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1.
新疆东部天宇镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体位于中天山地块的北部边缘,北侧为塔里木板块前缘活动带－沙泉子深大断裂。该杂岩体由辉长岩、辉石岩、橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩组成,橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩是主要的Cu、Ni矿赋矿岩相。同位素稀释法测得的铂族元素（PGE）结果显示天宇镁铁-超镁铁岩和铜镍矿石中∑PGE含量低（0.106～57.369ppb）,为原始地幔的0.01～1倍。随岩石基性程度的升高,铂族元素含量略有增高。不同矿化程度的矿石大致表现出随硫化物含量的增多,∑PGE含量增高的趋势。岩石和矿石标准化曲线均表现出正斜率,Pt都为负异常或无异常（TY602-29除外）。根据岩浆和硫化物中Ni和S含量计算,得出天宇铜镍硫化物矿床R值为348～3807,该R值范围可以形成铜镍矿床,但无法形成铂族元素矿床。Pd/Ir-Cu/Ni的投图显示原始岩浆主要为高Mg玄武岩。矿石中100％硫化物PGE含量远低于地幔5％部分熔融形成的岩浆（R＝1000时）中PGE含量,与高Mg玄武岩10％的熔融程度不符。通过模拟计算,天宇矿区存在同源但R值不同的两批岩浆。 相似文献
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新疆东部天宇镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体位于中天山地块的北部边缘,北侧为塔里木板块前缘活动带－沙泉子深大断裂。该杂岩体由辉长岩、辉石岩、橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩组成,橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩是主要的Cu、Ni矿赋矿岩相。同位素稀释法测得的铂族元素（PGE）结果显示天宇镁铁-超镁铁岩和铜镍矿石中∑PGE含量低（0.106～57.369ppb）,为原始地幔的0.01～1倍。随岩石基性程度的升高,铂族元素含量略有增高。不同矿化程度的矿石大致表现出随硫化物含量的增多,∑PGE含量增高的趋势。岩石和矿石标准化曲线均表现出正斜率,Pt都为负异常或无异常（TY602-29除外）。根据岩浆和硫化物中Ni和S含量计算,得出天宇铜镍硫化物矿床R值为348～3807,该R值范围可以形成铜镍矿床,但无法形成铂族元素矿床。Pd/Ir-Cu/Ni的投图显示原始岩浆主要为高Mg玄武岩。矿石中100％硫化物PGE含量远低于地幔5％部分熔融形成的岩浆（R＝1000时）中PGE含量,与高Mg玄武岩10％的熔融程度不符。通过模拟计算,天宇矿区存在同源但R值不同的两批岩浆。 相似文献
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新疆东部天宇镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体位于中天山地块的北部边缘,北侧为塔里木板块前缘活动带－沙泉子深大断裂。该杂岩体由辉长岩、辉石岩、橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩组成,橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩是主要的Cu、Ni矿赋矿岩相。同位素稀释法测得的铂族元素（PGE）结果显示天宇镁铁-超镁铁岩和铜镍矿石中∑PGE含量低（0.106～57.369ppb）,为原始地幔的0.01～1倍。随岩石基性程度的升高,铂族元素含量略有增高。不同矿化程度的矿石大致表现出随硫化物含量的增多,∑PGE含量增高的趋势。岩石和矿石标准化曲线均表现出正斜率,Pt都为负异常或无异常（TY602-29除外）。根据岩浆和硫化物中Ni和S含量计算,得出天宇铜镍硫化物矿床R值为348～3807,该R值范围可以形成铜镍矿床,但无法形成铂族元素矿床。Pd/Ir-Cu/Ni的投图显示原始岩浆主要为高Mg玄武岩。矿石中100％硫化物PGE含量远低于地幔5％部分熔融形成的岩浆（R＝1000时）中PGE含量,与高Mg玄武岩10％的熔融程度不符。通过模拟计算,天宇矿区存在同源但R值不同的两批岩浆。 相似文献
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东天山黄山东铜镍矿床铂族元素地球化学特征及其意义 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
