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1.
胶-辽-吉活动/造山带是华北克拉通早前寒武纪基底三条古元古代构造带之一,对其邻区内太古宙地质体的岩石组合和时空分布的研究,可为制约胶-辽-吉带的构造属性以及华北克拉通东部在古元古代时期的构造格局提供重要依据。胶-辽-吉带的北侧为龙岗地块,南侧为辽南和狼林地块,本文对辽南地块中典型前寒武纪基底变质岩石进行了详细的野外地质、岩石学和锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,结果显示原岩为石英闪长岩或英云闪长岩的黑云角闪片麻岩(DL05-1)和侵入其中的花岗质脉体(DL05-2)分别形成于2523±11Ma(MSWD=0.62)和2505±13Ma(MSWD=0.67),原岩为TTG岩系的黑云斜长片麻岩(DL10-1)形成于2521±12Ma(MSWD=1.15)。2件斜长角闪岩样品(DL12-1和DL07-1)分别给出2521±16Ma(MSWD=1.9)和2464±20Ma(MSWD=0.72)的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb加权平均年龄,前者的锆石形态、结构和Th-U体系组成具有高温岩浆成因的特征,因此2521±16Ma代表基性原岩的形成时代,后者的锆石没有明显的内部结构,且Th、U含量低(分别为6×10~(-6)~29×10~(-6)、9×10~(-6)~26×10~(-6))具变质重结晶锆石的特征,2464±20Ma代表区域变质事件的年龄。侵入斜长角闪岩的2件花岗片麻岩样品(DL12-2和DL07-2)207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄分别为2498±18Ma(MSWD=1.4)和2.1Ga,1件钾质花岗岩样品(DL17-1)由于强烈的Pb丢失未能获得准确的形成年龄,根据野外产状和锆石U-Th-Pb组成推测该钾质花岗岩形成于新太古代晚期。虽然辽南地块内太古宙表壳岩的时空分布规律目前还不清楚,但本文的研究结果进一步确认,辽南地块内存在新太古代2.52Ga基性岩、闪长岩和TTG组合,它们的形成时代总体上不晚于共生的花岗岩(2.50Ga),而后辽南地块经历了新太古代晚期2.46Ga区域变质作用的改造。侵位时代接近2.1Ga花岗岩的存在表明辽南地块太古宙陆壳在形成后受到2.1Ga构造-热事件的影响。另一方面,本文研究的花岗质岩石样品中残余锆石核年龄分布于2.61~2.51Ga,表明辽南地块内古老大陆地壳物质的形成时代至少可以追溯至新太古代早期。辽南地块内太古宙岩浆、变质作用时限和陆壳物质的形成时间都与华北克拉通东部可以对比,具有华北的太古宙基底属性。与狼林地块相比,辽南地块内太古宙的岩石类型更加丰富,规模也更大;与胶-辽-吉活动/造山带北侧龙岗地块相比,辽南地块内尚没有发现大规模条带状铁建造(BIF)和形成于新太古代之前(2.8Ga)的岩石,且变质程度相对较低。目前的地质和年代学证据尚不支持辽南地块与胶-辽-吉带北侧的龙岗地块原属于同一陆壳基底。 相似文献
2.
