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1.
黑龙江鹿鸣钼矿床成矿流体及演化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
黑龙江鹿鸣钼矿床位于小兴安岭-张广才岭多金属成矿带内,赋存于二长花岗岩体内。根据矿石组构、蚀变类型和脉体穿插关系,将鹿鸣钼矿床自早到晚划分为3个成矿阶段:1)钾硅化浸染状矿化阶段;2)硅化网脉状矿化阶段;3)绿泥石-碳酸盐化阶段。鹿鸣钼矿床包裹体类型复杂,盐水溶液包裹体、富气相包裹体、含CH4(CO2)包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体共存,其中盐水溶液包裹体均一温度集中于133~425℃,盐度为1.6%~16.1%Na Cleqv。富气相包裹体均一温度集中在243~500℃,盐度为1.2%~14.1%NaC leqv。含子晶多相包裹体最终均一温度为297~449℃,盐度为38.2%~53.1%NaC leqv。含CH4(CO2)包裹体经激光拉曼光谱分析证实其中以CH4为主,少数含微量的CO2,均一温度为334~437℃。硫同位素测试结果显示:δ34S变化范围在4.5‰~5.7‰,成矿流体中的硫主要来源于岩浆热液。氢、氧同位素分析数据投到δD-δ18OH2O图解中,投影点落在岩浆水附近并向大气降水飘移,可以推断主成矿期的成矿介质水为岩浆水并混有少量的大气降水。鹿鸣钼矿床主成矿期压力估算为30~90MPa,推测成矿深度为3~9km。成矿流体演化过程可能为岩浆房最先分离出一个单一相的高温、中等盐度的H2O-NaC l-CH4(CO2)超临界流体,后由于减压和不同流体的混入导致流体沸腾发生不混溶并捕获形成多种类型包裹体。随着成矿流体不断演化,成矿温度逐步降低,金属矿物也不断沉淀成矿。通过对鹿鸣钼矿床中流体包裹体的研究可知,与成矿有关的流体不是单一的岩浆分异的结果,也有大规模其他流体的混入,矿区复杂的地质构造环境也为钼成矿提供了条件。 相似文献
2.
哈勒尕提铁铜矿床位于新疆西天山博罗科努多金属成矿带,矿体呈似层状、透镜状产于晚泥盆世中酸性侵入体与上奥陶统碳酸盐岩接触带上,是一个典型的矽卡岩矿床。本文从流体包裹体和氢氧同位素研究入手,讨论了成矿流体的特征、来源和演化及其与成矿的关系。岩相学观察表明,本矿床热液矿物中流体包裹体存在5种类型:富液相气液两相盐水包裹体(Ⅰ类)、含子矿物多相包裹体(Ⅱ类)、富气相气液两相盐水包裹体(Ⅲ类)、纯液相水包裹体(Ⅳ类)和纯气相水包裹体(Ⅴ类)。其中,Ⅰ类包裹体数量最多,各阶段热液矿物中均有发育;Ⅱ类包裹体数量较少,只见于进化交代蚀变阶段的石榴石和早退化阶段的绿帘石中;Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ类包裹体数量最少,主要发育于晚退化阶段的石英和方解石中。流体包裹体显微测温表明,从进化交代蚀变阶段→早退化阶段→晚退化阶段,成矿流体经历了从高温(404~562℃)、中-高盐度(11.1%~51.6%NaC leqv)、中-低密度(0.47~0.80g/cm~3)到中-高温(207~465℃)、中-低盐度(2.9%~44.1%NaC leqv)、中-低密度(0.64~0.89g/cm~3)再到中-低温(117~337℃)、低盐度(1.6%~4.5%NaC leqv)、中-高密度(0.90~0.97g/cm~3)的演化过程。氢氧同位素研究表明,进化交代蚀变阶段和早退化阶段的成矿流体主要源于岩浆水,晚退化阶段则有大气降水的加入。根据流体包裹体岩相学特征,结合矿床宏观地质特征,认为流体不混溶(沸腾)是导致本矿区金属沉淀成矿的主要机制。 相似文献
3.
