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1.
新疆中天山古生代侵入岩浆序列及构造演化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新疆中天山构造岩浆带是中亚造山带的重要组成部分,广泛分布着古生代花岗质侵入体。本研究重点对中天山南缘巴音布鲁克及巴伦台地区的花岗质侵入体进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,并获得了岩体侵位年龄由老到新分别为463±3Ma(石英闪长岩)、437±5Ma(石英闪长岩)、424±3Ma(二长花岗岩)、383±4Ma(二长花岗岩)、356±3Ma(二长花岗岩)和303±5Ma(正长花岗岩)。综合区域地质分析认为,中天山古生代侵入岩浆活动可分为四个构造岩浆演化阶段:(1)晚寒武世—晚奥陶世阶段,Terskey洋盆和南天山洋盆自新元古代打开形成广阔洋盆,Terskey洋盆在晚寒武世开始初次俯冲,于晚奥陶世洋盆闭合,南天山洋盆于早奥陶世初次俯冲,具有自西向东、由早到晚的俯冲特点;(2)早志留世—中泥盆世阶段,南天山洋盆持续向北俯冲,该阶段北天山洋开始向南侧俯冲,在伊犁地块北缘形成了弧岩浆;(3)晚泥盆世—早石炭世阶段,南天山洋盆闭合于晚泥盆世末期,在早石炭世中晚期进入残余洋盆演化阶段;(4)晚石炭世—早二叠世阶段,该阶段为后碰撞伸展环境,区域上为陆内演化阶段。 相似文献
2.
广西苍梧县宝山矿床位于大瑶山隆起区的东南部,是一个与石英斑岩有关的铜多金属矿床。本文对该矿区内花岗闪长岩、细粒花岗岩和石英斑岩进行了单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,获得了3件花岗闪长岩的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄分别为433.7±1.2 Ma、435.0±1.2 Ma和449.7±2.3 Ma;1件细粒花岗岩的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为100.4±0.5 Ma,2件石英斑岩样品的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄分别为95.4±0.7 Ma和92.5±0.5 Ma。本文认为,宝山矿区存在晚奥陶世、早志留世、早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世早期等多期岩浆活动,与成矿有关的石英斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄揭示宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床形成于晚白垩世早期。这些高精度花岗岩锆石U-Pb测年数据为进一步深入研究大瑶山地区的岩浆活动及其成矿作用提供了重要的年代学依据。 相似文献
3.
东昆仑哈日扎多金属矿区花岗斑岩与闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
哈日扎多金属矿区具有多期成矿作用,成矿母岩为闪长岩、花岗斑岩和花岗岩。通过对闪长岩和花岗斑岩进行LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得3个样品锆石年龄。样品TC22-3为闪长岩,年龄集中在413±5.4~433±5.5Ma之间,年龄加权平均值为424.7±4.8Ma;DK19-1为花岗斑岩,年龄集中在233±2.4~251±2.9Ma之间,年龄加权平均值为242.6±2.6Ma;DK23-1为花岗斑岩,~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄集中在235±4.0~262±6.5Ma之间,年龄加权平均值为245.8±3.4Ma。样品DK23-1和DK19-1的锆石年龄代表印支期岩体年龄,与东昆仑地区印支期发生过较大规模岩浆活动事件相耦合,并且指示了哈日扎矿区主要的成矿年代;样品TC22-3形成时代为志留纪,记录了东昆仑早古生代的岩浆活动,也说明在志留纪该矿区已经发生了矿化现象。另外,东昆仑地区的晚志留世花岗岩可能与东昆仑早古生代洋盆闭合后的碰撞造山作用有关。 相似文献
4.