辽东岫岩-宽甸地区古元古代条痕状花岗岩的岩石地球化学特征及其构造意义 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
辽吉地区地处华北克拉通胶-辽-吉带北部,区域内发育有相对完整的古元古代沉积作用与岩浆活动。本文对辽吉地区2个古元古代条痕状花岗岩体(鸡冠山岩体和老黑山岩体)进行了岩石学、地球化学和成因学研究。研究表明,条痕状花岗岩(二长花岗片麻岩)样品具有高的K_2O/Na_2O、FeOT/MgO比值和Ga、Zr、Y含量以及低的CaO、MgO、Sr、Cr、Co、Ni含量,全碱(K_2O+Na_2O)含量变化于7.97%~9.08%。在SiO_2-K_2O图中,条痕状花岗岩主要位于高钾钙碱系列区域,样品A/CNK值介于0.84~1.03之间,A/NK值为1.11~1.17,10000Ga/Al比值全部大于2.6,为高钾钙碱性铝质A型花岗岩。其中6个样品的εNd(t)为-3.3~-0.9,Nd同位素两阶段模式年龄tDM2=2860~2669Ma,暗示其形成于太古宙地壳的部分熔融。条痕状花岗岩富集Rb、U、K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,具有明显的俯冲带岩浆特征,在Rb/30-Hf-Ta×3图中落入火山弧区域;其Y相对于Nb更富集,具有与岛弧玄武岩相似的Y/Nb等元素比值,在Y/Nb-Rb/Nb和Nb-Y-Ce图解中落入A_2型花岗岩区域。古元古代早期,辽吉地区处于大陆弧后盆地构造环境,强烈的弧后伸展作用产生了条痕状花岗岩;在后期的地体拼贴过程中,条痕状花岗岩与周围岩石共同变形并最终构造挤压在一起。 相似文献
3.
胶东昌邑地区古元古代二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素组成及其构造岩浆演化意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
胶东地区位于古元古代胶-辽-吉带的南段,前人对该区的早前寒武纪地质事件进行了较多研究,然而,对古元古代侵入岩则缺乏深入研究。本文在对昌邑地区古元古代二长花岗岩进行了详细野外调查的基础上,通过对其岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素分析,讨论了花岗岩的成因和形成时代,以及与之相关的粉子山群的沉积时代。本文研究的二长花岗岩具高的全碱含量(K2O+Na2O=6.93%~8.11%),低的Al2O3(9.89%~14.11%),低Mg O(0.01%~0.63%),为偏铝质岩石(铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.99~1.56)。明显亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,轻重稀土分馏程度较高。5个样品的锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS和1个SHRIMP定年,形成年龄为2045±8~2187±9 Ma,指示花岗岩形成于古元古代。侵入粉子山群的细粒二长花岗岩的锆石年龄为2080±9Ma,结合前人研究成果,认为粉子山群小宋组的沉积时间限于2.1~2.2 Ga之间。据岩石地球化学和岩浆锆石Hf同位素组成特征表明,二长花岗岩形成于上地壳物质不同程度部分熔融,这得到~2.4 Ga和~2.7 Ga继承锆石存在的支持,较古老地壳物质为新太古代早期TTG岩石。 相似文献
4.
鞍山地区始—古太古代花岗质地壳的形成及演化——深沟寺杂岩的岩石学、年代学及地球化学证据 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
鞍山是华北克拉通唯一保存有完整太古宙地质记录(3.81~2.5Ga)的地区。为了进一步了解本区太古宙早期花岗质地壳的形成及演化,本文对鞍山地区典型的太古宙杂岩——深沟寺杂岩进行了详细的岩石学、年代学及地球化学研究。根据岩石学及产状分析确定了始太古代奥长花岗质片麻岩和古太古代混合岩化片麻岩杂岩两个主要岩石单元:前者SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果为3803±9Ma,代表始太古代古老的花岗质陆壳;后者年龄为3311~3335Ma,代表古太古代强烈构造-变质热事件。始太古代奥长花岗岩以高Si、富Na、贫K为特征;轻重稀土分异不明显,(La/Yb)N值介于6.76~35.96,具有弱的负铕异常(δEu=0.57~1.43);微量元素相对富集Rb、La、Hf和Zr等,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr和Ti等,且Sr/Y比值(8~29)、Mg#(21~30)、Cr(8.81×10~(-6)~28.00×10~(-6))和Ni(0.881×10~(-6)~18.55×10~(-6))含量较低,表明源区无地幔物质参与,且未与石榴子石发生平衡,斜长石可能残留源区,形成深度相对较浅。同时结合鞍山地区~3.8Ga锆石具有正的εHf(t)值,始太古代奥长花岗岩来源于地幔岩浆底侵导致地壳底部含水玄武质岩石(角闪岩)部分熔融形成的新生地壳。古太古代混合岩化片麻岩杂岩的主要矿物组合为石英+斜长石+黑云母,无不一致相矿物(钾长石、矽线石和石榴子石等),表明熔融过程中含水矿物未发生脱水反应,主要反应为Qtz+Pl±H2O=melt。此外,混合岩化片麻岩杂岩中未见富铝矿物和碎屑岩结构,推断其为正片麻岩,原岩为奥长花岗岩或英云闪长岩;结合岩石中存在大量始太古代继承锆石,且~3.3Ga锆石εHf(t)多为负值,混合岩化片麻岩杂岩形成于始太古代奥长花岗质地壳的重熔。本文研究结果表明,鞍山地区始—古太古代花岗质地壳演化可划分为两个主要阶段:始太古代奥长花岗质地壳生长(~3.8Ga)和古太古代花岗质地壳重熔(~3.3Ga)。 相似文献
5.
