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1.
包气带作为防止地下水硝酸盐污染的天然屏障,其反硝化效果通常受到碳源的限制。针对地下水硝酸盐污染防治技术现状,本文采用Ca(OH)2处理的玉米芯作为反硝化的碳源材料,构建包气带强化反应层,用响应曲面法研究硝酸盐浓度、含水量和温度的交互作用对脱氮性能影响,并用硝态氮去除率、亚硝态氮累积、pH值变化以及溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)淋失通量综合评价脱氮性能,最后采用高通量测序揭示脱氮层中微生物变化。研究结果表明:温度、含水量以及温度和含水量交互作用对硝态氮去除率影响显著,其中温度是反硝化过程中最关键的因素;系统运行74天后,硝态氮去除率达到50%,亚硝态氮累积量(以N计)大多低于3 mg/L,pH值维持在7.0左右,DOC淋失通量(以C计)介于0.10.2 mg/(cm2·d);高通量测序发现,脱氮层中微生物的丰富度降低,而与反硝化和碳分解有关的微生物相对丰度提高,在碳源的刺激下微生物向有利于脱氮的方向演变。 相似文献
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在地表等量氮输入条件下,包气带中硝酸盐含量分布是其抗污染能力的直接表征。阐明不同包气带中硝酸盐分布的差异并分析其成因对于评价下覆含水层的硝酸盐污染脆弱性、保护地下水资源免遭硝酸盐污染,具有重要意义。本文基于太行山山前冲洪积扇上栾城和正定两个16m深包气带硝酸盐含量数据,指出两个剖面上包气带中硝酸盐分布特征的差异性。分析研究区的施肥历史、大气降水的入渗补给强度及土壤有机质含量,认为包气带水分运移速度和反硝化能力是导致包气带硝酸盐分布差异的两个关键因素。在分析N同位素测试技术进步的基础上,指出利用同位素技术对包气带中的反硝化能力的定量化研究有望取得新进展。 相似文献
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鉴于包气带蒸发的水分是从地表散失,故查明裸土蒸发规律对研究包气带水分蒸发、潜水蒸发问题具有重要意义。为了查明西北干旱内陆盆地区裸土蒸发强度规律,通过开展裸土含水率观测、包气带负压观测等野外原位试验,结合气象资料,对包气带剖面流场特征进行分析,采用有限差分法对裸土蒸发强度进行计算。结果表明：依据包气带水分在垂向上迁移的不同状态,将裸土区包气带剖面划分为水分向上传输带和水分向下迁移带2个带;西北内陆干旱盆地裸土包气带极限蒸发深度为1.2 m;受外界蒸发能力和包气带向上输水能力交替控制作用,盆地内裸土蒸发出现在4月下半月至9月下半月,其中4月下半月至5月裸土蒸发强度最大,平均蒸发强度达0.56 mm/d;裸土蒸发强度平均仅占水面蒸发强度的3.5%,最大达6.7%。 相似文献
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包气带土壤性质具有强烈的空间变异性,显著影响包气带水的分布特征和运移过程,在巴丹吉林沙漠这种包气带巨厚而观测困难的地区尤其值得重视.通过收集包气带不同深度水分观测资料和水力参数测试成果,采用前人提出的水分特征曲线参数的对数正态分布模型和互相关模型,对巴丹吉林沙漠风积砂的变异特征进行了Monte-Carlo模拟,发现稳定下渗带能够自由流动的水分体积含量低于5%.在此基础上重建土水势的垂向分布,发现稳定下渗带的水力梯度接近于1,基本满足重力作用控制的自由下渗条件.以残余含水率为独立随机变量,基于Richards方程对不同下渗强度条件的包气带含水率分布进行了Monte-Carlo模拟,通过与观测统计特征对比得到下渗强度的合理取值范围.结果表明,包气带水下渗强度最有可能取值范围是30～41 mm/a,且低于10 mm/a和高于50 mm/a的可能性都很小.包气带水的随机模拟方法为研究巴丹吉林沙漠地下水补给提供了新的视角. 相似文献
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冯家江是北海市区重要的生态廊道。研究冯家江流域水体中氮的空间分布特征、污染来源、影响因素,对掌握冯家江流域氮污染现状及污染防控等具有重要的现实意义。本研究应用地统计学方法分析了冯家江流域地表水及沿岸地下水中氮污染物的空间分布特征。结果表明,地表水中氮污染物呈现出“高氨氮、低硝氮”的特征,NH3-N质量浓度平均值高达5.42 mg/L,NO3-N在孔隙潜水中明显富集,其质量浓度最高达32.63 mg/L。城镇生活污染物、人畜粪便及农业生产中化肥的施用是地表水、地下水中氮污染物的主要来源。pH值、氧化还原条件及包气带岩性结构和厚度是影响冯家江流域水体中氮污染物迁移转化的重要因素。 相似文献
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三氮是我国地下水中典型污染物,其在包气带和含水层中的迁移转化过程受到高度关注。近几年,地下水位波动带中的三氮迁移转化已经成为新的研究领域。在综合运用文献计量分析法,定量分析相关研究趋势的基础上,系统总结地下水位波动带形成及特点,梳理波动带中三氮迁移转化过程及生物地球化学过程最新研究表述及成果,并对今后可能的研究热点和方向进行了展望。现有研究表明:水位波动带中环境指标如土壤含水率、氧化还原电位、溶解氧和有机质含量均表现出一定的分带性规律,微生物菌群结构和功能基因更多样化,并呈现一定的分布特征。随着地下水位波动,包气带中的三氮易浸溶进入地下水并发生迁移。地下水位上升,硝化作用减弱,反硝化作用增强;地下水位下降,硝化作用增强,反硝化作用减弱。为完善水位波动带三氮迁移转化过程研究,应进一步关注:（1）将水化学演化分析与分子生物学高通量测序方法相结合,深入探究水位波动带三氮转化与微生物作用机理;（2）除关注硝化、反硝化作用外,增加异化还原、同化还原和厌氧氨氧化等作用过程的研究;（3）细化分析更多情境、更多影响因素的水位波动过程,识别水位波动带三氮转化的关键影响要素。 相似文献
7.
