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1.
云南武定迤纳厂岩浆热液型铁-铜-金-稀土矿床流体特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
武定迤纳厂铁-铜-金-稀土矿位于我国云南省中部,大地位置上处于扬子板块西缘、康滇地轴云南段。其铁-稀土矿体主要以似层状、浸染状产出,铜金矿体以脉状、块状产于角砾岩内部和铁-稀土矿体内。根据围岩蚀变、矿物组合和矿化特征的差异,将其矿化作用划分为岩浆气液期、交代成矿期、热液成矿期和成矿后热液期4个期次。根据流体包裹体岩相学特征、成分特征、同位素特征等研究表明,岩浆气液期流体为富含碱质和挥发分的高氧化性岩浆,具有高温(500～600℃)、高压(150～200MPa)的特点并发生了流体不混熔,从而分离出交代成矿期岩浆流体。交代成矿期流体温度为中高温(170～550℃),压力为75～155MPa,与围岩碳酸岩发生交代反应,导致铁质和稀土沉淀,并使碳酸岩脱水而演化为变质热液。热液成矿期流体由岩浆流体变为变质流体,并与大气降水发生混合作用(均一温度为120～360℃,压力为31～112MPa),导致物理化学条件发生变化,流体中的Cu、Au不再以络合物的形式稳定于流体中,而是发生沉淀。至成矿期后,主要流体转化为单一低温(95～270℃)、低盐度(1.0%～17.9%)的低温大气降水。 相似文献
2.
武定迤纳厂矿床位于我国云南省中部,在大地位置上处于扬子板块西缘,康滇地轴云南段,是滇中具有代表性的元古代铁-铜-金-稀土矿床.其矿化作用分为岩浆气液期、交代成矿期、热液成矿期和成矿后热液期4个期次,其中前3个期次是铁成矿的主要期次,分别以角砾状磁铁矿、浸染状磁铁矿和粗粒脉状磁铁矿为代表.各类磁铁矿含有一定量的SiO2、Cr2O3、Al2O3、MgO等,角砾状磁铁矿石的主元素成分与铁成分比值最高,其次为浸染状磁铁矿,最低为脉状磁铁矿.不同类型的磁铁矿微量元素变化很大,浸染状磁铁矿稀土配分具四重效应,角砾状磁铁矿和粗粒脉状磁铁矿稀土配分为右倾型.成矿早期磁铁矿的形成受岩浆作用影响强烈,含铁的岩浆导致围岩碎裂,形成了早期角砾状矿石;交代成矿期的铁质主要源于岩浆演化晚期分异形成的富铁流体,富铁流体与围岩发生强烈的物质交换,导致大量铁质沉淀;随着矿化作用的进行,热液作用逐渐增强,加之外界流体的逐渐加入,对之前形成的磁铁矿进行改造,使其具有热液成因的表象特征.从矿物成分体现出的矿床成因上看,该矿床属于岩浆隐爆-交代型成因,与世界知名的IOCG型矿床有相似之处. 相似文献
3.
矿物表征自动定量分析系统(AMICS)技术在稀土稀有矿物鉴定中的应用 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
云南武定迤纳厂铁-铜-稀土矿床是我国扬子地块西南缘具有代表性的元古代铁-铜-稀土矿床之一,矿床中除Fe、Cu外,还伴生REEs、Nb、Co、Mo、Au、U等元素。由于矿石矿物组成复杂,并且稀土、稀有矿物结晶粒度细小、嵌布特征复杂,使用传统的测试技术很难准确地识别鉴定,因此该矿床中稀土、稀有(铌)矿物的赋存状态研究一直较为薄弱。本文应用目前国际上矿物与地质行业先进的矿物自动分析系统——矿物表征自动定量分析系统(AMICS),结合扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)显微结构原位分析技术,实现了常规岩矿鉴定手段难以完成的矿物定量识别和鉴定,准确地测定了武定迤纳厂铁-铜-稀土矿床脉状矿石中矿物种类及其含量,在脉状矿石发现了含量可观的氟碳钙铈矿(0.82%)和少量的含铌金红石(0.02%)等稀土稀有矿物。研究表明,除了铁氧化物成矿阶段,在铜硫化物成矿阶段也伴随有稀土成矿作用,因此可将主矿化期划分为铁氧化物-稀土矿化阶段(Ⅱ-1)和铜硫化物(-金)-稀土矿化阶段(Ⅱ-2)。研究成果为矿石中稀土、稀有金属等战略矿产资源的综合利用及矿床的进一步研究提供了可靠的数据,同时建立了一套先进、实用的岩石矿物鉴定技术,可望在地质、勘探、资源的有效利用等领域得到更广泛应用。 相似文献
4.
