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1.
西天山伊犁地块北缘桦木沟高分异I型花岗岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
古生代晚期天山造山带经历了洋壳消减及地块拼合的过程,西天山伊犁地块周缘拼合带的花岗岩岩浆记录可以为俯冲造山作用时限提供有效的约束。岩石地球化学和年代学分析显示,位于伊犁地块北缘的桦木沟花岗岩体高硅,富碱,贫铁,富集HFSE,具强烈铕负异常,亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,富集Cs、Rb、U、K,与高分异I型花岗岩地球化学特征一致;Pb同位素指示花岗岩源区为造山带下地壳;LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,该岩体结晶年龄为(330.2±5.7)Ma,说明桦木沟岩体产于汇聚大陆边缘,天山北部洋壳在早石炭世晚期仍在向南俯冲,准噶尔地块与伊犁地块还未碰撞拼合,天山地区可能正处于俯冲消减阶段。 相似文献
2.
新疆中天山乔霍特铜矿区I型花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
新疆中天山乔霍特铜矿位于中天山南缘,毗邻南天山缝合带。矿区南侧出露有1个花岗闪长岩岩体,该岩体与包裹于赋矿火山岩中的钾长花岗岩均属钙碱性弱过铝质I型花岗岩,具有相似的地球化学特征,富集LILE、亏损HFSE,具显著的Eu、Ta、Nb、Ti负异常,其形成可能与南天山洋的北向俯冲密切相关。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得花岗闪长岩年龄为450.4±1.1Ma,钾长花岗岩年龄为430.8±4.1Ma,指示晚奥陶世时期,乔霍特地区存在南天山洋向中天山复合弧地体之下的俯冲;早志留世晚期,俯冲作用依然持续,此时,天山地区岩浆活动强烈。乔霍特铜矿赋矿火山岩的形成时代晚于431Ma,矿区南侧出露的花岗闪长岩早于赋矿火山岩形成,成矿作用可能与花岗闪长岩的侵位无直接关系。 相似文献
3.
天山中西段古生代花岗岩TIMS法锆石U-Pb同位素定年及岩石地球化学特征研究 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
通过对天山中西段古生代花岗岩的锆石TIMS法U-Pb同位素定年,表明中天山托克逊南—库米什北侵入于奥陶纪可可乃克群中的碱长花岗岩形成时代为395.1±0.9Ma,花岗闪长岩体形成于393.5±2.7Ma,石英闪长岩体形成于327.3±0.9Ma,斜长花岗岩体形成时代为424.1±1.1Ma,并揭示出中天山中段库米什地区的3期构造岩浆事件,分别相当于早志留世、中泥盆世和早石炭世。中天山哈希勒根大坂黑云母花岗岩形成于286.8±0.8Ma。对伊犁石炭—二叠纪裂谷带中花岗侵入岩类的锆石TIMS法U-Pb同位素定年,表明霍城果子沟角闪花岗岩形成于351.9±1.6Ma,昭苏煤矿花岗闪长岩体形成时代为348.4±0.8Ma,新源则克台角闪辉长岩体形成于308.2±1.2Ma。南天山巴音布鲁克地区侵入于巴音布鲁克群中的石英闪长岩体形成时代为446.8±1.2Ma,独—库公路南段库尔干道班14.6km和15.2km处的角闪斜长花岗岩体与黑云母花岗岩体分别形成于426.3±1.9Ma和425.1±1.8Ma。对花岗岩的岩石地球化学研究表明,中天山托克逊南—库米什北志留纪—早泥盆世花岗岩为钙碱系列,轻稀土富集,微量元素洋脊花岗岩标准化具有Rb、Th、Ba富集,Ta、Nb亏损的分配型式,形成于火山弧环境;石炭—二叠纪花岗岩为钙碱系列,准铝—过铝质花岗岩,轻稀土富集程度较前者低,微量元素洋脊花岗岩标准化具有Rb、Th富集,Ba略亏损和高场强元素亏损的特点,形成于后碰撞(post-collision)构造环境。伊犁石炭—二叠纪裂谷带中石炭—二叠纪花岗岩为过铝质花岗岩,轻稀土富集,微量元素洋脊花岗岩标准化分配型式同样具有Rb、Th富集,Ba明显亏损和高场强元素亏损的特点,亦形成于后碰撞(post-collision)构造环境。南天山库尔干花岗岩为Al2O3含量高的钙碱性系列、过铝质花岗岩,稀土元素含量中等(157.89×10-6~81.81×10-6),轻稀土富集,Eu负异常明显,微量元素洋脊花岗岩标准化呈现出K、Rb、Th、Ba富集和Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf高场强元素亏损的特点,其形成时代与天山古生代洋盆俯冲时限相当,为岛弧构造环境。依据Sr-Nd-Pb同位素回时计算结果,本次研究所取的花岗岩初始锶同位素比值高,介于0.70435~0.70982,εNd(t)值多小于零或为很低的正值,T2DM或TDM均远大于岩体形成年龄,δ18O‰多大于10,个别为6.7,显示出古老壳源物质在花岗岩浆的形成过程中起了重要作用。同时,鉴于花岗岩的εNd(t)均在0左右变动,同样说明,新生地壳在花岗岩浆的形成过程中同样起着重要作用。花岗岩的εNd(t)值与前寒武纪岩石的εNd(t)对比研究表明,中天山库米什北志留纪斜长花岗岩体可能是中新元古界斜长角闪岩部分熔融的产物,而石炭—二叠纪花岗岩既有中新元古界片麻岩或片岩部分熔融生成,亦有新生地壳部分熔融受到古老地壳混染后岩浆结晶产物。伊犁石炭—二叠纪花岗岩和南天山库尔干志留纪花岗岩均显示出新生地壳部分熔融,并受古老地壳混染的Nd同位素信息。 相似文献
4.
