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1.
《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2016,(3)
为探讨丫他金矿床成矿流体的特征和矿床成因,对热液成矿阶段中石英中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼分析以及H、O同位素研究。结果表明,丫他金矿床中存在H_2O包裹体、CO_2-H_2O包裹体和CO_2包裹体三类流体包裹体;其中同一阶段同一视域中富H_2O相CO_2-H_2O包裹体在加热中完全均一到H_2O相,以及富CO_2相CO_2-H_2O包裹体完全均一到CO_2相,它们的均一温度和形成压力基本一致,说明同时捕获了富CO_2和富H_2O两种流体;流体包裹体的H、O同位素组成特征显示,成矿流体主要来源为大气降水或与大气降水有关的盆地流体;热液成矿阶段流体发生相分离,CO_2-H_2O不混溶作用导致热液中Au的溶解度迅速降低并沉淀形成矿床。 相似文献
2.
八大关斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床是我国内蒙大兴安岭成矿带北段典型的斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床之一,矿体主要产出在成矿斑岩体与围岩的内外接触带。通过详细的岩相学和矿相学观察,矿床可以划分出5个成矿阶段,即钾长石阶段→辉钼矿-石英阶段→磁铁矿-黄铁矿(黄铜矿)石英阶段→铜(铅锌)石英阶段→石英-绿泥石±碳酸盐阶段。矿床内石英中的流体包裹体类型有富气相包裹体、富液相包裹体、含子矿物的多相包裹体和含CO_2的三相包裹体,但石英-绿泥石阶段石英中明显缺乏后两类包裹体。显微测温和激光拉曼结果显示,石英斑晶中代表早期成矿流体的均一温度为460~572℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))高达59.76%,子矿物有石盐和代表氧化环境的硬石膏,气相成分富含CO_2,液相成分以H_2O为主,富含CO_3~(2-)。辉钼矿-石英阶段流体包裹体的均一温度为320~440℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))为0.83%~63.13%,子矿物有石盐、赤铁矿和未知硫化物,可见富气相、富液相和含CO_2或子矿物的多相包裹体共存,且其具有相近的均一温度,但盐度相差悬殊,指示成矿流体曾发生过沸腾作用;而铜(铅锌)-石英阶段的均一温度为260~340℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))为0.42%~37.40%,子矿物有石盐和硬石膏,气液相成分以H_2O为主,富含CO_3~(2-)。与辉钼矿-石英阶段相比,该阶段成矿流体的温度变化尤为显著。石英-绿泥石阶段中流体包裹体的均一温度为237~306℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))则低于10.86%,无子晶,贫CO_2。综合O、H同位素,初始成矿流体属于中高温、高盐度、高氧逸度和富CO_2的岩浆热液;随着成矿过程的进行,大气水的混合比例越来越高,成矿流体逐渐演化为岩浆热液和大气水的混合热液;晚阶段成矿流体主要以大气水为主。通过系统的流体包裹体研究,我们认为矿床的成矿物质是由同一流体带入成矿热液系统,但其沉淀机制却发生了解耦,即辉钼矿的沉淀主要与减压沸腾作用有关,而铜(铅锌)硫化物的沉淀主要与温度降低有关。 相似文献
3.
