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1.
胶北地体地壳演化：玲珑黑云母花岗岩继承锆石U-Pb年龄、微量元素和Hf同位素证据 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
胶北地体晚侏罗世下地壳重熔的玲珑黑云母花岗岩大面积出露,其中残留有大量继承锆石,记录了多期热事件,为复杂的地壳演化过程提供了重要线索。论文通过分析玲珑黑云母花岗岩中继承锆石的U-Pb年龄、微量元素和Hf同位素组成,探讨了胶北地体的地壳演化历史。结果显示胶北地体前寒武纪经历了~2.9Ga和~2.7Ga两期主要的地壳生长事件,~2.5Ga和2.2~1.8Ga两期地壳重熔改造事件,~2.5Ga和1.95~1.8Ga两期变质事件。~2.9Ga的岩浆作用形成于岛弧环境,~2.7Ga岩浆活动与下地壳基性物质的部分熔融有关,~2.5Ga发生的岩浆和变质事件与地幔柱底侵作用有关,并有同时期的表壳岩组合-胶东岩群形成。~2.1Ga地壳处于拉张状态,伴有与裂谷活动有关的双峰式岩浆作用,荆山群和粉子山群开始沉积,而后1.95~1.8Ga发生碰撞造山运动,胶北所有早前寒武纪岩石单元卷入此次事件,并发生变质作用。自此之后,直至二叠纪末,胶北处于岩浆活动的沉寂期,但于~1.7Ga和~1.0Ga发生沉积作用,形成芝罘群和蓬莱群。二叠纪末扬子板块向北俯冲于华北克拉通之下,并于三叠纪与华北克拉通发生陆陆碰撞作用,致使扬子板块北缘新元古代花岗岩发生超高压变质,形成苏鲁超高压变质带,之后超高压变质岩发生折返。玲珑黑云母花岗岩复杂的继承锆石组成可能表征了前寒武纪岩石卷入陆-陆碰撞事件而发生再循环作用。 相似文献
2.
胶北~2.5Ga岩浆热事件的锆石Hf同位素特征及其对地壳演化的指示意义 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
位于华北克拉通东缘的胶北地体,被普遍认为是胶-辽-吉带的西南组成部分,经历了多期岩浆-变质热事件,而晚太古宙末期约2.5Ga的岩浆事件是该区最强的岩浆事件;为了确定该期岩浆热事件的性质,本文选取2件形成于约2.5Ga的英云闪长质片麻岩及花岗质片麻岩开展锆石Hf同位素测试分析;总计69个锆石Hf同位素分析点的结果显示,它们均具有正的εHf(t)值,在10.71到3.0之间,平均为6.02,两阶段锆石Hf模式年龄主要分布于2.6～2.9Ga之间,平均为2747Ma,明显大于锆石的207Pb/206Pb年龄,表明约2.5Ga的TTG及花岗质片麻岩主要源于2.6～2.9Ga新生地壳的重熔或再造;另外,一些锆石具有极正的εHf(t)值,它们的锆石Hf模式年龄与U-Pb年龄相近,这暗示在约2.5Ga有亏损地幔物质加入地壳,并发生了即时重熔;根据本次研究获得的锆石Hf同位素数据,结合前人的Nd同位素结果,我们认为胶北地体内约2.5Ga的岩浆活动可能主要表现为与地幔岩浆低侵作用有关的新生地壳的重熔或再造,约2.9Ga和2.7～2.8Ga是胶北地体地壳生长的两个时期,并且与华北克拉通大部分地区一样,2.7～2.8Ga是胶北地体新生地壳形成最重要的时期。 相似文献
3.
