共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
基于WRF驱动的CLM模型对青藏高原地区陆面过程模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
NCAR-CLM是目前国际上发展较为完善的陆面过程模型.鉴于大多数研究利用气象站点的数据驱动CLM模型, 尝试将WRF气候模型的模拟结果作为驱动CLM的面上强迫场数据来对青藏高原陆面能量特征进行模拟研究.对WRF气候模型模拟的输出结果与青藏高原气象站观测数据进行比较分析表明, WRF模拟输出的气温和向下短波辐射数值与观测值的相关系数大于0.92(p >0.05), 气压和比湿的R2在0.80以上(p >0.05), 降雨和风速的模拟性能不稳定, 但WRF模拟输出的强迫场也可以作为CLM模型的驱动数据. CLM模拟的地表温度、 感热和潜热通量与青藏高原气象站观测的地表温度以及涡度通量数据验证分析表明, 虽然CLM对地表温度的模拟在合理范围内, 但模拟与观测值还是有较大偏差, 潜热和感热之间的相关系数分别为0.87和0.68(p >0.05), 表明CLM的模拟结果在单点上是可靠的.据此, 在此模拟结果基础上分析了青藏高原地区的陆面能量时空分布特征. 相似文献
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1981-2013年气候因子变化对西藏拉萨河径流的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用1981-2013年西藏拉萨河流域2个气象站降水量、气温、蒸发量的实测数据,以及拉萨水文站径流序列资料,分析拉萨河流域降水、气温变化及其对径流量的影响.结果显示:近33 a来,拉萨河流域降水量呈增多趋势,冷季增多趋势显著,倾向率达到3.51 mm·(10a)-1;年、季平均气温、平均最高、最低气温呈显著增高趋势.平均气温倾向率年尺度为0.58℃·(10a)-1、暖季0.42℃·(10a)-1、冷季0.74℃·(10a)-1;年、季蒸发量呈显著减少趋势,倾向率达到年127.7 mm·(10a)-1、暖季82.2 mm·(10a)-1、冷季45.5 mm·(10a)-1.20世纪80年代降水量偏少、气温偏低、蒸发量大,是一个比较寒冷干燥的时期;90年代降水增多、气温增高、蒸发量减少,到21世纪初,降水、气温均达到各年代最高值,蒸发量为各年代最小,拉萨河流域进入一个相对温暖湿润的时期;拉萨河径流量年际变化较小,其变化趋势与降水、气温基本一致,20世纪80年代径流量最小,之后逐年代增大,21世纪初,年、季径流量达到各年代最大.1983年全流域出现的干旱少雨天气,导致20世纪80年代拉萨河年和暖季径流略偏枯,其他时段年、季径流无明显的丰枯变化,处于一个比较平稳的状态;拉萨河流域降水量的大小直接影响着径流量的大小,且暖季降水在拉萨河年径流的形成上起主导作用;气温的显著升高和人类活动对下垫面条件的改变,削减了降水量增多、蒸发量减少对径流形成的有利影响. 相似文献
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统计降尺度方法广泛应用于弥补大气环流模式(GCM)模拟区域气候变化能力较弱的不足。利用1960~2009年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和江淮流域52个站点降水观测资料,通过敏感性分析,针对4个季节分别选择10个大尺度预测因子,采用主成分分析(PCA)和支持向量机(SVM)相结合的方法,建立了江淮流域降水统计降尺度模型。检验结果表明,该模型获取的江淮流域降水的偏差显著减小,能够描述降水在月、年尺度的变化,适用于HadCM3输出的大尺度气候场,具有预测未来降水变化的能力。将统计降尺度模型应用于HadCM3在A2情景下输出的2020~2099年大尺度预测因子,分3个时段:2020~2039年,2050~2069年和2080~2099年,从年和季节两个时间尺度分析江淮流域未来降水变化。结果表明,相对1960~1999年,未来3个时段的降水有小幅增加,其中2080~2099年增幅最大,为3.6 mm;在未来3个时段的不同季节,降水变化呈现出不同特征。 相似文献
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区域气候模式在中国西北地区气温和降水长时间序列模拟的误差分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
气温和降水微小的变化都可能引起中国西北地区脆弱生态环境空间格局剧烈变化.由于西北地区气象站点分布稀疏,站点观测结果难于完全代表西北地区复杂地貌的气象要素空间分布格局.区域气候模式模拟可以弥补现有观测资料的不足,但模式模拟存在的误差,往往制约着西北区域气候变化评估工作.本文在CN05格点数据和站点数据基础上,从空间格局、极值模拟等方面对高分辨率WRF模式数据气温和降水模拟精度进行评估,假定偏差恒定基础上,使用分类回归树模型建立偏差预测模型.结果表明:CN05数据和WRF模式多年年平均气温和多年平均年降水数据空间格局基本一致,但WRF模式结果空间格局更加细致.WRF模式结果在山区和湖泊地区降水偏高估,气温和降水距平在新疆地区相对于其他地区变化较为一致;95%分位数的降水在甘肃和新疆地区模拟结果好于宁夏、青海和陕西;5%和95%分位数气温,WRF模式大部分站点表现为暖偏差,而CN05数据表现为冷偏差;不同的地貌单元区域气温和降水的偏差时间序列存在一定的相关性.在西北五省区气温和降水的分类树模型中,由于高程和地形复杂度对偏差预测模型影响较大,无法在整个西北地区建立统一的误差预测模型. 相似文献
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《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2008,340(9-10):564-574
An overview of the expected change of climate extremes during this century due to greenhouse gases and aerosol anthropogenic emissions is presented. The most commonly used methodologies rely on the dynamical or statistical downscaling of climate projections, performed with coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models. Either of dynamical or of statistical type, downscaling methods present strengths and weaknesses, but neither their validation on present climate conditions, nor their potential ability to project the impact of climate change on extreme event statistics allows one to give a specific advantage to one of the two types. The results synthesized in the last IPCC report and more recent studies underline a convergence for a very likely increase in heat wave episodes over land surfaces, linked to the mean warming and the increase