论石英脉型与矽卡岩型钨矿床成矿流体的差异性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
石英脉型与矽卡岩型是最重要的两类钨矿床,二者间存在密切的成因联系,均经历了同源碱长花岗岩岩浆分异演化至晚期形成的浆液过渡态流体,进而演化至热液阶段,但二者成矿地质特征不同,成矿流体的差异性明显。通过对湖南瑶岗仙石英脉型钨矿与杮竹园矽卡岩型钨锡多金属矿的对比性研究,发现这种差异性自岩浆晚期阶段就开始了,热液阶段差异性更加显著。脉型钨矿成矿物质和成矿流体具有较单一岩浆来源,无明显外来流体的加入。与花岗岩相比,云英岩中的熔流包裹体气液部分含量更高,逐渐向流体包裹体演化。钨矿化石英脉的流体包裹体均一温度主要集中于350~150℃,盐度2%~8%NaC leqv,变化范围小;流体富CO2,Na+/K+1,成矿环境偏酸性。除岩浆至热液演化过程外,热液阶段的演化进程不明显,没有经历明显的沸腾和系统的降温过程。包括花岗岩、蚀变岩、石英脉等,石英的δ18O值相似,成矿体系的水/岩比值较低。矽卡岩型钨矿的成矿花岗岩浆受碳酸盐岩同化混染的影响,Ca、S含量增高。与多成矿阶段相对应,成矿流体温度、盐度跨度大,均一温度550~100℃,盐度35%~2%NaC leqv。岩浆晚期阶段及矽卡岩阶段,发生于岩浆固结之前大规模隐爆作用,引起成矿流体的沸腾,进而导致流体的高盐度、低CO2、Na+/K+1。CO2的逸失提高了体系的pH值,弱碱性环境下发生广泛钾长石化,流体属岩浆水性质。退变质氧化物阶段,均一温度450~250℃,盐度15%NaC leqv,大气降水参与成矿体系导致温度、盐度迅速降低。流体中高度富含Ca2+,是导致大规模白钨矿沉淀富集的主要机制。硫化物阶段,均一温度250℃,盐度10%NaC leqv,成矿流体中来自大气降水比例进一步增加,导致温度、盐度进一步降低,成矿环境向弱酸性转变。引起两类钨矿成矿流体差异性的主要原因包括:岩浆性质略有不同;沉积岩围岩尤其是碳酸盐岩的影响;隐爆作用的剧烈程度不同。 相似文献
4.
河南省嵩县七亩地沟金矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的熊耳山地区。矿床赋存在中元古代熊耳群中酸性火山岩中,矿体严格受构造断裂带控制,主要呈脉状产出,矿石以石英脉型占主导,少量蚀变岩型;主要矿石矿物为黄铁矿、少量方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿等。围岩蚀变以硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化为主。成矿过程从早到晚可分为3个阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段、黄铁矿-石英-多金属硫化物阶段和石英-方解石阶段。不同成矿阶段的石英和/或方解石中广泛发育流体包裹体。早阶段和中阶段石英中CO_2型流体包裹体、NaCl-H_2O型流体包裹体、含子矿物流体包裹体均有发育,晚阶段方解石中主要发育NaCl-H_2O型流体包裹体。从早阶段到晚阶段,流体包裹体均一温度分别为254~397℃、221~397℃、162~237℃,盐度w(NaCleq)从早阶段的3.52%~21.88%和34.95%~45.33%双峰值,经中阶段的0.42%~13.83%和29.11%~42.48%双峰值,到晚阶段w(NaCleq)为0.35%~5.86%。CO_2型包裹体估算的早阶段和中阶段捕获压力为93~199 MPa和47~169 MPa,晚阶段NaCl-H_2O型包裹体估算的捕获压力为28~64 MPa,相应的成矿深度为3.4~7.2 km、1.7~6.2 km和2.9~6.5 km,指示成矿发生在地壳隆升过程中,区域应力场由挤压向伸展转变。流体沸腾作用是导致硫化物和金等成矿物质快速沉淀的主要机制,通过沸腾和大气降水的混合,成矿流体系统由富CO_2向贫CO_2流体演化,由变质流体向大气降水演化。 相似文献
5.
云南普朗斑岩铜矿蚀变带成矿流体特征及其成矿意义 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
云南普朗铜矿位于义敦—中甸岛弧带南缘,是近年来我国发现的一个大中型斑岩铜矿床。该矿床具有典型的斑岩铜矿蚀变分带,由中心向外依次为钾硅化带、绢英岩化带、青盘岩化带。对矿区不同蚀变带中的石英流体包裹体进行了岩相学观察、均一温度测量和激光拉曼探针成分分析。均一温度测量结果表明,从普朗斑岩铜矿床钾硅化带到绢英岩化带再到青盘岩化带,成矿流体的平均均一温度从274.4℃到236.4℃再到203.0℃,呈明显下降趋势,可能与天水参与成矿有关。同时,激光拉曼探针成分分析结果表明,普朗斑岩铜矿床矿化期间的成矿流体属于富硫富氯流体,这种温度较高且富硫富氯的成矿流体在钾硅化带和绢英岩化带发生矿化作用将导致成矿物质强烈富集成矿。 相似文献
6.
