳源岩浆提供补充。在结合已有的岩石学、地球化学以及矿床同位素年龄资料基础上,可以推断出鄂东南地区早白垩世矽卡岩型铁矿床形成于岩石圈伸展-减薄环境。  相似文献   

2.
西藏早侏罗世聂荣岩体中偏基性包体与酸性寄主岩的岩浆源区性质和岩石成因以及相互关系尚未得到很好约束,直接限制了对聂荣微陆块在早侏罗世特提斯构造岩浆演化中的作用的认识。为探讨这一问题,本文对采自聂荣地区的一对花岗岩及其闪长岩包体样品进行了锆石U-Pb定年和原位Hf同位素分析。寄主花岗岩的结晶年龄为185.1±1.5Ma,闪长岩包体的结晶年龄为183.6±1.1Ma,指示酸性岩浆和基性岩浆同时侵位。寄主花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)值介于-17.8~-0.9,其Hf同位素地壳模式年龄变化于1.3~2.4Ga,闪长岩包体的锆石εHf(t)值和Hf同位素地壳模式年龄值分别分布于-11.9~-2.9和1.4~2.0Ga,均表现出很大的变化范围。同时于~185Ma结晶的两种岩浆锆石Hf同位素的不均一性和继承锆石的出现,指示了聂荣微陆块早侏罗世中期发生了古老基底深熔或重熔的熔体和富集岩石圈地幔来源的岩浆间的混合,之后再与围岩混染的岩浆作用过程。  相似文献   

3.
旌德复式岩体位于安徽南部,主体相花岗闪长岩中发育暗色包体。本文对花岗闪长岩与暗色包体进行了岩相学观察、全岩主微量元素分析、锆石U-Pb定年与Hf同位素测试。岩相学观察发现暗色包体为典型岩浆岩结构,且发育针状磷灰石。主量元素分析数据表明花岗闪长岩的SiO2含量为66.04%~67.80%;暗色包体的SiO2含量为54.63%~54.77%,为二长闪长岩。花岗闪长岩的Mg#=38~40;暗色包体的Mg#=44~45。微量元素分析数据表明花岗闪长岩与暗色包体的REE球粒陨石标准化图呈右倾型,Eu负异常;大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素亏损。锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素研究表明,花岗闪长岩与暗色包体的年龄分别为139.7±1.3Ma和142.3±1.7Ma,在误差范围内一致。花岗闪长岩锆石的εHf(t)为-2.5~0.4,地壳模式年龄(tDMC)为1170~1350Ma;暗色包体锆石的εHf(t)为-5.2~1.8,地壳模式年龄(tDMC)为1090~1530Ma。两者的tDMC峰值都在1.2~1.3Ga。这些数据表明花岗闪长岩中的暗色包体为同源岩浆混合成因,源区为年轻地壳,有可能为中新元古代古华南洋壳俯冲扬子板块形成的火山岛弧。旌德花岗闪长岩在Pearce et al.(1984)的构造判别图上落在岛弧花岗岩区。在Sr/Y-Y图解上落在经典岛弧岩浆岩区。花岗闪长岩的岩浆Zr饱和温度低(630~680℃),与锆石钛温度计(630~720℃)给出的结果基本一致。锆石的Ce(Ⅳ)/Ce(Ⅲ)高(240~530),指示岩浆具有高的氧逸度。旌德岩体的低温与高氧逸度特征说明岩体的源区物质受到过洋壳俯冲的影响。旌德岩体的成因可能与太平洋板块后撤诱发的地壳部分熔融有关。  相似文献   

4.
赣南早古生代晚期花岗岩类年代学、地球化学及岩石成因   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
本文研究了赣南会同岩体花岗岩类及其闪长质包体的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素以及全岩主量、微量元素地球化学。会同岩体花岗岩年龄为425.8±6.2Ma,花岗闪长岩包体为425.0±4.1Ma,侵入年龄约为425Ma,属于早古生代晚期的志留纪。岩体总体为过铝质到强过铝质(A/CNK=1.05~1.28)、高钾钙碱性系列岩石;花岗岩和包体的微量元素和稀土元素特征一致,均富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb,亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,Eu负异常明显。岩石属于S型花岗岩。花岗岩和包体εHf(t)均为负值,变化范围大(分别为-13.7~-3.3,-8.4~-3.2),Hf同位素地壳模式年龄较老(总体为1.6~2.3Ga)。结合前人资料,认为早古生代晚期赣南地区,在后碰撞伸展背景下,发生了大范围的成熟地壳的强烈再造和深熔作用,源于中、下地壳的熔体在约425Ma侵位形成中酸性岩浆,再向上侵位形成会同岩体。  相似文献   

