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1.
当代生物多样性剧减与古-中生代之交生物绝灭的对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
18世纪以来人类活动对环境造成了强烈破坏,给生物多样性带来了巨大损失.为了了解生物多样性的变化趋势,利用"绝灭物种统计法"、"种-区曲线法"和化石记录对400年以来的生物多样性和古-中生代之交的生物绝灭进行了分析.当代生物多样性剧减表现为物种的快速绝灭(从8×104种/Ma增大到1.2×106种/Ma),而属的绝灭几乎为0;古-中生代之交生物绝灭的初始阶段也表现为物种的快速绝灭(从40种/Ma增大到150种/Ma),并且这个阶段的属的绝灭速率远低于绝灭高峰阶段的相应值(即66属/Ma远小于465属/Ma),可见当代生物多样性剧减相当于二叠-三叠系之交生物绝灭的初始阶段. 相似文献
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古生代—中生代之交的生物绝灭和地质事件——四川广元上寺二叠系—三叠系界线和事件的初步研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
详细的生物地层学调查研究,揭示了四川广元上寺二叠系—三叠系界线上,古生代海生无脊椎动物大规模的绝灭,还检测到铱和微量元素的地球化学异常(Ir达2±0.5ppb)、碳和氧同位素(δ~(13)C和δ~(18)O)的剧烈变动、沉积相的显著变化(盆地相—潮间带)。(图4、5、6)这些证据表明二叠纪末期有地外事件发生,而地外事件又诱发了地内事件,包括构造上升、海水退却、火山喷发、古气候变化以及伴随的动物群大规模绝灭。古生代动物群的大规模绝灭和中生代动物群渡过萧条期才茁壮成长的迟滞、新生过程,说明了古生代与中生代间的地质事件是巨大的、深刻的,传统的二叠系—三叠系界线是一条全球灾变线。 相似文献
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地史重大转折期的环境变化学术讨论会综述 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
概述了地史重大转折期的环境变化学术讨论会４个方面的主要科学内容：古生代与中生代之交的全球环境变化,泥贫纪弗拉期与法门期之交的全球环境变化,元古宙与显生宙之交扔全球环境变化和地史重大转折期环境变化的研究方法。围绕上述内容,评述了发言人和专题发言人的主要科学资料和科学思想以及本次会议形成的共识。 相似文献
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约在奥陶纪末(440百万年前),海洋无脊椎动物曾发生过大规模绝灭。据Sepkoski认为,阿石极期(奥陶纪末)这一绝灭事件,可能是显生宙时期第二次最重大的生物危机,科一级约消失20％。阿尔瓦茉士(Alvarez)等人曾指出白垩—第三纪界限的生物绝灭现象,并提出可能是大型流星或彗星与地球碰撞导致产生大量铱所致。奥尔什(Orth) 相似文献
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华南古－中生代之交连续沉积和生物演变学充列表明，古生代末大绝灭后中生代初的生态系复苏经历了近１０Ｍａ时间，而且各门类生物所经历的复苏过程和复苏所花费的时间有明显的差异，生物复苏是其生态适应和分化的结果，生存环境和生态系的状态直接影响到生物的复苏的过程。 相似文献
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古生代-中生代之交的生物灭绝过程和原因一直是科学家关注和致力解决的关键古生物学问题之一.色龙西山剖面的牙形石分带工作取得了重要进展,为认识该地区地层序列和沉积历史提供了新的证据.全岩碳同位素分析表明,在长兴阶与印度阶附近该剖面存在着碳同位素负偏,可以同我国华南多个剖面进行对比,揭示了古生代-中生代之交的碳同位素变化和生物灭绝模式具有全球对比性.新识别出的奥伦尼克阶底部（Neospathodus waageni带底部）碳同位素值大幅度负偏及之后的正偏,与华南等地的变化规律一致,反映了二叠纪末期到早三叠世长期的、复杂的生物和环境变化过程. 相似文献
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关于生物群集绝灭的论点及其争议 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地球上曾存在过的40亿动植物种,绝大多数都绝灭了.绝灭往往是呈群集绝灭形式.关于生物群集绝灭的原因,可归纳为两大类:一类是强调生物所处环境的剧烈变化(球外事件和球内事件),另一类侧重于生物自身的演变更替.本文着重评述8种当前最流行的假说及其争议,如自然种群竞争、火山爆发、古地磁极性反转、板块运动、小行星或彗星撞击等假说作者认为,群集绝灭的原因十分复杂.往往是多种因素联合作用的结果,不能仅强调一种因素.对群集绝灭应运用综合研究方法.既要研究生物自身的兴衰更替,又要研究其所处环境的变化(球内和球外的),这样才能弄清绝灭的根本原因. 相似文献
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二叠纪-三叠纪界线附近的全球海平面变化是当前沉积学研究的热点和难点问题,其与当时的显生宙最大规模生物灭绝事件存在一定关联,具有重要的研究意义。然而二叠纪-三叠纪界线附近的全球海平面变化存在较多争议,受单剖面或区域范围内相对海平面变化研究程度的制约,在缺乏从沉积学角度的综合对比研究的情况下,可能会影响对全球海平面变化过程与持续时间的判识。综述了二叠纪-三叠纪界线附近的海平面变化研究进展,整合了多位学者的研究剖面、主要观点及认识,梳理了全球海平面变化的主要观点（“上升论”和“下降-上升论”）,包括其各自的发展历程、代表剖面及海平面变化识别特征、海平面上升/下降的原因以及海平面变化与生物灭绝的关系等,并在此基础上,探讨了二叠纪-三叠纪全球海平面变化研究过程中产生争议的原因。本文旨在为二叠纪-三叠纪界线（PTB）附近海平面变化研究提供线索,同时为研究全球PTB地质事件发生的背景及差异性原因提供基础证据。 相似文献
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The formation of manganese rocks and ores occurred during the whole geological history of the Earth. Five metallogenic epochs
(Early to Middle Proterozoic, Late Proterozoic, Early to Middle Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, and Meso-Cenozoic) and 7 very important
phases (Early, Middle, and Late Proterozoic, Early to Middle Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, Late Mesozoic, and Meso-Cenozoic)
can be distinguished. The phases of manganese ore genesis at many stratigraphic levels are closely related to the global climatic
and tectonic reconstructions (the breakup of the continent of Gondwana and periods of glaciations and aridization) and biotic
events (mass extinction of organisms). Based on carbon isotopic composition in manganese carbonates, participation of oxidized
organic carbon is established. 相似文献