铁氧化物-铜-金(Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold,IOCG)矿床是Hitzman et al.(1992)提出的一个新矿床类型。该概念的提出与澳大利亚Olympic Dam超大型矿床的发现有关,一定程度上促进了世界上同类新矿床的发现,引起工业界和学术界的广泛关注。中国IOCG矿床的研究起步较晚,在IOCG概念提出后很长一段时间内,并没有国内外公认的IOCG矿床报道。近年来,通过对一些Fe-Cu矿床的实例研究,目前已初步确立中国西南康滇地区、东准噶尔北缘和东天山阿齐山-雅满苏等Fe-Cu成矿带具有类似于IOCG的成矿特征,并且在矿床形成时代、机制及构造背景等成因问题上取得诸多进展。成矿时代上,康滇Fe-Cu成矿省形成于元古代,包括有～1. 65和～1. 0Ga两期主成矿事件,分别对应于区域上的两期板内岩浆作用,说明Fe-Cu矿化与大陆裂谷背景相关。东准噶尔北缘和东天山阿齐山-雅满苏成矿带均形成于古生代,分别为295～320Ma和～380Ma,被认为可能与陆缘盆地闭合有关。三个成矿带中Fe-Cu矿床围岩均为火山-沉积地层、均具有早期Fe矿化和晚期Cu矿化为主的特征且大部分矿床与同期侵入岩体没有明显空间关系,但在蚀变矿物组合及金属元素富集程度、流体特征等方面仍存在一些差别。例如康滇成矿省的蚀变组合以成矿前区域Na化、Fe矿化期Fe-Na-(Ca)化及铜矿化期K化和碳酸盐化等为特点;矿体在空间上常与大小不等的热液角砾岩筒共生;各矿床不同程度地富集REE、Mo、Au、Co等金属;成矿流体上早期以高温、中高盐度的岩浆热液为主,而成矿晚期则有更多非岩浆流体(盆地水、地层水或大气降水等)的加入。这些特点与世界上典型的IOCG矿床(特别是前寒武纪矿床)基本一致,因此目前为止,康滇成矿省作为中国的典型IOCG矿床而受国内外认可的程度相对较高。东准噶尔北缘与东天山阿齐山-雅满苏成矿带矿化特征较为相似,最新研究显示这些矿床中非岩浆流体(如盆地卤水、地层水等)对Fe-Cu矿化的贡献更大、成矿发生于陆缘盆地闭合期等,可能与南美中安第斯成矿带IOCG矿床更为类似。但是,部分矿床在成矿前均显示有明显的矽卡岩化,甚至个别矿床中矿体、岩体和矽卡岩具紧密时空关系而类似于矽卡岩矿床;多数矿床除Fe和Cu外,所含金属元素比较单一。这些特点一定程度上导致这两个矿带Fe-Cu矿床归属于矽卡岩还是IOCG矿床的问题上仍存在不少争议,尚待进一步的探索和讨论。基于目前的研究现状,本文也对中国IOCG矿床今后研究中值得关注的问题提出了一些设想和展望,包括不少矿床Fe-Cu矿化空间上分离的原因、不同地球化学行为差异较大的成矿元素(如Co、Ni与REE、U、Mo等)在矿床中均有富集的原因等方面。 相似文献
5.
国外铁氧化物铜-金矿床的特征及其研究现状 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
铁氧化物铜-金矿床是一类具许多共同特征但成因联系不太密切的矿床类型，近来已成为国外铜-金勘探的主要矿床类型之一。该类矿床以矿石中含有大量的铁氧化物（磁铁矿或赤铁矿）且伴有很强的区域性钠（-钙）质蚀变为特征，可以产于元古代克拉通内或新生代大陆边缘岛弧环境，其周围具火成岩或含蒸发盐层，时空上与之有关的侵入岩为磁铁矿系列花岗岩，矿化主要产于近区域主断裂的羽状次级断裂中。部分该类矿床的形成与一定的主岩类型有关，而多数矿床可能由高盐度 H2O-CO2-盐混合流体的不混溶作用形成，且矿化通常与钾化有关。对成矿流体是主要来自岩浆还是受围岩控制尚有争论，成矿模式有蒸发盐来源模式、外来流体加热模式和岩浆-热液流体模式。但对部分该类矿床详细的流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究表明成矿流体主要源于岩浆。对该类矿床进行地球物理勘探需要考虑磁铁矿、硫化物和Cu-Au矿化之间的相互关系。在我国开展对该类矿床的研究将有益于发现新的铜资源基地。 相似文献
6.
[摘 要] IOCG 矿床是近些年来被认知的一种重要矿床类型,因其巨大的经济和理论研究价值受到
国内外矿业界和学术界的重视。海南石碌铁钴铜(金)矿床在构造环境、与岩浆岩的关系、矿体特征、元
素和矿物组合、围岩蚀变等方面与国外典型的IOCG 矿床有相似之处。该矿床处于大陆边缘拉张的裂
谷环境,早期火山沉积岩为成矿提供初始矿源,后期侵入岩对成矿具有重要的改造富集作用,矿体基本
呈层状、似层状及少量脉状产于石碌群第六层中,一般铁矿体在上,钴铜矿体在下,具Fe-Cu-Co( -Au)
多元素组合,铁氧化物主要为赤铁矿,蚀变以透辉石化、透闪石化为主;在成矿时代方面区别于多数产在
元古宙的IOCG 矿床,而是经历了新元古代海相火山喷流沉积阶段、加里东期区域变质阶段、海西-印支
期热液改造阶段和燕山晚期热液改造阶段。文章认为石碌铁钴铜(金)矿床不仅与IOCG 矿床有较多相
似之处,与国内内蒙古白云鄂博铁稀土铌矿床、四川拉拉铜铁金钴钼稀土矿床、新疆乔夏哈拉铁铜金矿
床、云南迤纳厂铁铜稀土矿床和东川稀矿山铁铜矿床等也有相似之处。因此,在中国开展寻找IOCG 矿
床尤其是大型矿床,是很有前景的。 相似文献
7.