5.
秦岭晚中生代花岗岩时空分布、成因演变及构造意义   总被引：34，自引：14，他引：20  
王晓霞  王涛  齐秋菊  李舢 《岩石学报》2011,27(6):1573-1593
秦岭晚中生代花岗岩主要发育于秦岭北部的华北地块南缘和北秦岭,南秦岭仅有零星出露。本文报道了3个晚中生代大岩体的年代学和其中2个岩体的地球化学和同位素数据,并系统收集了发表的相关资料,对秦岭晚中生代花岗岩进行了初步总结。华北地块南缘蓝田花岗岩的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为133±1Ma, εNd(t)=-11.8~-18.3, 锆石εHf(t)=-37.7~-5.7。 北秦岭构造带中牧护关花岗岩的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为 150±1Ma, εNd(t)=-7.6~-11.4, 锆石εHf(t)=-7.3~-17.4;蟒岭花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为149±2 Ma。 依据收集到的26个锆石U-Pb和3个黑云母Ar-Ar年代学资料, 秦岭晚中生代花岗岩浆的演化可分为2个阶段:第一阶段为160~130Ma(晚侏罗世-早白垩世), 以I-型花岗岩为主, 主要发育于华北地块南缘和北秦岭,在南秦岭仅零星分布;第二阶段为120~100Ma(早白垩世中晚期), 以I-A过渡型和A-型花岗岩为主,主要分布在华北地块南缘的东部和北秦岭,出露面积比第一阶段小。第一阶段(160~130Ma)花岗岩主要形成于古老地壳物质的部分熔融,并有年轻幔源组分的参与,形成于挤压向伸展转换的构造环境。第二阶段(120~100Ma)花岗岩的形成除了古老地壳物质的部分熔融外,有更多的年轻幔源组分加入,发育于陆内伸展环境。花岗岩的同位素特征显示,从华北地块南缘到南秦岭,底基物质中年轻组分有增加的趋势,花岗岩的物源受深部地壳物质组成特征的控制。  相似文献   

6.
钦杭成矿带不仅是扬子与华夏陆块的碰撞拼接带,而且也是华南地区独具特色的铜金和钨锡多金属成矿带。本文以鹦鹉岭钨钼多金属矿床含矿岩体-黑云母花岗岩为研究对象,首次开展了锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 同位素定年和Hf同位素特征研究。获得其锆石206Pb/238U同位素加权平均年龄为81.3±0.6Ma,其与已获得的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄83.0±1.7Ma在误差范围内基本一致,表明鹦鹉岭多金属矿床成岩成矿作用同时发生于晚白垩世,即中生代燕山晚期。该岩体的锆石εHf（t）值大多数为负值,少部分大于0,变化于-5.72~1.40,平均值为-2.09,表明其主要成岩物质来自于壳源。εHf（t）-t图解上,εHf（t）均落在球粒陨石演化线之下,呈弱亏损的特征,指示地壳部分熔融的岩浆可能有少量地幔物质的加入。两阶段模式年龄tDM2=1.06~1.51Ga,指示成岩物质主要来源于中元古代古老地壳岩石的部分熔融。结合已有的地球化学、岩石学和区内高精度成岩成矿年龄资料,表明鹦鹉岭钨多金属矿床形成于华南岩石圈伸展-减薄的环境下。  相似文献   

7.
冀北水泉沟岩体西段锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
李长民  邓晋福  苏尚国  刘翠  刘新秒 《岩石学报》2014,30(11):3301-3314
冀北水泉沟碱性正长杂岩体位于华北克拉通北缘中段,主要岩性为正长岩、石英正长岩、碱性正长岩、角闪正长岩、角闪二长岩和碱长花岗岩等.为了避开后期热液蚀变作用的影响,作者采集了远离东坪-后沟金矿田的水泉沟岩体西段无蚀变的角闪二长岩、角闪正长岩样品,并对这些代表性岩石进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和锆石Hf同位素研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄表明,角闪二长岩结晶年龄为372.7±2.5Ma,角闪正长岩结晶年龄为372.7±2.4Ma,二者年龄结果一致,表明水泉沟碱性杂岩体西段形成于晚泥盆世.角闪二长岩的锆石εHf(t)＝-12.4~-8.9,两阶段Hf模式年龄为1.93~2.16Ga,平均2.05Ga.角闪正长岩的锆石εHf(t)＝-13.2~-11.1,两阶段Hf模式年龄为2.07~2.21Ga,平均2.13Ga.考虑到两种岩石的模式年龄与华北基底变质岩的形成年龄相近,我们初步认为水泉沟碱性杂岩体西段角闪二长岩和角闪正长岩可能主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成的镁铁质岩浆与古老的中下地壳变质岩部分熔融形成的长英质岩浆混合的结果.野外地质和地球化学数据表明,水泉沟碱性杂岩体形成于晚造山阶段的张性构造环境.  相似文献   