胶北地体古元古代花岗岩位于胶—辽—吉带南部,是华北克拉通东部陆块东缘的重要古元古代造山带。西涝口地区牧牛山二长花岗岩作为胶北地体出露的少数古元古代花岗岩之一,也是西涝口、辽上、郭城等大型金矿床的赋矿围岩,有重要研究价值。笔者通过岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Lu-Hf同位素分析,讨论了其形成时代及成因机制。经研究发现,该岩体富硅(SiO2=75. 79%~76. 10%),富碱（Na2O+K2O=6. 88%~7. 18%）,为准铝质钙碱性岩系列（A/CNK值为0. 86~0. 95）;Rb、U、Ta、Pb相对富集,Ba、Nb相对亏损,Sr强烈亏损,岩石10000Ga/Al值为2. 88~3. 50,属A型板内花岗岩;岩体中岩浆锆石具明显振荡环带结构,相对亏损LREE并逐步富集HREE,具明显正Ce异常和负Eu异常,加权平均年龄为2113±22 Ma,代表其侵位时间为古元古代;变质增生锆石的HREE富集程度明显高于核部岩浆锆石,且具更加强烈的正Ce异常和稍弱负Eu异常,加权平均年龄为1850±24 Ma,代表区内变质事件年龄;εHf(t)值为-3. 75~+5. 17,TDM2值为2450~2712 Ma,该岩体与胶北地体2. 5 Ga TTG岩石具相同的地壳演化趋势,暗示其源自太古宙陆壳的重熔。 相似文献
6.
胶北早前寒武纪变质基底多期岩浆-变质热事件:来自TTG片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩中锆石U-Pb定年的证据 总被引：28，自引：25，他引：3
本文采用LA-ICP-MS技术,对胶北地体TTG片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩中锆石进行系统原位U-Pb定年和稀土、微量元素的分析,发现研究区早前寒武变质结晶基底存在多期岩浆-变质热事件。4件TTG片麻岩和2件花岗质片麻岩锆石样品记录了2909±13Ma、2738±23Ma、2544±15~2564±12Ma和2095±12Ma 4组岩浆事件年龄,以及2504±16~2513±32Ma和1863±41Ma 2组变质事件年龄。结合以往TTG片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩的地球化学及Nd同位素研究发现,约2738Ma的TTG岩浆事件可能代表胶北地体地壳最主要的生长事件,而2544~2564Ma的岩浆事件则可能代表古老地壳重熔的最强烈岩浆事件,约2095Ma岩浆事件则反映了胶-辽-吉构造带内部在该时期与地壳拉张作用有关的岩浆活动。2504~2513Ma是研究区以及华北克拉通早前寒武基底最主要的一期变质热事件,可能与地幔柱(热点)岩浆的底侵作用有关,而TTG片麻岩记录的约1863Ma的变质年龄与研究区基性和泥质高压麻粒岩相岩石记录的麻粒岩相变质时代一致,暗示TTG片麻岩可能也经历了古元古代高压麻粒岩相变质作用,上述研究进一步表明胶北地体在古元古代的确存在一期陆-陆碰撞的重要造山事件。该项研究成果对于进一步深入探讨胶北乃至华北克拉通早前寒武纪变质基底的形成演化、岩浆-变质热事件序列及其构造背景具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献
7.