苏打盐碱土对氮转化的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以苏打盐碱土中的主要成分NaHCO3作为主要影响因素,通过室内培养方法,研究不同苏打盐碱化条件对氮的吸附、矿化、硝化及反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,在不同NaHCO3质量浓度影响下：NH+4-N吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式;矿化模型符合一阶动力学方程,随着NaHCO3质量浓度的增大,潜在矿化势(M0)和矿化速率常数(km)分别由358.48 mg/kg和0.088 d-1降低到337.08 mg/kg和0.059 d-1;硝化作用符合“S”形曲线模型,随着NaHCO3质量浓度的增大,最大速率（kmax）由22.56 mg/(kg·d)降低到16.68 mg/(kg·d);反硝化作用符合零阶动力学方程,但NaHCO3与Na2CO3混合质量浓度变化对反硝化速率常数(kd)影响不显著。随着NaHCO3质量浓度的增大,苏打盐碱土中NH+4-N吸附、有机氮矿化和硝化作用均受到抑制。 相似文献
8.
利用土柱模拟农田污灌下的包气带环境，对人工微生物在包气带中反硝化作用除氮进行了研究。并讨论了脱氮机理、脱氮效果及环境影响因素 相似文献
9.
施加氮肥是农业增产的有效途径,土壤反硝化作用可使其中的剩余、淋洗氮素得到消散和净化,使地下水免受污染。但影响包气带土层中反硝化测定的因素较复杂,目前还没有较完善的测定方法。文章在论述包气带土层反硝化作用的实质与影响因素基础上,总结了现行反硝化测定方法的影响与不足。结合现有监测技术的发展及对包气带土层中物质、能量的转化和分布认识,探讨分析了适宜于研究包气带土层防护地下水污染的反硝化测定方法,为相关学科研究提供借鉴。 相似文献
10.
探究山地–丘陵区稀土元素地球化学特征，对了解区域生态地质环境具有十分重要的意义。本文在大凉山区生态地质调查的基础上，选取西昌市普诗地区中–下白垩统小坝组4个典型土壤垂向剖面进行系统采样分析，揭示了西昌普诗地区岩石–土壤剖面中14种稀土元素（La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu）的地球化学分布、迁移及富集特征。结果表明：相似的环境下不同类型成土母岩形成的同类土壤中稀土元素含量有所不同，泥岩–紫色土剖面（PM0909）、砂岩–紫色土剖面（PM03-3）、粉砂质泥岩–紫色土剖面（PM04-4）、泥质粉砂岩–紫色土剖面（PM0924）等代表性剖面土壤中，稀土元素含量依次为126.870 mg/kg、116.472 mg/kg、163.926 mg/kg、175.231 mg/kg，各个剖面稀土元素含量差异与成土母岩的岩性和粘土矿物含量关系密切，黏土矿物对稀土元素具有一定的吸附作用；研究区4个剖面呈现明显的“V”字形右倾模式，负Eu异常明显，重稀土部分较为平坦，属于轻稀土富集型，这与成土过程中稀土元素（REEs）淋溶及其成土母岩化学性质差异有关；不同... 相似文献
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Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
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Jiayu Rong Michael Melchin S. Henry Williams Tatyana N. Koren Jacques Verniers 《《幕》》2008,31(3):315-318
The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs. 相似文献
13.
Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
14.
Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base. 相似文献
15.
Fouad N. Ibrahim Dr. 《GeoJournal》1988,17(1):133-141
Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators. 相似文献
16.
东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。 相似文献
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郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。 相似文献
20.
The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献