黑龙江多宝山斑岩铜(钼)矿床蚀变-矿化阶段及其流体演化 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
黑龙江多宝山斑岩铜(钼)矿床是大兴安岭中北部多宝山-阿尔山铜(钼)成矿带内最大的斑岩型矿床,位于兴蒙造山带的最东端。矿床赋存于花岗闪长岩及多宝山组下部地层中。据野外脉体类型和穿插关系、围岩蚀变类型、矿物组合,将多宝山斑岩铜(钼)矿床的蚀变和矿化自早至晚划分为4个阶段:Ⅰ钾硅化阶段;Ⅱ 硅化-钼矿化阶段;Ⅲ绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段;Ⅳ碳酸盐石英阶段。石英中包裹体类型主要有水溶液包裹体、富CO2包裹体、含子晶多相包裹体、纯CO2包裹体。成矿流体从早阶段到晚阶段具有规律性演化特征:钾硅化阶段发育水溶液包裹体、富CO2包裹体,盐度集中在6%~10% NaCleqv,密度0.5~0.9g·cm-3,均一温度峰值为245~400℃;硅化-钼矿化阶段发育水溶液包裹体、富CO2包裹体、含子晶多相包裹体均一温度峰值为260~300℃,盐度1.7%~39% NaCleqv,密度0.3~1.1g·cm-3;绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段发育水溶液包裹体、富CO2包裹体,均一温度峰值220~280℃,盐度0.1%~24.8% NaCleqv,峰值集中在6%~12%,密度0.5~1.0g·cm-3;碳酸盐阶段仅发育水溶液包裹体包裹体,均一温度峰值为125~170℃,盐度0.5%~12.8% NaCleqv,密度0.8~0.9g·cm-3。激光拉曼探针分析结果表明成分主要为H2O和CO2。本文对多宝山矿床主成矿期压力进行了估算,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段捕获压力分别为110~160MPa、58~80MPa、8~17MPa。测温实验结合野外现象及包裹体岩相学表明多宝山斑岩铜(钼)矿床是一个复杂的构造-岩浆成矿系统,与成矿有关的热流体不是单一的岩浆分异的结果,构造裂隙系统也为含矿流体提供了很好的导矿与容矿空间,矿床沉淀机制为温度压力的变化及空间的开放导致流体不混溶与沸腾作用,不同流体的混合、水岩反应致使流体pH值、成分发生变化,从而导致铜、钼的矿化。 相似文献
7.
德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿成矿流体演化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨成矿流体的特征和演化过程,对德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿床不同蚀变—矿化带石英细脉中的流体包裹体进行详细的岩相学观察、显微测温、显微激光喇曼探针工作.结果显示,德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿主要有三类流体包裹体:富液相包裹体(Ⅰ型),富气相包裹体(Ⅱ型)、多相包裹体(Ⅲ型);成矿早期的Ⅰ型包裹体,主成矿期的Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型包裹体,以及成矿晚期的Ⅰ型包裹体的平均均—温度和平均盐度分别为:481℃,8.1％; 410℃,1.2％;389℃,56％和215℃,3.1％;主成矿期的Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型包裹体的平均均—温度相近,但盐度相差很大,指示了沸腾作用的发生;从早期到晚期,成矿流体呈现温度降低,挥发分逸出的趋势. 相似文献
8.
姚家沟钼矿是辽宁青城子矿田中近年来发现的钼矿床,位于华北克拉通北缘,燕辽钼成矿带内。姚家沟花岗斑岩岩体中发现的脑状石英细脉(UST)和石英眼是岩浆出溶热液的直接证据。该矿床蚀变分带特征明显,辉钼矿化主要发育在钾化带及矽卡岩化带中。对姚家沟岩体和钾化钼矿带的5期流体活动进行流体包裹体显微观测表明,其流体包裹体类型丰富,包括单相水包裹体(PW)、两相水包裹体(W)、三相CO_2包裹体(C)、纯CO_2包裹体(PC)和含子矿物包裹体(S),S型流体包裹体中子矿物有赤铁矿、黄铜矿和其他未知矿物,但没有石盐子晶。该矿床流体演化为:1)早期石英眼(均一温度为211.4~515.4℃,盐度(w(NaCl))为0.8%~19.2%)的高中温中低盐度富CO_2体系;2)成矿期石英脉(均一温度为179.5~424.5℃,盐度为2.4%~21.5%)的高中温中低盐度NaCl-H_2O-CO_2体系;3)后期石英脉(均一温度为167.8~353.3℃,盐度为3.4%~15.8%)的中低温中低盐度NaCl-H_2O-CO_2体系;4)晚期方解石脉(均一温度为132.5~234.1℃,盐度为0.9%~11.2%)的中低温中低盐度NaCl-H_2O体系;5)UST(均一温度为158.6~381.7℃,盐度为1.6%~21.5%)为中低温中低盐度NaCl-H_2O-CO_2体系,该期可能与钼矿化关系不大,代表另一期侵位更浅的岩浆出溶热液。流体不混溶、围岩蚀变以及流体混合作用导致流体温度、压力降低,CO_2逸失,体系还原性增强,是成矿金属元素沉淀的主要机理。用等容线相交法对成矿期捕获压力进行估算,为124~180 MPa,对应深度为4.6~7.0km,与同成矿带其他钼矿比较,相对较深。 相似文献
9.