胶东蓬莱金矿区流体包裹体和氢氧同位素地球化学研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
蓬莱地区金矿床以石英脉型为主,其次是蚀变岩型;成矿条件与著名的玲珑金矿床相似。金主要产于黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英脉中。流体包裹体研究表明,金矿床中主要存在两种类型的流体包裹体:CO_2-H_2O 包裹体和中低盐度的NaCl-H_2O 溶液包裹体。CO_2-H_2O 包裹体气相以 CO_2为主,可含少量 CH_4、H_4S、CO。其中,黄铁绢英岩的石英中含有丰富的CO_2-H_2O 包裹体,而黄铁矿石英脉和多金属硫化物石英脉中富 CO_2与富 H_2O 的 CO_2-H_2O 包裹体共存。显微测温结果显示,黄铁绢英岩中的 CO_2-H_2O 包裹体的均一温度范围为230℃～300℃;而黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英包裹体的均一温度为220℃～390℃,鉴于这些包裹体是从不混溶的 CO_2-H_2O 流体中捕获的,因此它们的温度下限220℃～250℃左右,应该看作是它们的形成温度。成矿早期流体为富含挥发份(流体密度0.92～0.985g/cm~3)、中低盐度(4.15%～5.23%NaCl eqv)的流体;到主成矿期逐渐演化为温度升高,盐度变化范围大(1.02%～15.5%NaCl eqv),水溶液以 NaCl 为主,气体仍以 CO_2为主,但可含少量的 CH_2、H_2S、CO 及有机质等的流体(流体密度0.32～0.99g/cm~3);成矿期后的流体盐度、温度及 CO_2含量降至最低。本区矿床中石英的δ~(18)O 值变化在13.8‰～18.3‰,成矿流体的δ~(18)O 值在4.9‰～10.9‰之间,流体包裹体中δD变化范围很小,从-78‰变化到-101‰,主要集中在-78‰～-88‰之间。由此表明成矿流体以岩浆水为主,伴有大气降水的参与。在主成矿期成矿流体表现出明显的多期、多来源特征。温度降低和流体不混溶是导致金等成矿元素沉淀和富集的重要机制。 相似文献
4.
岩浆到热液演化的包裹体记录——以骑田岭花岗岩体为例 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
骑田岭花岗岩是燕山期花岗岩早期多阶段侵入复式岩体,岩石化学的研究表明它是富碱的、高分异的A型花岗岩,形成于板内拉张的构造环境。在其第二阶段中细粒黑云母花岗岩内广泛发育着厘米级至米级似伟晶岩囊状体和石英晶洞, 它们是富挥发份岩浆固结的产物,代表岩石形成过程经历了明显的岩浆-热液过渡阶段。包裹体显微岩相学研究在骑田岭黑云母花岗岩的石英中发现熔体-流体包裹体和流体包裹体共存,这一结果进一步证实骑田岭中细粒黑云母花岗岩中的似伟晶岩囊状体和石英晶洞是花岗质熔体在岩浆-热液过渡阶段的产物。显微测温结果显示,熔体-流体包裹体的捕获温度大于530℃,说明岩浆热液过渡阶段的温度不低于该温度;闪锌矿中流体包裹体的均一温度在285~417℃之间,盐度为11.7% NaCleqv,代表了成矿流体的温度和盐度;流体包裹体的均一温度为172~454℃,代表热液阶段流体的温度。从中细粒黑云母花岗岩到似伟晶岩囊状体再到石英晶洞,岩浆-热液体系经历了富挥份熔体→熔体+高盐度流体→高盐度流体→低盐度流体的完整演化过程,形成了CaCl2-NaCl-H2O-CO2体系的岩浆热液流体。包裹体岩相学及激光拉曼探针分析结果显示,在流体包裹体和多晶熔体-流体包裹体中含有长石、方解石、金红石及金属氧化物等子矿物,暗示其所捕获的流体具有较强的成矿能力。 相似文献
5.
《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2018,(6)
为探讨者桑金矿床的成矿流体特征、Au的沉淀机制及基性岩浆活动与Au成矿的关系,对该矿床热液成矿期的流体包裹体进行了显微测温研究,并对热液矿物进行了H、O、C同位素分析。结果表明,矿床中包裹体有气液H_2O、CO_2-H_2O和纯CO_2包裹体3种类型,成矿流体温度从早阶段到晚阶段逐渐降低、主成矿阶段盐度高于早晚两个阶段;热液成矿期早阶段成矿流体以岩浆水为主,主成矿阶段为岩浆水和大气降水混合,成矿晚阶段以大气降水为主;成矿晚阶段热液方解石中的碳质主要来自幔源碳的低温蚀变。研究认为,者桑金矿床成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水的混合流体,Au的沉淀与NaCl-H_2O-CO_2流体不混溶作用密切相关,基性岩浆侵入活动为成矿流体提供热源、H_2O、CO_2和Au。 相似文献
6.