沙乐花岗岩位于滇西思茅地块南涧县南西沙乐乡一带,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩组成,被少量正长斑岩侵入。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年得出黑云母二长花岗岩的形成年龄为246.4±2.6Ma,花岗闪长岩的形成年龄为245.7±3.6Ma,表明该花岗岩体的形成时代属于早三叠世。岩石Si O2含量71.44%~76.39%,Al2O3含量12.72%~16.15%,K2O/Na2O=0.1~1.30,均属高钾钙碱性过铝-强过铝花岗岩。根据地球化学特征和微量元素构造判别图解,样品点主要落入"火山弧花岗岩"、"板内花岗岩"区域,少量落入"碰撞花岗岩"区域,表明其形成于俯冲-碰撞岩浆弧转换环境。在Sr-Yb花岗岩分类图解中,主要属常见的低Sr高Yb花岗岩,少数样品属低Sr低Yb花岗岩,其物质来源为含砂质的变质泥质岩。结合锆石定年结果及岩体产出的区域地质背景,认为沙乐花岗岩形成于缅泰马陆块与思茅地块大陆碰撞造山过程的初始阶段,同时表明昌宁-孟连洋碰撞最早时限为早三叠世。 相似文献
5.
科克苏-穹库什太古生代构造-岩浆作用及其对西南天山造山时代的约束 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
天山造山带是古生代多期碰撞增生作用的产物,其确切的造山时代是当前争议较多的热点问题。分布在西南天山的科克苏-穹库什太剖面经历了复杂的构造变形,最明显的两期变形事件分别为朝北的推覆作用和 NE-SW 韧性走滑作用。本剖面可分为伊犁岩浆岛弧、伊犁结晶基底、高压变质杂岩三个岩石-构造单元。野外可见黑云母花岗闪长岩侵入到绿片岩相变质岩中,岩脉切穿绿片岩中面理构造。通过锆石 U-Pb LA-ICPMS 测年,科克苏剖面钾长花岗岩的年龄为341±6Ma 和338±8Ma,穹库什太黑云母花岗闪长岩的年龄为313±4Ma。其中,花岗闪长岩发生了黑云母定向排列,通过对黑云母进行~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 测年,获得坪年龄为263.4±0.6Ma,表明该花岗闪长岩受过后期热事件的干扰。地球化学分析表明,黑云母花岗闪长岩属于钙碱性系列,Nb 和 Ta 含量低而 Rb,Ba 和 Th 含量很高,与俯冲作用有关的岛弧岩浆岩地球化学组成非常相似。结合前人对该地区高压变质岩、花岗岩和火山岩的研究成果,本文提出,西南天山俯冲-碰撞造山作用发生在晚石炭世之前,研究区后碰撞区域走滑作用标志着西南天山碰撞造山作用在二叠纪之前全部结束。 相似文献
6.
位于柴北缘西段的小赛什腾山分布大量海西晚期中酸性岩浆岩,其形成时代和成因类型对揭露区域构造演化具有十分重要的意义。本研究以小赛什腾山二叠纪黑云母二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩作为研究对象,对其进行岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果表明,黑云母二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩的成岩年龄分别为272±3 Ma和273±2 Ma,指示两者均形成于早—中二叠世。地球化学结果显示,黑云母二长花岗岩属弱过铝质钾玄岩系列I型花岗岩,石英闪长岩为准铝质钙碱性系列I型花岗岩,两者均不同程度富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K等,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,具有典型的弧岩浆地球化学特征。锆石Lu-Hf同位素表明黑云母二长花岗岩具正的εHf(t)值(2.04～8.16)和较年轻的二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2=0.77～1.16 Ga)。结合前人研究成果,认为小赛什腾山早—中二叠世黑云母二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩均为宗务隆洋俯冲消减的产物,石英闪长岩为玄武质洋壳板片发生部分熔融产生的熔体遭受地幔橄榄岩混染而成,而黑云母二长花岗岩为洋壳熔融产生的岩浆底侵... 相似文献
7.
