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西昆仑康西瓦西北部库尔良早古生代角闪闪长岩花岗闪长岩锆石SHRIMP U—Pb测年 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
依据1:25万康西瓦幅区域地质调查成果,重点对库尔良早古生代深成岩的同位素年代学进行了详细的研究,获得了裂解期细粒黑云母角闪闪长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄均值506.8Ma±9.8Ma,中粒似斑状花岗闪长岩单颗粒锆石U-Pb法年龄500.2Ma±1.2Ma,表明其形成时代均为中寒武世。该同位素年龄的获得,为进一步详细地研究库地-其曼于特早古生代构造-岩浆岩带的裂解时限提供了直接的时代证据。 相似文献
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吉林省中部地区早古生代英云闪长岩的成因：锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学证据 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
本文对吉林省中部地区永吉县张家屯附近出露的早古生代英云闪长岩进行了LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及锆石Hf同位素的研究,探讨了该英云闪长岩的源区性质及构造背景。张家屯英云闪长岩出露面积约100m2,与其呈沉积接触关系的是具磨拉石建造特点的张家屯组地层。LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,张家屯英云闪长岩的形成时代为443±5Ma,即晚奥陶世-早志留世。该英云闪长岩的SiO2含量介于71.5%~72.9%,具有低K2O(0.22%~0.76%)、高Na2O(3.82%~4.49%)和低TiO2(0.30%~0.42%)的特征,属于低钾拉斑系列。其A/CNK值介于0.95~1.25,A/NK值介于1.71~1.94,主体属于I型花岗岩。张家屯英云闪长岩的稀土总量较低(15.3×10-6~23.4×10-6),具有轻重稀土弱分异[(La/Yb)N=5.01~5.60]和较平坦的重稀土分配型式,并具有明显的铕正异常(Eu/Eu*=1.85~2.59)。微量元素显示具有大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Cs、Th)富集和高场强元素(Nb和Ta)亏损的特征。另外,它们具有正的εHf(t)值(+9.92~+13.6)和年轻的两阶段亏损地幔模式年龄(648~911Ma)。张家屯英云闪长岩的地球化学特征与超俯冲带弧前环境的斜长花岗岩的源区相似,可能来源于低压高温条件下大洋堆晶辉长岩的部分熔融,并有俯冲流体的参与。即张家屯英云闪长岩形成于俯冲背景下的岛弧环境,结合晚志留世-早泥盆世张家屯组磨拉石建造的沉积特征,揭示了加里东运动在华北板块北缘东段的存在。 相似文献
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西昆仑康西瓦一带早古生代石英闪长岩的地质特征及其锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6
西昆仑康西瓦一带的三十里营房早古生代俯冲型石英闪长岩是开展1∶25万康西瓦幅等4幅区域地质调查项目时发现的,对其岩石学、岩石地球化学特征及锆石同位素年代学进行了综合研究,获得了锆石SHRIMPU-Pb同位素年龄447Ma±7Ma,其形成时代为晚奥陶世。该同位素年龄值的获得表明,康西瓦-苏巴什蛇绿构造混杂岩带不是前人认为的单一的晚古生代蛇绿构造混杂岩带,可能从早古生代就已开始形成。这为进一步深入研究西昆仑造山带的地质构造演化提供了新的实际资料。 相似文献
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北山造山带中部石板井地区出露早古生代英云闪长岩-石英闪长岩体。用LA-ICP-MS技术测得该岩体石英闪长岩中锆石的206Pb/238U年龄为464.4±2.1Ma。岩石地球化学分析结果显示,岩石属钙碱性至高钾钙碱性、准铝质I型花岗岩。通过岩石成因分析,英云闪长岩-石英闪长岩体为来自地壳的岩浆与来自深部的亏损地幔岩浆,在高压(1.5GPa)、低温(719~792℃)条件下,经不均匀混合作用形成,同时有俯冲流体的加入,残留相为石榴子石+金红石(无角闪石)。岩石富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,显示出典型岛弧型花岗岩的地球化学特征。微量元素构造环境判别图进一步证明,岩体形成于岛弧环境。与南侧的红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井古生代洋盆构成"沟-弧"体系,表明红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井古洋盆在中奥陶世晚期已经向北俯冲,该洋盆闭合时限应晚于中奥陶世。 相似文献
