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1.
黔南晚石炭世珊瑚礁生态系统研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
黔南晚石炭世发育了大规模的后生动物骨架礁,这在晚泥盆世的F/F生物绝灭事件后尚属罕见。礁的主体是由Fomitchevella建造而成。礁体在空间上由四个单元组成,自下而上依次是生物碎屑滩、点礁和泥丘、生物碎屑灰岩和Fomitchevella骨架岩。各单元生态系统中的生物组成不同,营养结构也有相应的差异。按各生物在食物链中的位置可以分为生产者、消费者和分解者,按其在造礁过程中的作用又可分成造礁生物、附礁生物。分析表明,各生物在食物链中的位置不同,其在礁体形成过程中也分别担任着造礁、附礁等角色。由各单元的生物组成和空间位置关系,推测反演了生态系统的发育过程,并划分成生物碎屑滩阶段、点礁和泥丘阶段、Fomitchevella定殖阶段和Fomitchevella统殖阶段四个阶段。Fomitchevella 和Ivanovia cf. manchurica两种珊瑚的生活习性和生长方式决定了它们在珊瑚礁生态系中的地位,而整个生态系统也依靠快速吸收营养盐的营养机制维持了各物种的生存和发展。 相似文献
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川东南—黔北地区志留纪生物礁与古环境演化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
川东南－黔北地区下志留统分布广泛，出露好，化石丰富，在海相碎屑沉积中不同程度地发育了碳酸盐岩和和生物礁，我们通过对重庆綦江观音桥，贵州坡渡及邻区石牛栏组的野外考察和综合研究发现，生物礁主要发育在早志留世中晚期的石牛栏组中，下部，类型为小型点礁，生物丘及生物层。造礁生物以床板珊瑚，皱纹珊瑚，层孔虫为主；附礁生物包括苔藓虫，腕足类，鹦鹉螺，海百合等，礁基为生屑滩或瘤状灰岩。 相似文献
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石炭纪生物礁在晚古生代礁体演化序列中处于特殊地位。石炭纪是生物礁地史演化过程中一个非常关键的时期,发育的生物礁类型有:(1)叶状藻礁丘;(2)叠层石礁丘;(3)珊瑚礁;(4)Waulsortian灰泥丘;(5)Chaetetes礁丘;(6)钙质微生物—藻礁丘。石炭纪生物礁总体上表现为礁相结构、造礁群落组成及礁体建造阶段的造礁作用相对比较简单,这些都体现出生物礁在石炭纪的发展受到生物灭绝事件的影响。在以藻礁占主导地位的宾夕法尼亚亚纪,中国后生动物骨架礁发育,尤其是发育有Fomitchevella大型珊瑚礁,成为世界石炭纪生物礁的一个亮点。从石炭纪整个生物礁的发展情况来看,后生动物骨架礁与以微生物和钙藻为主导的生物礁或许是两个平行发展的礁系统,后生动物骨架礁的发展在大规模生物灭绝事件之后有明显的演化滞后现象,以钙藻和微生物为主导的造礁群落的复苏在生物灭绝事件之后更为迅速。从石炭纪生物礁古地理分布来看,石炭纪生物礁基本上分布在南北纬30°之间的区域,因此,它们代表了在相对温暖的气候条件下生长的礁体,与现代珊瑚礁的分布相近似。 相似文献
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广西田林县石炭纪礁内海百合生态功能分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以石炭纪的后生动物格架礁为例,从礁体生长过程和群落竞争关系的角度,对赋存于造礁生物群落中的海百合与造架珊瑚之间的关系,以及其在礁体发育过程中的作用进行详细探讨,揭示了礁生态系统内的生物因子之间的关系。研究发现：在礁体发育初期,以海百合为主的群落是造架珊瑚定殖的初始条件;在礁体的生长过程中,海百合与造架珊瑚之间存在一种受环境控制的竞争关系,两者在数量上呈现此消彼长的关系。当环境变化导致造架珊瑚死亡,礁体停止生长,海百合仍存活并不间断地为礁体提供沉积物,对已停止发育的珊瑚格架起到覆盖作用,从一定程度上保护了礁体 相似文献
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广西田林地区发育有早石炭世全球罕见的后生动物格架礁,该珊瑚礁的主体部分由双型珊瑚(Diphyphyllum)、丛管珊瑚(Siphonodendron)、石柱珊瑚(Lithostrotion)以及笛管珊瑚(Syringopora)等建造而成。这些造架珊瑚个体一般以无性出芽繁殖生长和躲避障碍物弯曲生长的竞争模式占据更多的空间生态位,而群体之间则以越顶生长的策略取得竞争的胜利。礁体连续发育,无明显的间断性和旋回性,但造礁生物的组合在礁体纵向分布上存在一定差异,可识别出3个连续的生物组合单元,即Diphyphyllum组合、Siphonodendron-Lithostrotion组合和Diphyphyllum-Syringopora组合。对礁剖面岩石的微相特征研究,划分出了含少量生物碎屑粒泥灰岩、钙藻粒泥灰岩、生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、灰泥质颗粒灰岩、珊瑚格架岩和有孔虫生物碎屑亮晶颗粒岩等6种微相类型。礁体在发育过程中经历了由深水开阔台地相到浅水开阔台地相,珊瑚礁相到台内斜坡相再到台内浅滩相,标志着海平面逐渐下降、水体变浅、水动能不断增强的沉积环境。 相似文献