in temperature variability. In addition, the number of days of frost should decrease and the growing season length should increase. The projected increase in heavy precipitation events appears also as very likely over most areas and also seems linked to a change in the shape of the precipitation intensity distribution. The global trends for drought duration are less consistent between models and downscaling methodologies, due to their regional variability. The change of wind-related extremes is also regionally dependent, and associated to a poleward displacement of the midlatitude storm tracks. The specific study of extreme events over France reveals the high sensitivity of some statistics of climate extremes at the decadal time scale as a consequence of regional climate internal variability. 相似文献
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《Atmósfera》2014,27(2):117-140
This work focuses on evaluating the ability of the MM5 regional model to represent the basic features of present climate over South America. The spatial distribution of seasonal means and the interannual variability, as well as annual cycles for precipitation and near-surface temperature have been evaluated. The internal variability has also been investigated. The analysis has two objectives: one of them is to quantify the dynamic downscaling ability to represent the current climate and the other is to identify critical aspects of the regional climate model in South America in order to interpret the reliability of future projections for the end of the twenty-first century in the A2 scenario of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. In general, the MM5 model is able to reproduce adequately the main general features, seasonal cycle and year-to-year variability of near surface variables over South America. The spatial distribution of temperature is well represented, but some systematic errors were identified, such as an overestimation in central and northern Argentina and an underestimation in the mountainous regions throughout the year. The general structure of precipitation is also well captured by the regional model, although it overestimates the precipitation in the Andean region (specifically in central and southern Chile) in all seasons and underestimates the rainfall over tropical latitudes. The annual cycle of precipitation is adequately represented in the subregions analyzed, but its representation is better over La Plata basin (LPB), Cuyo (CU) and southeastern Pampas (SEP). The annual cycle of mean temperature is well represented, too. The model systematically overestimates the interannual variability of temperature and underestimates the interannual variability of precipitation. From the analyses of interannual and internal variability, as well as the biases, it can be concluded that regardless the season, the simulated precipitation is reliable at subtropical latitudes, Uruguay, southern Brazil and east-central of Argentina, but is less reliable over areas of complex topography. For temperature, the regional model is reliable over subtropical latitudes, Uruguay and the south of Brazil only during winter, but it is less reliable or it is even in the limit of reliability over central and southern Chile all along the year. Therefore, it is concluded that the MM5 model is a useful tool for the generation of regional climate change scenarios and for the evaluation of regional climate change scenarios over southern South America. 相似文献
7.