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前人在昌宁-孟连缝合带获得了大量的晚古生代岩浆活动与沉积地层的记录，但是早古生代的相关记录十分稀少，大大限制了对昌宁-孟连缝合带早古生代演化过程的理解.对南汀河地区早古生代英云闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学特征开展研究，并探讨其岩石成因，揭示早古生代(原)特提斯演化过程.通过LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年，获得英云闪长岩206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为454.1±2.7 Ma、443.2±2.4 Ma，代表岩浆结晶时代.地球化学分析显示，南汀河英云闪长岩SiO2含量为63.41%~68.57%，K2O含量为1.31%~2.17%，同时具有富Na(Na2O=4.11%~5.07%)贫Mg(MgO=0.98%~1.39%)的特点.REE配分曲线呈现出轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特征，大离子亲石元素Sr、Ba等富集，高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti亏损，与岛弧岩浆的特征相吻合；指示岩浆来源于俯冲板片的部分熔融，在岩浆上升过程中受到了俯冲沉积物的混染，形成于与原特提斯洋俯冲有关的弧火山岩环境，进一步指示早古生代原特提斯洋在454~443 Ma就已经发生了俯冲消减作用.南汀河蛇绿岩与羌塘地区龙木错-双湖缝合带桃形湖等蛇绿岩形成时代一致、地球化学性质相似，由此认为昌宁-孟连缝合带与龙木错-双湖缝合带一起代表了一个统一的古特提斯洋壳的残余. 相似文献
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西昆仑塔什库尔干混杂岩的地质特征及其大地构造意义 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
西昆仑塔什库尔干构造混杂岩带由古元古代基底岩片、震旦纪大陆板内裂谷玄武岩岩片、奥陶纪-志留纪复理石岩片、石炭纪-二叠纪火山弧岩片及高压变质岩片组成.根据高压变质、残余洋盆及岩浆孤的形成时闯进行综合判断,混杂岩带形成于早古生代.该混杂岩带的发现对于确立康西瓦断裂带的性质和认识西昆仑地区的大地构造演化历史具有重要意义.进一步表明西昆仑地区在早古生代曾发生过板块俯冲和碰撞,并暗示麻扎-康西瓦断裂可能代表了原特提斯洋-古特提斯洋俯冲消减并最终闭合的界线. 相似文献
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蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋南向俯冲、大洋闭合和陆-陆碰撞是东北亚地区晚中生代的重要区域构造事件,它与本区的岩浆活动、变质作用、成盆和造山作用都密切相关。准确界定洋壳俯冲、大洋闭合和陆-陆碰撞这三个相互关联地质过程的时空范围是客观认识区域构造演化的前提。然而,这项研究通常难以进行,因为很难找到与之相关的合适的地质记录。作者在松辽盆地西缘突泉地区发现从大洋闭合到陆-陆碰撞相关的过铝质流纹岩和英云闪长玢岩,锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示其结晶年龄分别为156±1Ma和155±1Ma,系晚侏罗世岩浆事件产物。流纹岩和英云闪长玢岩为钙碱性过铝质岩石,具有较高的铝饱和指数A/CNK(1.32～2.13),较低的MgO+FeOT含量(0.96%～3.37%)和FeOT/MgO比值(2.84～5.02),岩矿鉴定表明它们含绢云母等原生和次生高铝矿物,在CIPW标准矿物计算中出现刚玉分子(3.77%～9.65%),结合流纹岩和英云闪长玢岩在花岗岩的S-I-M-A型分类方案相关地球化学图解投影结果,综合表明它们具有过铝质S型花岗岩特征。流纹岩和英云闪长玢岩具... 相似文献
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大兴安岭北部凤凰山地区英云闪长岩地球化学特征与锆石U-Pb定年 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
凤凰山地区位于大兴安岭北部额尔古纳地块和兴安地块过渡带,该区广泛分布着前寒武纪变质岩系组成的兴华渡口群古老块体。本次研究发现凤凰山地区内还有古老的侵入体--英云闪长岩,零星分布于前寒武纪结晶基底内。本文以凤凰山地区英云闪长岩为研究对象,进行了岩石的主、微量元素测试和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年。岩石地球化学特征显示,英云闪长岩属于过铝质钙碱性岩石系列岩石,富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素（LILE）,亏损Nb、P、Sr、Ta、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）,呈中等负铕异常（δEu=0.64~0.69）,表现出火山弧花岗岩的特征。英云闪长岩的锆石呈长柱状,具有清晰的环带,显示出岩浆锆石的特征,其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为（807.7±2.2）Ma,表明其侵位时代为新元古代。结合区域构造演化史,认为该地区新元古代英云闪长岩的形成受Rodinia超大陆裂解-碰撞影响,是额尔古纳地块和兴安地块过渡带地壳增生的产物。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
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Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
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《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
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《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
16.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
18.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
19.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献