辽东岫岩地区位于胶—辽—吉古元古代造山/活动带内,区域内广泛存在花岗质伟晶岩脉或岩体,对其进行研究具有重要的构造意义。研究区出露大量古元古代花岗伟晶岩,前人将其统一划归到花岗质混杂岩和辽河岩群内。本文通过详细的野外地质调查和室内综合研究,将该套花岗伟晶岩脉解体为出来,重新厘定为新的填图单元。本文对研究区2件花岗伟晶岩样品进行岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS稀土微量元素和U-Pb定年的综合研究,获得花岗伟晶岩的原岩年龄,并对其岩石地球化学、成因和构造环境进行了探讨。花岗伟晶岩主要矿物组合为钾长石+斜长石+石英±白云母±电气石,花岗伟晶结构,块状构造。岩石地球化学分析结果显示其均匀具有一致的地球化学特征。它们均显示高的SiO2(72.1%~75.3%)、Al2O3(13.5%~16.4%),低CaO(1.42%~2.03%)、MgO(0.15%~0.76%)、P2O5(0.01%~0.02%%)、TiO2(0.06%~0.17%)等含量;稀土元素总量偏低,稀土富集、重稀土亏损,稀土配分曲线右倾型,明显的正δEu异常;微量元素富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Rb、Ba、U),相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)等特征。样品(DST-TW1和WJG-TW1)锆石CL图像强度均较弱,前者大部分锆石不能反映矿物内部结构,后者大部分锆石能显示弱振荡环带,这一特征与锆石U含量均较高(1253.1×10-6~12861.5×10-6、874.5×10-6~5319.1×10-6)相吻合。锆石虽具有岩浆锆石的自形特征,但其Th/U值(0.01~0.26和0.01~0.62)较低,稀土配分模式显示热液锆石特征,在(Sm/La)N—La和Ce/Ce*—(Sm/La)N图解上偏热液锆石区域,此花岗伟晶岩脉可能是母岩浆高度结晶分异后的残余岩浆热液结晶而成,偏热液性质。本文研究的2件样品(DST-TW1和WJG-TW1)年龄分别为1864±20 Ma(MSWD=0.19)和1903.6±4.7 Ma(MSWD=0.041),其侵位时间介于1.9~1.86 Ga之间。从岩石地球化学、形成时代推测其物源与研究区周围~1.87 Ga的S型花岗岩具有亲缘关系。从构造环境来看,研究区内古元古代花岗伟晶岩形成于胶—辽—吉造山带弧陆碰撞结束后伸展的构造体制下,在主期花岗质岩浆上涌之后,地壳在不断伸展和松弛垮塌,大量残余岩浆或岩浆热液上涌形成伟晶岩的岩脉、岩墙或岩体,侵位时代从~1.9 Ga到~1.74 Ga。从而推测胶—辽—吉造山带在碰撞后的构造折返过程中一直处于伸展的构造机制,后造山阶段至少持续了160 Ma。 相似文献
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赞皇地区～2.5Ga A型花岗岩的成因及构造背景:以黄岔岩体为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
位于华北克拉通中部的赞皇杂岩中保留有丰富的新太古代-古元古代岩石记录,是探究华北克拉通早期演化的重要地区之一。其中新太古代晚期TTG片麻岩和花岗岩的成因研究是探讨赞皇杂岩构造演化过程的关键。本文选择出露于河北省邢台市西部山区的黄岔花岗岩体进行研究。该岩体呈不规则的岩株产出,与周围地层主要呈构造接触关系,局部侵入于官都群石英岩中。岩体主要由片麻状、似斑状二长花岗岩组成,边缘相偶见细粒片麻岩包体,斑晶为长石和少量石英。LA-ICP-MS岩浆锆石的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb加权平均年龄为2488±6Ma,代表岩体的形成时代。由于黄岔岩体侵入于官都群,根据该花岗岩的时代可以限定官都群地层时代为太古代,而非古元古代。但官都群与赞皇群的关系还需要进一步研究。黄岔岩体具有高硅(Si O2=72.64%~74.16%)、富钾(K_2O=3.53%~6.15%)、富碱(ALK=7.59%~9.07%)及铁(Fe_2O_3T=1.84%~3.03%),贫钙(CaO=0.67%~1.67%)、低钛(TiO_2=0.18%~0.28%)、低镁(MgO=0.31%~0.46%)的特征。