8.
广山花岗杂岩体主体部分由中粒碱长花岗岩和侵入其内部的细粒碱长花岗岩组成,LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年显示其形成年龄分别为162.4±0.9Ma和156.3±0.7Ma,表明岩体为燕山期多期次岩浆活动产物。两期岩体为高钾钙碱性系列,A/CNK值为0.95~1.05,属准铝质-弱过铝质花岗岩类;稀土含量中等,强Eu亏损,呈略右倾的海鸥型稀土配分模式,均为A2型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素研究表明,εHf（t）变化范围主要集中在-4.35~0之间,均为负值,二阶段模式年龄tHf2（Ma）变化范围主要集中于1219~1478Ma,反映其源区物质来源于中元古代地壳物质。结合前人研究成果,本文认为华南燕山早期晚阶段A型花岗岩形成于由碰撞造山向板内（非造山）环境转换的后造山拉张阶段。  相似文献   

9.
西藏波密花岗岩体的年代学、地球化学特征及其意义   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
波密岩体位于西藏东南部,处于班公湖-怒江蛇绿混杂岩带与印度河-雅鲁藏布蛇绿混杂岩带之间,整体呈NW向延伸,面积约29km2。本文对波密花岗岩体进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学及同位素年代学研究。结果显示,波密岩体主要以黑云母石英闪长岩与黑云母花岗闪长岩为主,两个花岗闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为113.1±2.3Ma和113.4±2.1Ma。花岗岩类SiO2介于64.11%~66.63%,K2O+Na2O=6.36%~7.54%,全碱含量较高,属于高钾钙碱系列。稀土元素含量为114.9×10-6~182.8×10-6,分配曲线均呈右倾趋势。另外,A/CNK为0.80~0.95,波密岩体有高K,高Si,低P的特点,大离子亲石元素(Rb、K)富集,高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti)亏损,属于偏铝质I型花岗岩。2件样品37个测点的锆石εHf(t)值不均一,几乎全为负值(-13.72~-0.08),反映岩浆可能源于古老地壳;地壳模式年龄(tDMC)集中于891~2047Ma之间。综合分析波密岩体地球化学及锆石年龄数据,均与中冈底斯及弧背断隆带中早白垩世的岩体特征相似。因此本文推断波密岩体的成因为中冈底斯早白垩世带状岩浆大爆发事件在东部的延续。  相似文献   

10.
王汾连  赵太平  陈伟  王焰 《岩石学报》2013,29(10):3519-3532
攀西地区广泛发育Nb-Ta-Zr矿正长岩脉,它们在空间上与峨眉山大火成岩省的玄武岩、辉长岩及长英质岩体(正长岩和花岗岩)共生,但是否有成因联系并不清楚。本文对攀西地区炉库和白草两个Nb-Ta-Zr矿区中的正长岩体、无矿及含矿正长岩脉进行了锆石LA-ICPMS法U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素研究。研究表明,炉库矿区正长岩体和无矿正长岩脉锆石U-Pb年龄为255.6±2.0Ma和255.6±1.5Ma,含矿正长岩脉为256.7±4.4Ma;白草矿区正长岩体和含矿正长岩脉形成时间为257.9±2.3Ma和257.8±1.3Ma。这些年龄结果均显示攀西地区Nb-Ta-Zr矿化的形成时代与正长岩体一致,说明Nb-Ta-Zr矿化的形成与峨眉山大火成岩省紧密相关,为地幔柱成矿系统的一部分。两个矿区含矿正长岩脉的锆石εHf(t)值分别为+0.1~+9.5(多数集中于+2~+6,炉库矿区)和-0.2~+7.7(白草矿区),与正长岩体相似(炉库矿区为+1.0~+6.6,白草矿区为+2.1~+6.2),说明含矿岩脉与正长岩体有紧密成因联系。结合锆石年龄和Hf同位素研究初步认为,正长岩体和正长岩脉是峨眉山地幔柱岩浆底侵到下地壳底部的基性岩再次部分熔融的结果。  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
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15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

16.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

18.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.  相似文献   

19.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

20.
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians  相似文献   

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