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《地质学报》2013,(5)
广西田林地区发育有早石炭世全球罕见的后生动物格架礁,该珊瑚礁的主体部分由双型珊瑚(Diphyphyllum)、丛管珊瑚(Siphonodendron)、石柱珊瑚(Lithostrotion)以及笛管珊瑚(Syringopora)等建造而成。这些造架珊瑚个体一般以无性出芽繁殖生长和躲避障碍物弯曲生长的竞争模式占据更多的空间生态位,而群体之间则以越顶生长的策略取得竞争的胜利。礁体连续发育,无明显的间断性和旋回性,但造礁生物的组合在礁体纵向分布上存在一定差异,可识别出3个连续的生物组合单元,即Diphyphyllum组合、Siphonodendron-Lithostrotion组合和Diphyphyllum-Syringopora组合。对礁剖面岩石的微相特征研究,划分出了含少量生物碎屑粒泥灰岩、钙藻粒泥灰岩、生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、灰泥质颗粒灰岩、珊瑚格架岩和有孔虫生物碎屑亮晶颗粒岩等6种微相类型。礁体在发育过程中经历了由深水开阔台地相到浅水开阔台地相,珊瑚礁相到台内斜坡相再到台内浅滩相,标志着海平面逐渐下降、水体变浅、水动能不断增强的沉积环境。 相似文献
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广西田林县龙江垌见晚石炭世的珊瑚格架礁,分三层旋回式生长于海百合碎屑滩上。造礁生物为丛状群体珊瑚Diphyphyllum sp.,附礁生物主要是海百合、腕足动物、藻类和有孔虫。造礁生物种群间仅是共同栖息生存,缺乏长期、稳定、复杂的生态关系,礁体生物群落成熟度低,除Diphyphyllum sp.搭建格架外,缺少其他造礁方式,在当时多变的水动力条件下,只形成了未成熟的层礁。对于龙江垌珊瑚礁生态特征形成原因归纳为以下几点:石炭纪中期全球地质构造变化影响、微生物群团和藻类造礁作用不明显、海百合的强大竞争作用使底栖生物群落受到抑制、Diphyphyllum sp.生态特点使其造礁能力差。 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪生物礁基本特征、分布规律及成礁模式 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪发育有生物礁。本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘野外及钻井岩心生物礁调查及室内鉴定分析,认为在乌海桌子山地区、棋探1井地区、彭阳石节子沟等地发育了较为典型的生物礁,主要造礁生物为珊瑚、层孔虫和海绵。三处生物礁发育特征有差异,北段礁体生长发育2～3期,中段发育2期生长,南段生长发育可达4期;北端及南端生物礁造礁生物个体较大,生长的水体环境相对较浅,而中段生物礁造礁生物个体较小,生长的水体相对较深。这些典型生物礁的生长、发展和消亡呈现了不同的发育特征和时空分布规律,北段生物礁体发育层位早,中、南段发育层位晚,这种分布变化规律与华北板块在早古生代处于赤道附近发生了北漂右旋的旋转漂移规律有关。通过对不同地段生物礁基本特征分析,结合δ13C和δ18O同位素分析结果,认为盆地西缘生物礁成礁模式为中央古隆起西部陆缘海背景下的开阔台地边缘带点礁-滩体组合模式,分布较为局限,认为该地区生物礁死亡原因系海平面快速上升事件导致礁体被淹死所致,也进一步推测生物礁之上存在一次海平面快速上升事件。 相似文献
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本文综合露头、钻/测井、地震以及薄片等资料的研究,开展了塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩颗粒滩沉积特征的研究。本次研究首次厘定了颗粒滩的划分标准,总结了塔里木盆地奥陶系发育藻粒滩、内碎屑滩、鲕粒滩和生物碎屑滩四类颗粒滩;明确了四类颗粒滩的微观和宏观沉积特征:藻粒滩由藻粒、球粒和藻团块构成,与结晶云岩互层沉积;内碎屑的含量和形态揭示了内碎屑滩的部位和沉积区的能量,内碎屑滩自鹰山组开始大规模发育;鲕粒滩主体区其他颗粒类型不发育,鲕粒滩主要分布在塔中和玉北地区的台缘带;生物碎屑滩由生物骨架碎屑和生物颗粒构成,与生物礁复合共生,集中在台缘带及台缘内侧分布,一间房组开始大规模发育。颗粒滩发育段对应低GR值,主体部位GR曲线呈箱型、漏斗型或钟型,侧缘部位呈指状或尖峰状,台缘带颗粒滩向台内迁移呈退积反射特征。在此基础上,建立了塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩颗粒滩的四种沉积组合样式:藻礁滩互层式、厚层滩加积式、薄层滩退积式和生物礁滩复合式。其中,藻礁滩互层式和礁滩复合式颗粒滩分布受相带影响,具有局限性,易于形成有效油气藏,在塔中地区奥陶系已得到证实。厚层滩加积式和薄层滩退积式颗粒滩在鹰山组分布广泛,结合颗粒滩的沉积展布规律及储层成因分析,得出鹰山组颗粒滩储层具有区域优势分布特征。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献