内蒙古白乃庙铜(钼)矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
内蒙古白乃庙铜(钼)矿床是华北板块北缘中段最重要的一个铜(钼)矿床, 矿床由南、北两矿带构成。南矿带矿体主要产于寒武系白乃庙组绿片岩中, 矿体产状与围岩基本一致;北矿带矿体大部分产于花岗闪长岩体中, 部分延进围岩。利用Re-Os同位素定年方法对南、北矿带主要矿段的5件辉钼矿样品进行了成矿时代研究, 结果表明, 辉钼矿样品的Re-Os同位素模式年龄为(435.8±6.0)~(443.0±6.1) Ma, Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为(440.5±4.4) Ma(2σ, MSWD=1.4), 属于早志留世, 与花岗闪长斑岩成岩时代(440.0 Ma)一致。结合区域地质背景和矿床特征, 认为白乃庙铜(钼)矿主成矿期为早志留世, 与早志留世花岗闪长斑岩(440.0 Ma)岩浆侵入关系密切, 又与早古生代古亚洲洋向华北板块强烈俯冲期(446.0~453.0 Ma)相吻合, 但晚于围岩白乃庙组。综合分析认为该成矿事件是早古生代华北板块北缘"沟、弧、盆"体系演化和陆缘增生的产物。 相似文献
5.
白乃庙铜钼矿是华北地块北缘最重要的大型铜钼矿,矿区中部花岗闪长斑岩与成矿关系密切。为探讨成岩成矿关系,笔者选取花岗闪长斑岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学特征研究。花岗闪长斑岩测年分别为432.4±2.2 Ma、440.7±2.1Ma和443±1Ma,岩体侵位时代为早志留世,与铜矿石中辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄440.5±4.4Ma(待刊)基本一致。岩体属高钾钙碱性岩石组合系列,稀土曲线右倾,δEu 14.83~-19.54,弱亏损,富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti,具有岛弧花岗岩的地球化学性质。结合区域地质背景,认为白乃庙铜钼矿成矿与早志留世花岗闪长斑岩岩浆期后热液活动密切相关,成矿构造背景为早古生代古亚洲板块向华北板块俯冲形成的白乃庙古火山岛弧带。 相似文献
6.
东昆仑早古生代花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
应用激光烧蚀多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)方法,对东昆仑五龙沟地区花岗岩样品进行了锆石 U-Pb 定年研究。结果表明,黄龙沟中部的糜棱岩化二长花岗岩(B20-14)中岩浆锆石206Pb/238U年龄平均值为(417.7±2.0) Ma,黄龙沟上部的糜棱岩化二长花岗岩(B21-2)中岩浆锆石206Pb/238U年龄平均值为(419.7±2.3) Ma,深水潭粗中粒二长花岗岩(B20-8)中岩浆锆石206Pb/238U 年龄平均值为(419.9±2.0) Ma,红旗沟中部的粗中粒二长花岗岩(B25-9)岩浆锆石206Pb/238U年龄平均值为(419.0±2.0) Ma。它们代表了五龙沟地区所研究花岗岩的形成年龄,其形成时代均为晚志留世,记录了东昆仑早古生代的岩浆活动。本文获得的东昆仑五龙沟地区的晚志留世花岗岩可能与东昆仑早古生代洋盆闭合后的碰撞造山作用有关。花岗岩中1861 Ma、1666 Ma古元古代继承锆石的发现,表明东昆仑造山带的基底物质为古元古代。 相似文献
7.
库鲁克塔格地区早志留世地层主要由灰绿色砂岩和粉砂岩组成,为浊流成因,沉积环境为海底扇。运用LA-ICP-MS U-Pb方法,对早志留世2件砂岩碎屑锆石进行U-Pb年龄测定,共获得了89组U-Pb有效年龄,获得了地层的物源、研究区区域对比和早古生代的构造演化资料。碎屑锆石的谐和年龄表明,689~836Ma为早志留世地层的主要物源区,866~986Ma、1055~1463Ma和1708~2490Ma为次要物源区,部分为二次搬运。志留纪碎屑锆石的年龄概率图指出,早志留世可能为岩浆活动的安静期,早志留世之后,库鲁克塔格地区中—晚奥陶世岩石大规模隆升。碎屑锆石年龄和CL图像揭示,新元古代时期发育大量岩浆活动,可能与南天山洋向塔里木板块俯冲相关。区域变质作用同样在碎屑锆石中有所反映。 相似文献
8.