黄山东岩体位于东天山北部的土墩—黄山—镜儿泉—图拉尔根镁铁—超镁铁质岩带中段,受康古尔塔格—黄山深大断裂控制,是由二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长苏长岩和辉长闪长岩组成的复式岩体。黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床镁铁质岩石和矿石中的铂族元素(PGE)含量很低,其中IPGE(Os, Ir, Ru, Rh)与PPGE(Pt, Pd)含量相近,PPGE略高于IPGE。岩石平均2×10-9,矿石平均86×10-9。在矿石中,PGE含量与硫含量呈正相关关系。在原始地幔标准化图解上,岩石和矿石具有相似的分配模式,PPGE和IPGE之间分异很弱。Ni/Cu—Pd/Ir关系图以及岩石地球化学资料显示,形成黄山东岩体的原始岩浆为MgO含量较高的PGE不亏损的拉斑玄武质岩浆。岩浆在上升的过程中发生过早期硫化物深部熔离,带走了岩浆中大部分的PGE,可能是造成黄山东矿床母岩浆中PGE明显亏损的主要原因。矿石低的Pd/Ir比值（为4.22～17.24,平均值为849）及高的Ir含量（为2.04×10-9～21.45×10-9,平均值为8.79×10-9）显示黄山东矿床成矿过程中后期热液作用不明显。铂族元素地球化学特征和岩石地球化学资料显示了地壳物质的混染以及橄榄石、辉石等矿物的分离结晶是引起该矿床硫饱和并发生硫化物熔离作用而成矿的主要因素。 相似文献
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云南牟定安益矿床为一处铂族金属与钛磁铁矿共同产出的大型钛磁铁矿铂族金属矿床。目前对该矿床中铂族元素的赋存状态研究甚少。结合野外宏观地质特征和室内岩矿鉴定,笔者利用TIMA和LA-ICP-MS-Mapping分析方法,对安益矿床中铂族金属矿物学特征进行研究,发现安益矿床中的铂族元素（PGEs）主要以独立矿物的形式存在。铂族矿物（PGMs）多为铂和钯的砷化物、碲化物,如砷铂矿、砷钯矿、黄碲钯矿、碲钯矿等;主要分布于硅酸盐矿物中,其次为硫化物边缘,部分分布于磁铁矿边缘;铂族矿物成因主要有岩浆成因和热液成因2种。岩浆作用形成的铂族矿物分布于硅酸盐矿物中或硫化物边缘,硅酸盐中的铂族矿物是早期PGE与半金属元素形成的纳米团簇颗粒随岩浆演化形成矿物颗粒,被结晶的硅酸盐矿物包裹;分布于硫化物边缘的铂族矿物是残余熔浆结晶的结果。热液作用将PGE以类质同象的形式富集于钛磁铁矿单辉岩的部分矿物中,如热液蚀变较强烈的黄铜矿中含有较高的Rh,这也与铂族矿物集中分布在钛磁铁矿单辉岩中一致。 相似文献
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笔者等针对矿床不同的矿石类型中PGE的含量进行了综合分析和理论计算和研究。该理论对于通过铂族元素可以精细刻画出岩浆结晶分异过程中元素的迁移、富集规律,示踪成矿母岩浆的物质来源。通过本次研究对于寻找与镁铁—超镁铁岩有关的铜镍矿床中综合评价铂族元素提供了一定的方向和借鉴,能够进一步指导和推动铜镍矿中伴生铂族元素的评价和利用。新疆白鑫滩铜镍硫化物矿床是近年来东天山新发现的镍矿床,矿床规模镍已达到中型,铜为小型矿床。矿床矿石以海绵陨铁状结构为主,且矿床中铜矿石资源量大于镍矿石资源量。本次工作针对矿区东西部两个最大的矿体系统地采集了样品,并分析了矿体中铂族元素含量,根据大量铂族数据的统计与模拟计算,获得了白鑫滩矿床母岩浆的PGE组成：Os＝0. 335×10-9,Ir＝0. 267×10-9,Ru＝0. 277×10-9,Rh＝0. 144×10-9,Pt＝4. 94×10-9,Pd＝2. 32×10-9,Ni＝338×10-6,Cu＝174×10-6。通过R因子与硫化物分异结晶过程模拟,白鑫滩铜镍硫化物矿床的R因子为115。综合分析对比不同矿床矿石铂族元素特征,表明白鑫滩成矿岩体为地幔物质来源,成矿作用主要受母岩浆的结晶分异作用控制。 相似文献
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翁孔坝铜多金属矿床是近年来滇西南地区新发现的矿床之一。尽管前人在区域内开展了大量的研究,但对该矿床却鲜有涉及,因其热液蚀变特征及其地球化学找矿标志不明,制约了该矿床的深部找矿勘查工作。笔者等在矿化—蚀变矿物组合研究的基础上,对矿区内典型纵向剖面中各蚀变带的样品开展了元素地球化学定量分析,采用质量平衡计算方法和热液蚀变指数定量分析手段,研究矿化蚀变带中元素迁移特征。结果表明,热液蚀变具有明显的垂向分带特征,可划分为强方解石化带、绿泥石化带和弱硅化带。其中,强方解石化与铜矿化密切相关,方解石化和绿泥石化与铅锌矿化密切相关;从玄武质安山岩（围岩）至强方解石化带,热液蚀变指数（AI）整体呈递增趋势（74.85%75.85%76.29%78.98%）,指示蚀变强度逐渐增强。CaO的迁入率（4.03%0.66%15.20%）、Cu的迁入率（154×10-6124×10-6642×10-6）、TFe2O3+MgO的迁入率（-1.34%4.48%2.48%）和Pb的迁入率（-961×10-6795×10-64×10-6）整体上均呈正相关,反映出强方解石化和绿泥石化热液蚀变是该矿床的重要找矿标志。 相似文献