《地球化学》2016,(6)
新田岭大型钨矿床位于湘南骑田岭复式花岗岩体东北侧,与芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床南北相对。本文对新田岭大型钨矿床进行了系统的流体包裹体地球化学和H-O同位素研究。研究结果表明,该矿床中白钨矿阶段流体包裹体类型主要为含CO_2两相包裹体、富含CO_2三相包裹体和气液包裹体,CO_2包裹体均一温度为264~479℃,盐度为0.22%~6.13%,CO_2的摩尔分数为0.09~0.62,气相组分为CO_2、CH4和H2O。气液包裹体盐度为1.39%~11.37%,均一温度为398~479℃,为Na Cl-Ca Cl2-H2O水溶液体系。硫化物阶段包裹体的盐度为13.55%~17.74%,完全均一温度范围为139~346℃。成矿流体压力为30~120 MPa。成矿流体由富含CO_2的低盐度热液体系向不含CO_2、中高盐度的热液流体演化,H、O同位素组成显示成矿热液流体具有岩浆来源的特征。钨在溶液中以钨酸的形式稳定迁移度,岩浆热液与含碳围岩发生水岩反应可能是新田岭白钨矿形成的主要机制。 相似文献
7.
胶东邓格庄金矿成矿流体、成矿物质来源与矿床成因 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
邓格庄金矿是胶东牟平-乳山成矿带第二大石英脉型金矿床,其空间产出受断裂构造、荆山群变质地层和岩浆活动联合制约。对不同类型蚀变岩和不同阶段金脉体流体包裹体研究表明:包裹体可划分为液相包裹体(Ⅰ)、气相包裹体(Ⅱ)、含液体CO_2包裹体(Ⅲ)和含子矿物包裹体(Ⅳ)四类。从热液蚀变期到主成矿期,包裹体的种类增多,数量增多,主成矿期可见Ⅲ和Ⅳ型包裹体。激光拉曼探针分析结果显示成矿流体的气相成分类型包括CO_2-CH_4-H_2O、CO_2-H_2O、CO_2-CO_2和CO_2-CH_4四种,以CO_2为主,H_2O次之,主成矿期出现了少量的CH_4,成矿流体总体属CO_2-H_2O-NaCl体系。成矿流体完全均一温度变化范围为177～361℃,峰值240～280℃;盐度为1.7%～16.3%NaCleqv,密度变化范围为0.65～0.97g/cm~3;表明该矿床属于中低温、中低盐度、中低密度热液脉型矿床,成矿流体为酸性、弱酸性,且富含CO_2、CH_4等还原性质的热液体系。从热液蚀变期到成矿期各个阶段成矿温度、盐度、密度总体显示降低趋势。邓格庄金矿石英的δD值为-87.6‰～-80.7‰,δ18O_(H_2 O)值为5.87‰～7.49‰;δ13C_(V-PDB)值为-3.6‰～0.7‰,δ18O_(V-SMOW)值为1.3‰～9.1‰;δ34S值的变化范围在8.4‰～10.8‰之间;表明成矿流体来源于深部流体,以岩浆水为主,少量的大气降水参与了成矿过程。流体包裹体及C-H-O-S同位素研究,并结合地质特征,表明邓格庄金矿是与白垩系岩浆岩有关的,受断裂构造控制,并以大面积钾长石化为特征标志的中温岩浆热液型矿床,充填作用和混合作用可能是金矿成矿物质大规模沉淀的机制。 相似文献
8.