山东微山稀土矿床成矿流体的演化及对成矿的制约 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
山东微山稀土矿是我国三大轻稀土基地之一,产出有大量金属硫化物.本文在金属硫化物中富含银,且达到工业品位.流体包裹体研究表明,矿床内存在四类包裹体:含子矿物包裹体、含CO2包裹体、含SO42-包裹体,以及盐水溶液包裹体.盐水溶液包裹体与舍CO2包裹体的热力学特征存在较大差异,激光拉曼分析表明包襄体中的子矿物主要为硅酸盐,硫酸盐和碳酸盐矿物,重晶石产出含SO42-溶液包裹体,盐水溶液包裹体含有H2S,少量盐水溶液包裹体同时存在SO42-,HS-.硫同位素表明金属硫化物成矿流体属于碳酸盐热液分异流体同其他来源流体混合的产物.以上资料表明,微山矿床成矿流体经历了硅酸盐岩浆期、碳酸岩岩浆一热液过渡期、碳酸岩热液期、金属硫化物低温热液期,在不同期次内挥发分的富集和存在形式不同,导致碳酸岩岩浆-热液过渡期发生稀土矿化,低温热液期发生银矿化.因此,微山矿床属于与碱性岩有关的稀土-金(银)矿床. 相似文献
8.
东准噶尔北缘和东天山雅满苏带是中国新疆北部地区两个重要的晚古生代铁氧化物-铜-金矿化潜力区,以老山口、乔夏哈拉和黑尖山矿床作为典型矿床代表。研究表明两区域的铁氧化物-铜-金矿床均产出于盆地闭合的弧盆转化体系下,且具有明显的铁、铜-金两阶段矿化。卤族元素和稀有气体同位素作为可靠的流体示踪剂,被应用于探究这一特定构造环境下的铁氧化物-铜-金矿床的流体演化和矿床成因。结果显示老山口、乔夏哈拉和黑尖山矿床的成矿流体具有明显的混合流体端员特征:(1)岩浆流体端员,主要参与黑尖山矿床磁铁矿阶段,I/Cl、Br/Cl和40Ar/36Ar比值分别为(16.3~18.0)×10-6、(1.03~1.06)×10-3和352~437;(2)海水表源蒸发成因盐卤水端员,主要参与老山口矿床铜-金矿化阶段,I/Cl、Br/Cl和40Ar/36Ar比值分别为(77.1~87.7)×10-6、(1.53~1.80)×10-3和672~883;(3)蒸发岩溶解或者深度水-岩反应成因的盐卤水/沉积岩地层水端员,主要参与到老山口、乔夏哈拉矿床的磁铁矿阶段以及黑尖山、乔夏哈拉矿床的铜-金矿化阶段,综合I/Cl、Br/Cl和40Ar/36Ar比值分别为(477~26 301)×10-6、(0.39~1.28)×10-3和288~510。明显的多阶段矿化和铜-金矿化阶段以非岩浆富Ca高盐度卤水为主的特征与世界范围内的IOCG型矿床极为相似,表明新疆北部的铁氧化物-铜-金矿床应为IOCG型矿床。 相似文献
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10.
《矿物学报》2015,35(1)
以康滇地轴古元古代拉拉铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)矿床中不同期次萤石的稀土元素为研究对象,讨论其地球化学特征及指示意义.研究结果表明:拉拉IOCG矿床中有变质期和热液期2期萤石产出,变质期萤石分为早晚2个阶段,与铜钼矿化关系密切,形成温度较高,为同源不同阶段产物;热液期萤石与变质期不同源,为后期热事件产物.萤石整体表现出REE总量高的特征;从早期到晚期,萤石稀土总量呈逐渐减少趋势;变质期萤石是矿床中主要的REE载体之一.变质期成矿流体稀土含量较高,热液期成矿流体稀土含量较低.稀土配分模式呈LREE富集、HREE亏损的右倾型,轻重稀土分异明显,萤石的稀土配分模式受溶液体系中REE络合物稳定性的影响.变质期萤石继承了钠质火山岩的Ce、Eu异常特征,形成变质期萤石的高温变质流体具有负Ce异常且同时存在Eu2+和Eu3+;热液期萤石成矿流体具有温度低、氧逸度高的特征.Y的含量变化可能是引起本矿床萤石颜色变化的原因之一,其含量与颜色深浅呈负相关关系. 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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13.
奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
14.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
15.
Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
16.
17.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
18.
滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
19.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
20.
Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献