松潘-甘孜造山带东缘的三叠纪-侏罗纪中酸性花岗岩,如塔公岩体,为晚三叠世的碰撞造山以及燕山期的构造演化提供了重要信息.区域地质调查填图表明,塔公岩体为石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩.其地球化学特征表明岩石主体属高钾钙碱性系列、准铝质-过铝质过渡系列,稀土配分曲线显示其轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,具有壳源岩浆特征,稀土-微量元素投点结果表明花岗岩形成于造山时期后碰撞阶段.对塔公花岗岩体采集的4件同位素样品的年龄数据质量较高,为214±1 Ma、214±1 Ma、215±1 Ma、216±1 Ma;该组年龄可以作为限制印支晚期扬子、华北和昌都板块之间碰撞时限的证据.基于塔公花岗岩类的岩石地球化学特征、同位素年代学特征,结合区域研究资料,认为松潘-甘孜造山带东缘类似塔公岩体的晚三叠世花岗岩类形成于昌都、扬子和华北地块后碰撞阶段的岩石圈拆沉作用. 相似文献
8.
对东昆仑其木来克一带的花岗质岩体进行锆石U-Pb测年,获得花岗闪长岩年龄为274.6±1.2Ma,黑云母花岗岩闪长岩年龄271.2±0.6Ma,认为其形成于晚二叠世。该岩体的地球化学特征显示,其具有钙碱性、弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.99～1.1)特征;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布图表现为左陡右缓,具弱的负Eu异常;微量元素特征显示高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P等亏损,结合构造环境认为其形成于岛弧环境,属于I型花岗岩。结合区域构造演化,认为古特提斯洋于晚二叠世开始向塔里木板块俯冲,与此同时洋中脊还在持续扩张,表明此时的特提斯洋已处于消亡期。 相似文献
9.
辽东半岛一直是研究华北克拉通减薄的热点地区,前人对于晚三叠世时期辽东半岛的构造环境一直有不同的认识。本文选择辽东岫岩地区出露的后边沟岭黑云母二长花岗岩和大黑坑石英二长闪长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学的研究,并对上述两个岩体的岩浆来源及形成环境进行了讨论,得出以下认识:辽东岫岩地区后边沟岭黑云母二长花岗岩和大黑坑石英二长闪长岩均形成于晚三叠世(220.9±1.2 Ma和220.3±1 Ma);地球化学研究表明:后边沟岭黑云母二长花岗岩具高硅、富碱的特征,属A型花岗岩;大黑坑石英二长闪长岩具高镁的特征;后边沟岭黑云母二长花岗岩和大黑坑石英二长闪长岩具有相似的稀土元素和微量元素特征,二者均显示轻稀土分馏明显,重稀土分馏不明显的特征,均富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K,亏损Ba、Sr,富集高场强元素Th、La、Ce、Nd、Hf、Tb,而亏损P、Nb、Ta、Y等元素;二者具有相同的岩浆来源且均具有壳幔混源的特征;在220.9±1.2～220.3±1.0 Ma这一时期,辽东岫岩地区整体可能处于地壳伸展减薄的构造背景,后边沟岭黑云母二长花岗岩和大黑坑石英二长闪长岩均形成于这一构造背景中,上述两个岩体的形成可能与大陆深俯冲和扬子—华北之间发生陆陆碰撞造山作用后所引起的华北克拉通减薄有关。 相似文献
10.
内蒙古阿巴嘎旗奥陶纪岩体的发现及地质意义 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
阿巴嘎旗格日敖包岩体位于贺根山断裂带北侧,为一个复式岩体,由石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和黑云母二长花岗岩组成,主体为二长花岗岩。采用LA--MC--ICP--MS 锆石U--Pb 定年方法,获得黑云母二长花岗岩206Pb /238U 年龄为449 ± 3. 0 Ma,形成时代为晚奥陶世。岩石为高钾钙碱性系列,轻稀土富集,微量元素Ba、Sr、Nb、Ta 、P、Ti 亏损,Rb 、Th、U、K、Nd、Zr 等元素富集,表明其形成于活动大陆边缘环境。其形成可能与苏尼特左旗南侧俯冲事件有关。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
16.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
18.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
19.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献