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夏家店金矿床位于南秦岭造山带内,是一个受构造和地层控制的大型金矿床,矿石类型为角砾岩型、碎裂岩型和石英脉型3种类型,赋矿围岩主要为寒武系水沟口组的炭泥质板岩、炭硅质板岩、硅质岩及白云岩,次为泥盆系西岔河组的角砾岩。本文对夏家店金矿床中矿石（角砾状炭硅质板岩、碎裂硅化白云岩、碎裂炭泥质板岩和石英脉状矿化的硅质岩）和围岩（硅质岩、硅化白云岩和硅质板岩）的微量元素、铂族元素（PGE）质量分数进行测试,进而探讨成矿物质来源以及矿床成因。结果表明：不同类型的矿石与其各自的围岩具有高度的相似性,均富集Sr、Ga、Zr等元素;不同类型的矿石稀土总量均高于各类围岩,但是两者具有相似的稀土配分模式,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,均表现出负Eu异常（δEu值为0.51~0.63）;不同类型的矿石PGE总量（7.71×10-9~38.30×10-9,平均值23.00×10-9）均明显大于各类围岩PGE总量（1.28×10-9~2.44×10-9,平均值1.86×10-9）,相比上地壳,不同类型的矿石均明显富集Os、Ir、Pt和Pd,亏损Ru、Rh,而各类围岩均富集Os,亏损Pt、Ru、Rh、Pd,但两者的铂族元素配分曲线具有高度相似性,呈Ru亏损的V型,为地壳的（Os）-Pt-Pd型配分模式。以上特征表明不同类型的矿石和围岩具有明显的微量、稀土元素和PGE地球化学继承性,暗示夏家店下寒武统有可能是重要的矿源层之一。同时,所有矿石和围岩的Au/Ir值（分别为4 821~299 666）和406~8 050）及Pd/Ir值（分别为16.9~588.0和15.2~47.5）变化范围均较大,两者Au/Ir值远高于炭质球粒陨石和原始地幔值、Pd/Ir值远高于岩浆成因矿石值,且夏家店金矿床矿石和围岩的PGE配分曲线与典型热液成因矿床一致。这些特征显示夏家店金矿床具有明显的热液成因,是构造-热液流体成矿作用的产物。 相似文献
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提要：东波超镁铁岩体位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带的西段,在中国是一个不多见的面积超过400 km2的大型超镁铁岩体。已有的岩石学和矿物学特征表明,该岩体与同一带中含有大型铬铁矿的罗布莎岩体可以对比,是一个寻找铬铁矿床的远景区。本文开展了东波超镁铁岩的主要组成岩石类型——方辉橄榄岩的铂族元素（PGE）研究,并结合主量和稀土元素（REE）组成,探讨岩体的成因。东波超镁铁岩中方辉橄榄岩具有相当高的Os含量（3.52×10-9~4.36×10-9）,亏损的主量元素组成和低于原始地幔的稀土元素含量（0.89×10-6~1.37×10-6）,指示东波超镁铁岩为经历过部分熔融和熔体抽取的亏损残余地幔岩石。东波超镁铁岩的PGE总含量为23.97×10-9~31.98×10-9,高于原始地幔的含量;PGE配分型式为左倾的正斜率型,相对Ir亚组铂族元素（IPGE）亏损钯亚组铂族元素（PPGE）,Pd/Ir=1.49~2.65;REE配分型式为中稀土亏损的“V”型或“U”型,原始地幔标准化元素比值（La/Sm）m 为 1.05~3.37,（Gd/Yb）m=0.28~0.64;这些数据揭示东波超镁铁岩经历过交代作用,交代物质应富集不相容元素,高PGE含量,相对IPGE富集PPGE;较低的Cu/Pd比值（1226~3448）要求交代物质还应富含硫化物;推测交代物质可能来源于俯冲带构造环境下所产生岩浆熔离出的富硫化物熔体/流体。 相似文献
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Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
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Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
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《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
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15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
16.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
18.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
19.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献