《地球科学进展》2015,(8)
通过对已有锆石U-Pb和Hf同位素数据进行综合分析,探讨了阿拉善地块早前寒武纪大陆地壳生长与再造的规律。数据表明,阿拉善地块内目前发现最古老锆石年龄约为3.6 Ga。3.0~3.6 Ga的碎屑锆石以及Hf模式年龄指示阿拉善地块存在中—古太古代地壳残片,其地壳生长可追溯至古太古代早期。与华北克拉通其他地区相似,阿拉善地块于新太古代2.7~2.9 Ga和2.5~2.6 Ga发育2次较为明显的地壳生长事件,前者在规模上可能大于后者。约2.5 Ga TTG构造—岩浆热事件作为华北克拉通化的标志事件,在阿拉善地块也同样存在,该期岩浆活动主体表现为对2.7~2.9 Ga新生地壳重熔再造,并可能存在更为古老地壳物质的混合,少部分为2.5~2.6 Ga新生地壳的即时再造。至古元古代时期,阿拉善地块发育2.30~2.35 Ga,2.15~2.17 Ga,2.00~2.10 Ga,1.95~1.98 Ga和1.90 Ga 5个阶段(幕式)构造—岩浆热事件,其物质来源以2.7~2.9Ga和2.5~2.6 Ga古老地壳再造为特征,也存在一些更为年轻的(约2.1 Ga)新生地壳物质。阿拉善地块在古元古代时期即存在太古宙地壳再造,也存在初生地壳生长。 相似文献
4.
胶东昌邑地区新太古代石英岩的锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素特征及其地质意义 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
基底古老地层的研究可以为探索地球早期陆壳形成与演化历史提供重要支持,胶东地区是华北克拉通变质基底重要的出露区之一,在胶北地体的西缘有一套高成熟度的古老石英岩-山阳村石英岩,前人将其划归古元古代粉子山群的小宋组,但缺乏明确的年代学限定。本文对山阳村石英岩的碎屑锆石进行U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素分析,获得年龄谱的最大峰值为2501±16Ma,且是最小峰值年龄。与古元古的粉子山群和中元古的芝罘群的碎屑锆石年龄谱均不同。综合年龄谱特征、野外产状以及岩石组合,本文认为山阳村石英岩是新太古代的岩石建造,建议为其单独建立新太古代岩石地层单位。结合本次研究及前人工作本文认为应将原粉子山群小宋组划到太古代归属胶东岩群。山阳村石英岩中,~2.5Ga锆石Hf同位素εHf(t)0且从下方靠近亏损地幔演化线并在~2.7Ga地壳演化线附近分布,显示其原岩来自~2.7Ga新生地壳的重熔;ca.2.7~3.0Ga的锆石Hf同位素εHf(t)0且在~3.1Ga地壳演化线附近,意味着其母岩的源区为~3.1Ga的新生地壳,且在ca.2.7~3.0Ga发生了持续的地壳再熔融;3.0Ga碎屑锆石的Hf同位素εHf(t)0,源区岩石形成于更古老陆壳物质的再循环。已知的胶北地块3.0Ga锆石的Hf同位素特征暗示华北克拉通在4.1Ga前就存在地壳,而且在~4.1Ga发生了重熔。 相似文献
5.
北苏鲁变辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Lu-Hf同位素组成及其对源区的指示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在北苏鲁经历超高压变质的花岗片麻岩中零星分布着一些变质表壳岩包体或者残片,通常称之为荆山群。北苏鲁荆山群的年代学特征以及构造亲缘性仍不清楚。本文报道了威海市郊和海阳所附近的荆山群露头,有脉状变质辉长岩侵入到荆山群岩系中。对上述两处变质辉长岩中锆石的阴极发光照片、稀土元素配分模式和Th/U比值的综合分析表明,它们均为岩浆锆石,部分岩浆锆石具有弱发光效应和岩浆韵律环带的核部、以及被改造的强发光效应的边部,但未见新生的变质锆石。未被改造的岩浆锆石微区的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,威海市郊变辉长岩(S4-2)的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄值变化范围是1831~1966 Ma,加权平均年龄为1870±34 Ma(MSWD=0.6);海阳所变辉长岩(H3)中绝大部分锆石的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄值变化范围是1769~1887 Ma,加权平均年龄为1839±37 Ma(MSWD=0.5),两件样品共同记录了一致的ca.1.85 Ga岩浆事件。另外,海阳所变辉长岩中3颗捕获的岩浆锆石分别测得ca.2.9 Ga、ca.2.3 Ga和ca.2.1 Ga等三组~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄。两件样品ca.1.85 Ga岩浆锆石具有相似的Hf同位素组成,其ε_(Hf)(t)=-6.1~-10.7,t_(DM2)=2.74~2.98 Ga,捕获ca.2.1 Ga和ca.2.9 Ga锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值和t_(DM2)年龄分别是-1.9和2.7 Ga、-4.8和3.5 Ga。锆石U-Pb年龄、Lu-Hf同位素特征表明,北苏鲁两处变辉长岩记录的岩浆事件与胶北前寒武纪陆壳的多期演化历史一致,变辉长岩及其围岩荆山群可能是源自胶北的外来地质体。 相似文献
6.