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The event across the Paleozoic–Mesozoic transition involved the greatest mass extinction in history together with other unique geologic phenomena of global context, such as the onset of Pangean rifting and the development of superanoxia. The detailed stratigraphic analyses on the Permo-Triassic sedimentary rocks documented a two-stepped nature both of the extinction and relevant global environmental changes at the Guadalupian–Lopingian (Middle and Upper Permian) boundary (G-LB, ca. 260 Ma) and at the Permo-Triassic boundary (P-TB, ca. 252 Ma), suggesting two independent triggers for the global catastrophe. Despite the entire loss of the Permian–Triassic ocean floors by successive subduction, some fragments of mid-oceanic rocks were accreted to and preserved along active continental margins. These provide particularly important dataset for deciphering the Permo-Triassic paleo-environments of the extensive superocean Panthalassa that occupied nearly two thirds of the Earth’s surface. The accreted deep-sea pelagic cherts recorded the double-phased remarkable faunal reorganization in radiolarians (major marine plankton in the Paleozoic) both across the G-LB and the P-TB, and the prolonged deep-sea anoxia (superanoxia) from the Late Permian to early Middle Triassic with a peak around the P-TB. In contrast, the accreted mid-oceanic paleo-atoll carbonates deposited on seamounts recorded clear double-phased changes of fusuline (representative Late Paleozoic shallow marine benthos) diversity and of negative shift of stable carbon isotope ratio at the G-LB and the P-TB, in addition to the Paleozoic minimum in 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio in the Capitanian (Late Guadalupian) and the paleomagnetic Illawarra Reversal in the late Guadalupian. These bio-, chemo-, and magneto-stratigraphical signatures are concordant with those reported from the coeval shallow marine shelf sequences around Pangea. The mid-oceanic, deep- and shallow-water Permian records indicate that significant changes have appeared twice in the second half of the Permian in a global extent. It is emphasized here that everything geologically unusual started in the Late Guadalupian; i.e., (1) the first mass extinction, (2) onset of the superanoxia, (3) sea-level drop down to the Phanerozoic minimum, (4) onset of volatile fluctuation in carbon isotope ratio, 5) 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the Paleozoic minimum, (6) extensive felsic alkaline volcanism, and (7) Illawarra Reversal.The felsic alkaline volcanism and the concurrent formation of several large igneous provinces (LIPs) in the eastern Pangea suggest that the Permian biosphere was involved in severe volcanic hazards twice at the G-LB and the P-TB. This episodic magmatism was likely related to the activity of a mantle superplume that initially rifted Pangea. The supercontinent-dividing superplume branched into several secondary plumes in the mantle transition zone (410–660 km deep) beneath Pangea. These secondary plumes induced the decompressional melting of mantle peridotite and pre-existing Pangean crust to form several LIPs that likely caused a “plume winter” with global cooling by dust/aerosol screens in the stratosphere, gas poisoning, acid rain damage to surface vegetation etc. After the main eruption of plume-derived flood basalt, global warming (plume summer) took over cooling, delayed the recovery of biodiversity, and intensified the ocean stratification. It was repeated twice at the G-LB and P-TB.A unique geomagnetic episode called the Illawarra Reversal around the Wordian–Capitanian boundary (ca. 265 Ma) recorded the appearance of a large instability in the geomagnetic dipole in the Earth’s outer core. This rapid change was triggered likely by the episodic fall-down of a cold megalith (subducted oceanic slabs) from the upper mantle to the D″ layer above the 2900 km-deep core-mantle boundary, in tight association with the launching of a mantle superplume. The initial changes in the surface environment in the Capitanian, i.e., the Kamura cooling event and the first biodiversity decline, were probably led by the weakened geomagnetic intensity due to unstable dipole of geodynamo. Under the low geomagnetic intensity, the flux of galactic cosmic radiation increased to cause extensive cloud coverage over the planet. The resultant high albedo likely drove the Kamura cooling event that also triggered the unusually high productivity in the superocean and also the expansion of O2 minimum zone to start the superanoxia.The “plume winter” scenario is integrated here to explain the “triple-double” during the Paleozoic–Mesozoic transition interval, i.e., double-phased cause, process, and consequence of the greatest global catastrophe in the Phanerozoic, in terms of mantle superplume activity that involved the whole Earth from the core to the surface biosphere. 相似文献