岩石的稀土总量较高(ΣREE=364.2×10~(-6)~661.1×10~(-6)),轻重稀土元素分异较强烈((La/Yb)_N=18.7~29.8),并具有明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.23~0.33)。微量元素中,富Zr、Zn、Nb、Ga、Y,而贫Sr、V、Cr、Co、Ni等元素,Rb/Sr比值较高,介于0.73~2.72之间,平均1.96。岩石Ga/Al值(2.75×10-4~3.11×10-4)高,全岩Zr饱和温度为826~877℃,具有A型花岗岩特征。黄岔岩体锆石εHf(t)为0.96~6.2,单阶段和两阶段Hf模式年龄分别为2552~2746Ma和2576~2826Ma。黄岔岩体具有造山后A型花岗岩的特征,为2.7~2.5Ga的新太古代TTG片麻岩在造山后地壳拉张减薄初期的构造背景下部分熔融所形成。~2.5Ga的碱性花岗岩在华北不同地区分布,并形成于伸展的构造背景。该期碱性花岗岩的出现,标志华北克拉通在太古宙末期已经初步形成稳定的克拉通。 相似文献
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安徽金寨岩体为一钾长花岗岩体,位于大别造山带北淮阳构造带,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得岩体侵位年龄为129.7±1.5Ma,属早白垩世岩浆活动产物。岩体周边发现有数个铅锌多金属矿点,与区域岩浆作用及其矿化一致。岩体富硅(SiO_2=72.47%~77.80%)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.48%~8.16%)、贫钙(CaO=0.15%~1.47%);稀土配分曲线呈现"海鸥式"分布特征,显示强烈的Eu负异常(δEu=0.18~0.40);微量元素特征显示具有较高的Ga(21.68×10~(-6)~24.12×10~(-6))、Zr(127.68×10~(-6)~196.75×10~(-6))、Nb(33.31×10~(-6)~60.53×10~(-6))和Y(14.57×10~(-6)~27.51×10~(-6))含量,较低的Sr(8.15×10~(-6)~138.52×10~(-6))、Ba(23.04×10~(-6)~332.63×10~(-6))含量,在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上显示明显的Ba、Sr、P、和Ti的负异常。以上特征表明金寨钾长花岗岩为A型花岗岩,可能是下地壳源岩部分熔融的产物。金寨钾长花岗岩是形成于造山后伸展环境下的板内A1型花岗岩,不是形成于非造山大地构造背景下的碱性花岗岩。 相似文献
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胶北地体古元古代花岗岩位于胶—辽—吉带南部,是华北克拉通东部陆块东缘的重要古元古代造山带。西涝口地区牧牛山二长花岗岩作为胶北地体出露的少数古元古代花岗岩之一,也是西涝口、辽上、郭城等大型金矿床的赋矿围岩,有重要研究价值。本文通过岩石地球化学、锆石U- Pb年代学及Lu- Hf同位素分析,讨论了其形成时代及成因机制。经研究发现,该岩体富硅(SiO2=75. 79%~76. 10%),富碱（Na2O+K2O=6. 88%~7. 18%）,为准铝质钙碱性岩系列（A/CNK值为0. 86~0. 95）,岩石10000Ga/Al值为2. 88~3. 50,属A型板内花岗岩;岩体中岩浆锆石具明显震荡环带结构,相对亏损LREE并逐步富集HREE,具明显正Ce异常和负Eu异常,加权平均年龄为2113±22 Ma,代表其侵位时间为古元古代;变质增生锆石的HREE富集程度明显高于核部岩浆锆石,且具更加强烈的正Ce异常和稍弱负Eu异常,加权平均年龄为1850±24 Ma,代表区内变质事件年龄;εHf(t)值为-3. 75~+5. 17,TDM2值为2450~2712 Ma,该岩体与胶北地体2. 5 GaTTG岩石具相同的地壳演化趋势,暗示其源自太古宙陆壳的重熔。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献