Previous studies showed that the climatic processes drive the streamflow of the inland river in Northwest China. However, it is difficult to quantitatively assess the climatic-hydrological processes in the ungauged mountainous basins because of the scarce data. This research developed an integrated approach for multi-temporal scale modeling the climatic-hydrological processes in data-scarce mountain basins of Northwest China by combining downscaling method (DM), backpropagation artificial neural network (BPANN), and wavelet regression (WR). To validate the approach, we also simulated the climatic-hydrological processes at different temporal scales in a typical data-scarce mountain basin, the Kaidu River Basin in Northwest China. The main results are as follows: (i) the streamflow is related with regional climatic change as well as atmosphere-ocean variability, (ii) the BPANN model well simulated the nonlinear relationship between the streamflow and temperature and precipitation at the monthly temporal scale, and (iii) although the annual runoff (AR) appears to have fluctuations, there are significant correlations among AR, annual average temperature (AAT), annual precipitation (AP), and oscillation indices, which can be simulated by equations of WR at different temporal scales of years. 相似文献
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气候变暖对长江源径流变化的影响分析 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
在气候变暖背景下， 20世纪60年代以来， 长江源区气温年和四季增温显著， 蒸发量、 径流量总体呈增加趋势； 进入21世纪后， 源区降水量呈增加趋势。沱沱河作为长江源区的主要径流， 以此为代表研究长江源区气候变暖对径流的影响具有重要的现实意义。利用1981 - 2015年沱沱河水文站径流量资料、 沱沱河同期气象站降水量、 气温、 蒸发量的实测资料， 分析了长江源区沱沱河降水、 气温、 蒸发量变化对径流量的影响。结果显示： 在全球变暖背景下， 近35 a来沱沱河流域年及四季平均气温、 平均最高气温、 最低气温均呈显著增加趋势； 年及春、 夏、 秋季降水量增加而冬季降水量减少； 春、 冬季蒸发量呈增加趋势， 年及夏、 秋季蒸发量呈减少趋势。沱沱河流域降水量是影响径流量大小的最主要的气候因子， 夏季降水量的增多与夏季径流量的增多关系密切， 年平均最低气温升高导致的冰川和积雪融水对径流量的影响次之， 蒸发量对径流量的影响明显低于前两者。 相似文献
10.
新疆21世纪气候变化的高分辨率模拟 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
使用一个25 km高水平分辨率区域气候模式(RegCM3),嵌套MIROC3.2_hires全球气候模式结果,进行了IPCC SRES A1B情景下,东亚区域21世纪气候变化的模拟,针对新疆地区进行了分析.首先对模式模拟的当代（1981-2000年）气候进行检验,结果表明:模式对年平均气温、降水的空间分布和数值均具有较... 相似文献
11.
基于区域气候模式RegCM4.0(Regional Climate Model 4.0),分别选取BATS(Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme)和CLM(Community Land Model)陆面方案,对2001-2005年中国的气候状况进行模拟,并将模拟结果与CRU(Climatic Research Unit)及GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project)降水资料进行对比,研究不同陆面方案对降水模拟的影响。结果表明:在两种陆面方案下,区域气候模式均较合理地模拟出了中国降水的空间分布、时间变化;模拟降水对陆面方案敏感,RegCM_BATS总体上表现为正偏差,在东北区域的模拟偏差较大;RegCM_CLM表现为负偏差,在长江以南区域的模拟偏差较大;模拟结果的偏差在夏季较大,冬季较小;两模式模拟结果间的差异在空间上由东南向西北减少;两模式均较准确地模拟了不同强度降水出现频率的分布形势,总体上RegCM_CLM模拟低强度降水偏多;高强度降水偏少,而RegCM_BATS模拟低强度降水偏少,高强度降水偏多;不同陆面方案对地表蒸发量以及地表潜热通量模拟的差异是导致模拟降水差异的主要原因,夏季地表蒸发对降水的影响较冬季更强;水汽平流输送对两模式模拟降水差异的影响较小。 相似文献
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应用以现代数据绘制的某些特定气候状况下的年平均降水量－年平均地表径流量关系曲线并根据已知的古气候状况,推测相应的古地表径流状况,是较为新颖的第四纪古水文学研究方法之一。进一步探究较大空间范围内和较长时间间隔中各种气候状况下的地表径流的变化规律,对于完善和精化这一研究方法颇具意义。利用分布在美国、澳大利亚、津巴布韦和芬兰的七百余个流水盆地的资料和数据,绘制了若干年平均降水量－年平均地表径流量关系曲线,讨论了年平均温度、年平均降水量、气候类型及与之相关的年降水的季节性分布对年平均地表径流量的影响,提出了在第四纪古水文学研究中应用这些关系曲线的事项。 相似文献
13.