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Marc Laflamme Simon A.F. Darroch Sarah M. Tweedt Kevin J. Peterson Douglas H. Erwin 《Gondwana Research》2013,23(2):558-573
The Ediacaran–Cambrian transition signals a drastic change in both diversity and ecosystem construction. The Ediacara biota (consisting of various metazoan stem lineages in addition to extinct eukaryotic clades) disappears, and is replaced by more familiar Cambrian and Paleozoic metazoan groups. Although metazoans are present in the Ediacaran, their ecological contribution is dwarfed by Ediacaran-type clades of uncertain phylogenetic affinities, while Ediacaran-type morphologies are virtually non-existent in younger assemblages. Three alternative hypotheses have been advanced to explain this dramatic change at, or near, the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary: 1) mass extinction of most Ediacaran forms; 2) biotic replacement, with early Cambrian organisms eliminating Ediacaran forms; and 3) a Cheshire Cat model, with Ediacaran forms gradually disappearing from the fossil record (but not necessarily going extinct) as a result of the elimination of unique preservational settings, primarily microbial matgrounds, that dominated the Ediacaran. To evaluate these proposed explanations for the biotic changes observed at the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, environmental drivers leading to global mass extinction are compared to biological factors such as predation and ecosystem engineering. We explore temporal and biogeographic distributions of Ediacaran taxa combined with evaluations of functional guild ranges throughout the Ediacaran. The paucity of temporally-resolved localities with diverse Ediacaran assemblages, combined with difficulties associated with differences in taphonomic regimes before, during, and after the transition hinders this evaluation. Nonetheless, the demonstration of geographic and niche range changes offers a novel means of assessing the downfall of Ediacara-type taxa at the hands of emerging metazoans, which we hypothesize to be most likely due to the indirect ecological impact metazoans had upon the Ediacarans. Ultimately, the combination of studies on ecosystem construction, biostratigraphy, and biogeography showcases the magnitude of the transition at the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary. 相似文献
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Silvana M. Barbanti J. Michael MoldowanDavid S. Watt E. Kolaczkowska 《Organic Geochemistry》2011,42(4):409-424
Certain biomarkers in petroleum provide information on of the geologic age of its source rock and these can also be used to track the evolution, radiation and relationships between taxa and as proxies for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Triaromatic 23,24-dimethylcholesteroids (TA-DMC), which undoubtedly derive from 23,24-dimethylcholesterols in dinoflagellates, haptophytes and diatoms, provide a useful parameter to distinguish Paleozoic from Mesozoic and younger oil and rock extracts at higher specificity than previously proposed biomarkers. In this report, we present a study of the relative abundance of a novel series of TA-DMC in source rock extracts and crude oil from different global localities and ages. Based on their taxon specificity for important primary producers, such biogeochemicals also have implications for paleoenvironmental studies, including paleoclimate and global change, such as radiations following the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction. 相似文献
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早三叠世生物复苏期的特殊沉积——"错时相"沉积 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