巴音布鲁克岩体为南天山北缘出露不多的代表性早古生代花岗岩体,由二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩构成,两类岩石均显示富集Rb、Ba、Th、K和Pb等LILE,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等HFSE的活动陆缘弧岩浆地球化学特征。其中,二长花岗岩相对低SiO_2和K_2O,略高CaO、Fe_2O_3T和MgO,具轻重稀土中等分馏、弱负Eu异常的稀土元素分布模式。钾长花岗岩明显高SiO_2,富K_2O,低CaO和MgO,强烈亏损Sr、Ba、Eu、Ti和P,高DI指数(94.31~95.52)和高Rb/Sr比值,轻重稀土中等分馏,呈现出强负Eu异常的稀土分布模式,指示岩浆经历了较高程度演化。二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩分别获得464.5±3.5Ma和430.2±3.2 Ma的形成年龄,对应的锆石εHf(t)分别为-8.66~-6.56和-5.33~-2.19,Hf陆壳模式年龄TDMC分别为1.58~1.69Ga和1.33~1.49Ga,明显高于其形成年龄,表明岩浆主要源自中元古代基底陆壳物质的部分熔融。结合南天山北缘和中天山南缘类似的同期花岗岩的广泛出现认为,巴音布鲁克岩体中的二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩分别代表了南天山洋早期俯冲消减活动陆缘弧岩浆和晚期成熟岩浆演化的结果,表明其大洋俯冲消减作用一直持续到志留世仍未结束。 相似文献
9.
新疆西天山菁布拉克基性杂岩体闪长岩锆石SHRIMP定年及其地质意义 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
文章对新疆西天山特克斯县菁布拉克基性杂岩体中辉石闪长岩样品中的锆石进行了SHRIMP U-Pb定年研究,获得了(434.4±6.2)Ma的和谐年龄,该结果表明菁布拉克岩体的侵位时间为早志留世。结合岩石地球化学分析所揭示的形成环境信息和最新的区域地质资料,认为菁布拉克岩体的形成与早志留世到早石炭世发生的南天山洋向北与中天山板块的俯冲作用密切相关,岩浆显现出的岛弧岩浆特点可能是由于洋壳向亏损地幔的俯冲所引起的。 相似文献
10.
阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆作用的成因研究，对理解阿拉善地块与古亚洲洋相互作用过程至关重要。本文在阿拉善地块中部新识别出一中志留世花岗岩体(噶顺花岗岩),其锆石U-Pb年龄为432Ma,以高Sr低Y为特征，属弱过铝质、中钾-高钾钙碱性花岗岩，εHf (t)=-8.8～-19.4,形成于古老下地壳岩石的部分熔融。本文同时总结了阿拉善地块其他晚奥陶世-早泥盆世岩浆岩的成分特征，发现阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆岩在成因上可分为两类：类型I,侵位于晚奥陶世-早中志留世，为典型幔源弧岩浆岩，形成于俯冲流体交代地幔楔的部分熔融；类型II,侵位于中晚志留世-早泥盆世，普遍高Sr低Y,形成于古老中基性地壳岩石的部分熔融。纵观阿拉善地块整个早古生代的岩浆作用，在晚奥陶世-早中志留世→中晚志留世-早泥盆世→中晚泥盆世期间，阿拉善地块的岩浆作用从幔源弧岩浆岩过渡到壳源高Sr低Y型花岗岩再到岩浆作用逐渐消失，反映了阿拉善地块陆缘弧从相对伸展环境向挤压弧的转变。这一岩浆作用演化记录了区域构造作用从典型洋陆俯冲到俯冲作用逐渐减弱(直至停止)或者俯冲角度(从陡俯冲向平俯冲)的转变过程；总体上，阿拉善地块早... 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
16.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
17.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
18.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
19.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献