In evaluating potential impacts of climate change on water resources, water managers seek to understand how future conditions may differ from the recent past. Studies of climate impacts on groundwater recharge often compare simulated recharge from future and historical time periods on an average monthly or overall average annual basis, or compare average recharge from future decades to that from a single recent decade. Baseline historical recharge estimates, which are compared with future conditions, are often from simulations using observed historical climate data. Comparison of average monthly results, average annual results, or even averaging over selected historical decades, may mask the true variability in historical results and lead to misinterpretation of future conditions. Comparison of future recharge results simulated using general circulation model (GCM) climate data to recharge results simulated using actual historical climate data may also result in an incomplete understanding of the likelihood of future changes. In this study, groundwater recharge is estimated in the upper Colorado River basin, USA, using a distributed-parameter soil-water balance groundwater recharge model for the period 1951–2010. Recharge simulations are performed using precipitation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature data from observed climate data and from 97 CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5) projections. Results indicate that average monthly and average annual simulated recharge are similar using observed and GCM climate data. However, 10-year moving-average recharge results show substantial differences between observed and simulated climate data, particularly during period 1970–2000, with much greater variability seen for results using observed climate data. 相似文献
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Akkaneewut Chabangborn Jenny Brandefelt Barbara Wohlfarth 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2014,43(1):220-242
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (23–19 ka BP) in the Asian monsoon region is generally described as cool and dry, due to a strong winter monsoon. More recently, however, palaeo‐data and climate model simulations have argued for a more variable LGM Asian monsoon climate with distinct regional differences. We compiled, evaluated, and partly re‐assessed proxy records for the Asian monsoon region in terms of wet/dry climatic conditions based on precipitation and effective moisture, and of sea surface temperatures. The comparison of the palaeo‐data set to LGM simulations by the Climate Community System Model version 3 (CCSM3) shows fairly good agreement: a dry LGM climate in the western and northern part due to a strengthened winter monsoon and/or strengthened westerly winds and wetter conditions in equatorial areas, due to a stronger summer monsoon. Data–model discrepancies are seen in some areas and are ascribed to the fairly coarse resolution of CCSM3 and/or to uncertainties in the reconstructions. Differences are also observed between the reconstructed and simulated northern boundaries of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The reconstructions estimate a more southern position over southern India and the Bay of Bengal, whereas CCSM3 simulates a more northern position. In Indochina, the opposite is the case. The palaeo‐data indicate that climatic conditions changed around 20–19 ka BP, with some regions receiving higher precipitation and some experiencing drier conditions, which would imply a distinct shift in summer monsoon intensity. This shift was probably triggered by the late LGM sea‐level rise, which led to changes in atmosphere–ocean interactions in the Indian Ocean. The overall good correspondence between reconstructions and CCSM3 suggests that CCSM3 simulates LGM climate conditions over subtropical and tropical areas fairly well. The few high‐resolution qualitative and quantitative palaeo‐records available for the large Asian monsoon region make reconstructions however still uncertain. 相似文献
17.
在全球变暖的背景下,南极已成为全球气候变化研究的热点,然而其区域内的观测站点稀疏且缺乏较长的时间序列,限制了人们对南极气候变化机制的分析与理解。Polar WRF作为目前最先进的极地区域气候模型之一,有力弥补了观测资料不足的缺陷,然而模式存在误差,在应用之前有必要对其定量评估。本文利用Polar WRF3.9.1对2004-2013年南极冰盖2m气温、10m风速和地表气压进行了数值模拟,并与28个气象站数据进行了对比分析,结果表明:模式对气温的模拟值在东南极沿岸偏低,在内陆偏高,在南极半岛既存在冷偏差也存在暖偏差,而对风速和气压的模拟整体呈高估。而从均方根误差和平均绝对误差的空间分布来看,模式对气温和气压的模拟结果在东南极沿岸的精度高于内陆和南极半岛,而风速则在内陆的精度要高于沿岸地区。但总体来说模拟效果较为理想,在2004-2013年间气温、风速、气压的模拟值的变化趋势与实测值的变化趋势相同。模式模拟的年平均2m气温和近地面气压在所有站点都通过了α=0.1的显著性检验,季节误差和月误差整体较小,且所有月份的相关系数都分别大于0.90与0.79。模式对10m风速的模拟精度要略低,部分沿岸站点的年平均误差超过了7.5m·s^(-1),但整体而言其在四季和各个月份的相关性均大于0.5且误差小于4.5m·s^(-1)。虽然Polar WRF作为天气模式,但在模拟长时间尺度的气候方面仍然表现较好。 相似文献
18.