经历了对二叠纪末大灭绝及相关地质灾变事件的多年热点研究后,近年来科学家们将注意力转移到灭绝后的事件效应上,即生态系和沉积体系状况。但紧随二叠纪末灭绝事件之后的早三叠世生态系以分异度极低的广适性分子和机会分子为主,这就突显沉积记录的重要,也使得下三叠统地层中的特殊沉积及相关构造——“错时相”沉积,如扁平砾石砾岩、蠕虫状灰岩、潮下皱纹构造、微生物岩、海底碳酸盐胶结岩扇、薄层灰岩和条带灰岩等,成为研究灭绝—残存—复苏领域的学科前沿。作为地质历史环境一次大跃变后的直接产物,“错时相”沉积紧接生物大灭绝后出现,并随中生代海洋生态系的重建而退出正常浅海环境,这种耦合关系表明沉积体系、生态系、生物灭绝与复苏、异常环境之间存在必然的联系。对于化石保存单调稀少的下三叠统地层,“错时相”沉积的研究,为探索二叠纪末生物灭绝与复苏提供了宝贵的材料和全新的视角。 相似文献
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当今人类正在面临大气二氧化碳浓度升高、全球变暖、海洋酸化等一系列气候环境问题,有科学家提出这可能导致第6次生物大灭绝.类似的灾难事件在地质历史上多次发生,因此以史为鉴、以古示今才能更好地认识、应对和解决这些问题.显生宙最大的一次生物灭绝事件发生在2.52亿年前的二叠纪-三叠纪之交,超过90%的海洋物种永久消失.此次生物灭绝的过程和原因一直是科学家关注和致力解决的关键科学问题之一.近年来的研究表明当前人类面临的这些极端的气候环境事件在2.52亿年前也都有发生,而且更为严重.本文重点围绕近年来有关二叠纪-三叠纪之交的生物和环境事件研究进展,结合化石和环境指标的地质记录以及生物与环境之间的相互作用关系,总结生物灭绝的过程和形式及相关环境因子的贡献,并探讨残存生物能够躲过这次灾难事件得以延续和发展的内在机制和外界原因. 相似文献
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Most present-day petroliferous basins are localized in one of the five global oil and gas accumulation belts confined to continent—ocean
transition zones that existed in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The Gondwana belt is formed by basins developed on continental
margins of the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic (Konyukhov, 2009). All of them are riftogenic in nature and were formed during
either the Late Paleozoic (basins on continental margins of the Indian Ocean) or the Late Mesozoic (basins in peripheral zones
of the South Atlantic). During the most part of geological history, they were located in zones dominated by the humid climate,
which determined the prevalent role of terrigenous rocks in their sedimentary cover. 相似文献
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Brian M. Kelley Daniel J. Lehrmann Meiyi Yu Adam B. Jost Katja M. Meyer Kimberly V. Lau Demir Altiner Xiaowei Li Marcello Minzoni Ellen K. Schaal Jonathan L. Payne 《Sedimentology》2020,67(6):3119-3151
Carbonate platforms spanning intervals of global change provide an opportunity to identify causal links between the evolution of marine environment and depositional architecture. This study investigates the controls on platform geometry across the Palaeozoic to Mesozoic transition and yields new stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental constraints on the Great Bank of Guizhou, a latest Permian to earliest Late Triassic isolated carbonate platform in the Nanpanjiang Basin of south China. Reconstruction of platform architecture was achieved by integrating field mapping, petrography, biostratigraphy, satellite imagery analysis and δ13C chemostratigraphy. In contrast to previous interpretations, this study indicates that: (i) the Great Bank of Guizhou transitioned during Early Triassic time from a low-relief bank to a platform with high relief above the basin floor (up to 600 m) and steep slope angles (preserved up to 50°); and (ii) the oldest-known platform-margin reef of the Mesozoic Era grew along steep, prograding clinoforms in an outer-margin to lower-slope environment. Increasing platform relief during Early Triassic time was caused by limited sediment delivery to the basin margin and a high rate of accommodation creation driven by Indosinian convergence. The steep upper Olenekian (upper Lower Triassic) slope is dominated by well-cemented grainstone, suggesting that high carbonate saturation states led to syndepositional or rapid post-depositional sediment stabilization. Latest Spathian reef initiation coincided with global cooling following Early Triassic global warmth. The first Triassic framework-building metazoans on the Great Bank of Guizhou were small calcareous sponges restricted to deeper water settings, but early Mesozoic reef builders were volumetrically dominated by Tubiphytes, a fossil genus of uncertain taxonomic affinity. In aggregate, the stratigraphic architecture of the Great Bank of Guizhou records sedimentary response to long-term environmental and biological recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction, highlighting the close connections among marine chemistry, marine ecosystems and carbonate depositional systems. 相似文献