湖南宝山铜多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及氢氧同位素地球化学的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
宝山矿床处于NE向钦杭成矿带与EW向南岭成矿带的结合部位,是湘南地区最大的铜多金属矿床,成矿斑岩主要为花岗闪长斑岩,其中铜钼矿体主要分布于花岗质岩体与碳酸盐岩接触带的矽卡岩中,铅锌矿体则分布于断裂破碎带和石炭系的层间裂隙带中。本文以宝山铜多金属矿床为研究对象,在详细野外调查的基础上,系统开展了镜下观察、流体包裹体显微测温、激光拉曼分析以及H-O同位素分析,进而对宝山矿床的成矿流体演化进行了初步研究,获得了如下认识:(1)该矿床成矿演化过程可分为矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、金属硫化物阶段及萤石-方解石脉阶段;(2)包裹体类型以富液相包裹体为主,成矿流体主要为H_2O-NaCl体系,含少量的CO_2,偶见含子晶包裹体;(3)矽卡岩阶段流体包裹体均一温度分布在430~550℃,主要集中在550℃以上,盐度范围为13.4%~21.98%NaC leqv;退化蚀变阶段的均一温度范围为211.8~395℃,在260~320℃和360~395℃出现两个峰值,盐度范围为3.71%~19.53%NaCleqv,该阶段围压由静岩压力向静水压力转变;金属硫化物阶段均一温度分布于156.7~323.1℃,主要为190~240℃,盐度范围为3.71%~19.84%NaC leqv;萤石-方解石脉阶段中的包裹体均一温度为100~266.5℃,主要集中于145~180℃,盐度分布在0.71%~18.3%NaC leqv。宝山矿床成矿压力介于23.8~169.9Mpa之间,利用静岩压力-静水压力梯度可得宝山矿床成矿深度约为2.25~6.29km,主要为4~6km;(4)退化蚀变阶段流体的37‰~7.47‰之间,δD_(H_2O)值介于3. 64‰;金属硫化物阶段和萤石-方解石脉阶段的δ~(18)O_(H_2O)值为-70‰~-δ~(18)O_(H_2O)值介于0.33‰~5.28‰之间,表明有大量的大气降水混入。因此,成矿流体从早阶段到晚阶段,由岩浆热液演变为大气降水,流体混合作用可能是矿质沉淀的主要机制。宝山铜多金属矿床是早期高温中高盐度流体向低温低盐度流体演化过程中形成的。 相似文献
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准噶尔北部希勒库都克斑岩钼铜矿床地质与成矿流体 总被引：9，自引：7，他引：2
希勒库都克斑岩铜钼矿床铜钼矿化与安山玢岩脉、英安玢岩脉有关,蚀变有钾长石化、绢云母化、绿帘石化等,向外发育绿泥石化、深部发育夕卡岩型蚀变。浅部以钼矿化为主,向深部铜钼矿化并存。与典型的斑岩型矿床相比,其石英中流体包裹体少而小,气体包裹体少,含CO2包裹体及含子矿物包裹体发育,子矿物以NaCl为主,基本不出现KCl子矿物。钼富集处出现了富CO2流体的沸腾,铜富集处出现了成群分布的含大子矿物包裹体,沸腾消失。钼的成矿主要与富CO2成矿流体沸腾及斑岩型蚀变和夕卡岩蚀变有关,钼主要源于地壳,成矿温度为280~530℃,集中在300~400℃左右。铜主要与直接从深源基性岩浆出溶的高盐度流体及夕卡岩型蚀变有关,铜主要源于上地幔,主要成矿温度低于350℃。晚期流体的成矿温度为180~300℃左右。希勒库都克矿床成矿流体特征反映了壳源与幔源流体混合、岩浆热液与天水混合的特征。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
18.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献