Climatic forcing of carbon-oxygen isotopic covariance in temperate-region marl lakes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Carbon and oxygen stable isotopic compositions of lacustrine carbonate from a southeastern Michigan marl lake display linear covariance over a range of 4.0% Peedee belemnite (PDB) in oxygen and 3.9% (PDB) in carbon. Mechanisms of delta 13 C-delta 18 O coupling conventionally attributed to lake closure in arid-region basins are inapplicable to hydrologically open lake systems. Thus, an alternative explanation of isotopic covariance in temperate region dimictic marl lakes is required. We propose that isotopic covariance is a direct record of change in regional climate. In short-residence-time temperate-region lake basins, summer meteoric precipitation is enriched in 18O relative to winter values, and summer organic productivity enriches epilimnic dissolved inorganic carbon in 13C. Thus, climate change toward longer summers and/or shorter winters could result in greater proportions of warm-month meteoric precipitation, longer durations of warm-month productivity, and net long-term enrichment in carbonate 18O and 13C. Isotopic covariance observed in the Michigan marl lake cores is interpreted to reflect postglacial warming from 10 to 3 ka followed by cooler mean annual temperature, a shift toward greater proportions of seasonal summer precipitation, a shortening of the winter season, or some combination of these three factors. 相似文献
19.
Understanding the impacts of climate change on water quality and stream flow is important for management of water resources and environment. Miyun Reservoir is the only surface drinking water source in Beijing, which is currently experiencing a serious water shortage. Therefore, it is vital to identify the impacts of climate change on water quality and quantity of the Miyun Reservoir watershed. Based on long-time-series data of meteorological observation, future climate change scenarios for this study area were predicted using global climate models (GCMs), the statistical downscaling model (SDSM), and the National Climate Centre/Gothenburg University—Weather Generator (NWG). Future trends of nonpoint source pollution load were estimated and the response of nonpoint pollution to climate change was determined using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Results showed that the simulation results of SWAT model were reasonable in this study area. The comparative analysis of precipitation and air temperature simulated using the SDSM and NWG separately showed that both tools have similar results, but the former had a larger variability of simulation results than the latter. With respect to simulation variance, the NWG has certain advantages in the numerical simulation of precipitation, but the SDSM is superior in simulating precipitation and air temperature changes. The changes in future precipitation and air temperature under different climate scenarios occur basically in the same way, that is, an overall increase is estimated. Particularly, future precipitation will increase significantly as predicted. Due to the influence of climate change, discharge, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads from the study area will increase over the next 30 years by model evaluation. Compared to average value of 1961?~?1990, discharge will experience the highest increase (15%), whereas TN and TP loads will experience a smaller increase with a greater range of annual fluctuations of 2021 ~ 2050. 相似文献
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以两种植被数据为基础,分别利用区域和全球气候模式对过去300年土地利用和地表覆盖变化的气候效应进行了模拟研究。结果表明,耕地面积不断扩大所造成的自然植被破坏可能对区域性气候产生显著影响。通过对不同时期植被特征下地面温度、降水和低层大气环流的比较分析发现,中国东部地区耕地取代自然植被后,全年平均温度有所降低,且存在明显季节差异。植被退化地区的夏季温度有明显升高而冬季温度则显著降低; 同时夏季降水和850hPa风场发生显著变化： 夏季降水明显减少,而这一结果与低层(850hPa)大气环流的反气旋性增强相联系,即植被退化使中国东部夏季风环流减弱,这与目前观测事实是一致的。土地利用引起的地表覆盖的变化可能是东亚季风减弱的原因之一。 相似文献