华北克拉通西部基底早前寒武纪地质事件、性质及其地质意义 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
综合华北克拉通西部陆块阴山地块、孔兹岩带和鄂尔多斯地块基底正、副片麻岩以及鄂尔多斯地块现代河流沙锆石U-Pb和Hf同位素资料,并根据最新获得的鄂尔多斯基底及盖层继承碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素统计分析揭示,该陆块存在古、中太古代陆壳物质,自新太古代以来先后发生了新太古代~2.7Ga、2.55~2.45Ga以及古元古代2.2~2.0Ga和1.95~1.85Ga等多期构造热事件。由基底和盖层中各类岩石中获得的~2.5Ga锆石的εHf(t)多为正值,Hf陆壳模式年龄(t_(DM)~C)介于2.9～2.6Ga之间(峰值～2.75Ga),阴山地块存在～2.7Ga的岩石,鄂尔多斯地块基底有～2.7Ga继承锆石记录,证明新太古代存在一期重要的陆壳生长。2.55～2.45Ga的岩浆活动在西部陆块不同地质单元基底岩石中均有记录,出现大量壳源花岗岩和幔源岩浆侵入及麻粒岩相变质作用,它们的锆石εHf(t)值由负到正变化大,Hf陆壳模式年龄(t_(DM)~C)除少数接近岩浆活动年龄外,多数明显高于它们的形成年龄,指示了强烈的陆壳再造和一定陆壳生长,岩石组合及地球化学特征反映了汇聚挤压转为伸展环境,类似于华北陆块～2.5Ga广泛的岩浆变质事件及构造背景,揭示了不同陆块碰撞拼合而后转为伸展的构造演化过程。古元古代2.2～2.0Ga期间,沿鄂尔多斯地块北部及东部边缘出现大洋俯冲消减有关的陆缘弧花岗岩类,它们的锆石εHf(t)和t_(DM)~C值变化范围很大,表明在古元古代中晚期鄂尔多斯地块基底仍发生有陆壳增生和再造。此后在1.95～1.85Ga期间,沿鄂尔多斯地块北部的孔兹岩带和东部的中部构造带均发生顺时针P-T演化轨迹的变质作用,证明～1.95Ga鄂尔多斯地块相继与北部阴山地块和东部陆块碰撞拼合为一体,至～1.85Ga发生陆壳抬升与伸展、发生陆壳物质减压熔融的强烈混合岩化和大量S型花岗岩形成,其后发生镁铁质岩墙侵入,标志着华北陆块最终克拉通化完成。 相似文献
7.
扬子陆块广泛存在2.10～1.90 Ga构造热事件的年代学信息,然而在大别地区该时期的岩浆岩体尚未报道,本文在野外地质调查的基础上,对西大别金盘岩体的变质花岗岩开展了锆石年代学和Hf同位素分析。锆石U-Pb测年结果显示变质花岗岩的结晶年龄为(2022±17)Ma(MSWD=2.3),代表了大别造山带古元古代的岩浆活动记录。锆石的εHf(t)值(-10.6～-7.6)及其二阶模式年龄(2.96～3.12 Ga)表明该岩体来源于古老陆壳的再造。综合已有Hf同位素资料,扬子陆块北缘广泛发育2.95～3.18 Ga太古宙地壳,为该类花岗岩的岩浆形成提供了物源。金盘岩体形成于古元古代碰撞造山作用时期(2.03～1.93 Ga),可能指示了Columbia超大陆聚合在大别地区的响应。该～2.0 Ga花岗岩体的识别,为研究大别造山带早前寒武纪构造岩浆事件的演化序列提供了新的资料。 相似文献
8.