高庄金矿床形成于华北板块和扬子板块造山后的板内伸展环境,矿体是二郎坪群中充填于平行造山带走向的脆韧性剪切带中的石英-金多金属硫化物矿脉。本次运用"流体包裹体组合"(FIA)方法进行流体包裹体特征研究。研究表明,高庄金矿含矿石英中包裹体主要有CO_2-H_2O型三相包裹体、CO_2包裹体和水溶液包裹体3种类型,其中,CO_2-H_2O型三相包裹体为主体类型,完全均一温度变化范围为286~349℃,w(Na Cleq)为0.41%~4.14%,估算流体密度为0.788~0.874 g/cm3,成矿压力为130~160 MPa,成矿深度为4.8~5.9 km,成矿流体具有中温,富CO_2、低盐度的特征。在同一视域内可见CO2-H2O型三相包裹体和水溶液包裹体共存,均一方式各异,且均有相近的均一温度,指示存在流体不混溶作用。成矿流体中水的δDH_2O=-83.4‰~-76.3‰,δ18OH_2O=5.8‰~7.1‰,显示成矿流体来自于岩浆热液。结合区域构造背景,认为高庄金矿床为形成于华北板块与扬子板块碰撞造山作用后,板块内部构造变形过程中形成的中温岩浆热液型金矿。 相似文献
9.
宽坪银矿床是位于华北地块南缘崤山地区的蚀变岩型矿床。本文对宽坪矿床开展流体包裹体、稳定同位素研究,结果显示:宽坪银矿床成矿阶段分为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期,Ⅰ期LV型包裹体均一温度为151℃~330℃,平均为252℃,盐度为8.5%~16.4%,平均盐度为12.63%,流体具有中等盐度和低密度的特性,推测Ⅰ期成矿热液应为岩浆热液-变质热液的混合;Ⅱ期LV型包裹体均一温度为145℃~316℃,平均为216℃,盐度为0.19%~18%,平均为6.13%,较Ⅰ期温度平均下降36℃,盐度平均下降6.5%,推测Ⅱ期成矿热液应为变质热液-岩浆热液-雨水的混合;Ⅲ期成矿流体包裹体均一温度为136℃~265℃,平均为192℃,盐度范围为0.18%~16%,平均为7.73%,Ⅲ期成矿温度较Ⅱ期平均下降24℃,支持大气水的混入,但流体盐度较Ⅱ期略升,可能跟岩浆流体减弱、变质流体成矿作用增大有关,推测Ⅲ期成矿热液应为变质热液-雨水的混合。综合分析认为:(1)宽坪银矿床成矿期成矿温度为中低温;(2)成矿流体主要来自岩浆热液,后期有变质热液与雨水的混入,成矿物质主要来自岩浆带上来的深源物质。 相似文献
10.
撒岱沟门钼矿床是华北地台北缘燕辽钼(铜)成矿带上典型的斑岩型钼矿床,位于河北省丰宁县境内,是该区目前发现的最大钼矿床。矿床成矿作用可划分为3期:成矿前(无矿石英脉阶段)、成矿期((1)石英+磁铁矿+辉钼矿+黄铁矿+钾长石阶段,(2)石英+辉钼矿阶段,(3)石英+云母+辉钼矿+黄铁矿阶段,(4)石英+辉钼矿+黄铁矿阶段)、成矿期后(晚期无矿热液阶段)。对矿床流体包裹体的研究表明,撒岱沟门钼矿床主要发育两类包裹体:盐水溶液包裹体和含CO_2三相包裹体。成矿前与成矿期后流体以气液两相的盐水溶液包裹体为主,对应的均一温度、盐度分别为248~296℃和6.0%~10.2%NaCleqv,以及130~197℃和0.2%~5.9%Na Cleqv。成矿期两种类型包裹体均发育,均一温度和盐度主要集中在200~260℃和7.0%~17.5%NaCleqv。成矿流体中气相成分以CO_2、H_2O、N_2为主,离子以Na~+、Ca~(2+)、NO_3~-和Cl~-为主。氢、氧同位素研究表明,撒岱沟门钼矿床中石英的δD值为-88‰~-102‰,δ~(18)OH_2O值为-1.90‰~3.12‰,成矿流体属于以岩浆水为主的中低温中低盐度的CO_2-H_2O-NaCl体系。 相似文献
11.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
12.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
13.
14.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
15.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
16.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
18.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
19.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献