鞍山地区太古宙早期地壳生长及重熔——来自始-古太古代片麻岩杂岩的岩石学及年代学证据 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文报道了鞍山地区新厘定的一套始—古太古代片麻岩杂岩的岩石学特征及锆石U-Pb年代学数据,以探讨太古宙早期地壳的形成及演化过程。杂岩在全区广泛分布,野外以包体形式产于约3.1Ga细粒奥长花岗岩之中。主要包括始太古代奥长花岗岩/石英闪长岩和古太古代片麻岩杂岩两个岩石单元,前者呈透镜体产出于后者之中。始太古代奥长花岗岩/石英闪长岩部分遭受变质作用改造,但整体较好地保留了岩浆结构及构造,其年龄为3.77~3.81Ga,锆石εHf(t)值大于0,表明其为玄武质岩石经部分熔融形成的新生地壳。古太古代片麻岩杂岩由条带状片麻岩、浅色奥长花岗质片麻岩、黑云母片岩及少量斜长角闪岩等组成,岩石类型多样且组构复杂、不均一,受到塑性流变变形作用的改造,为地壳深部层次下变质-深熔作用的产物,各岩石锆石U-Pb年龄相近,为3.29~3.36Ga,锆石εHf(t)值小于0,表明其来源于始太古代古老地壳的重熔。杂岩记录了~3.8Ga、3.7~3.4Ga以及~3.3Ga等多期岩浆-构造热事件,其中~3.8Ga和~3.3Ga分别代表本区主要的两期地壳生长和地壳重熔事件。多期次地壳生长和重熔可能是早期地壳演化的主要机制及过程,这与全球多个太古宙地体类似。 相似文献
9.
报道了五台地区一个晚太古代片麻状富钾花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为2509±7.4Ma.该年龄与前人获得的年代学数据一起,进一步限定了晚太古期间五台-吕梁地区与俯冲有关的弧岩浆活动的年代框架.为了探讨晚太古宙-古元古代不同类型的花岗岩的源区性质和演化,特别是当时的陆壳增生机制和古老陆壳性质,本文在锆石U-Pb年代学的基础上对相应的锆石进行了细致的Hf同位素原位测量.结果表明,晚太古代片麻状花岗岩可能代表发育在古老克拉通(东部陆块?)上的弧岩浆作用产物.碰撞后(1.8 Ga)花岗岩的形成与加厚的造山带发生垮塌性伸展有关,后者导致幔源物质底侵,并引起下地壳物质的部分熔融而形成花岗质岩石.这些壳源花岗质岩浆再以不同比例与幔源岩浆混合而形成吕梁-五台地区成分复杂的碰撞后岩浆岩(花岗质为主).锆石Hf同位素还表明,吕梁-五台地区可能存在老于2.7Ga的古老克拉通物质(2.9Ga?),虽然目前还没有发现这么老的碎屑锆石. 相似文献
10.
胶北太古宙早期锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素研究：华北克拉通古老陆壳增生及再循环的证据 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
古老陆壳物质的发现与鉴别是探索地球早期陆壳形成与演化历史的重要内容之一,锆石U-Pb年龄结合Hf同位素研究是该研究的重要手段。本文通过对胶北地体内一个长英质副片麻岩中的锆石开展系统的原位U-Pb定年和微量、稀土元素分析,获得了多个太古宙早期的锆石。根据这些锆石的阴极发光图像、Th/U比值及稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式,它们具有典型岩浆锆石的特征,其中2个分析点给出了3413Ma和3400Ma(~3.4Ga)的锆石U-Pb年龄,7个分析点给出3547±19Ma(MSWD=1.16)的锆石U-Pb年龄,指示太古宙早期的陆壳岩浆事件;结合华北克拉通其它地区的类似研究结果,暗示华北克拉通可能曾经存在比现今出露面积更大的太古宙早期的古老陆壳。这些古老锆石的Hf同位素分析显示,它们的εHf(t)值在-6.19~0.95之间,平均为-2.54,两阶段Hf模式年龄在3737~4353Ma之间,平均值为~4.1Ga,远大于锆石的U-Pb年龄,指示华北克拉通存在~4.1Ga的地壳增生作用及古老陆壳(3.55Ga)的再循环。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
16.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
18.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
19.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献