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1.
一株胶质芽胞杆菌对磷矿石风化作用的实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以一株质芽孢杆菌为例研究实验条件下微生物对磷矿石的风化作用.以直接作用和间接作用的方式研究培养基中胶质芽孢杆菌对磷矿粉的风化作用,即在装有100目磷矿石粉的液体培养基中接种,研究该菌对磷矿石粉的直接风化作用;同时,将装有100目磷矿石粉的透析袋放入液体培养基中再接入该菌,研究其对磷矿石粉的间接风化作用.按不同时间取培养液上清液,过滤,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)测定滤液中Ca2 、Mg2 、Na 、Mn2 、Al3 、Fe3 和K 等浓度,比色法测定水溶性P(Pws)和水溶性Si (Siws) 的含量;滤膜上的固体物称重并消解后,同上方法测定Ca2 、Mg2 、Na 、Mn2 、Al3 、Fe3 和K 等浓度以及Pws和Siws含量.此外,细菌风化作用后的矿物残渣用电子探针作表面微观形态分析和XRD矿物物相分析.结果表明:胶质芽孢杆菌对磷矿石粉风化的直接作用强度大于间接作用;对不同矿物的风化强度不同,对粘土矿物的风化作用较明显.提出细菌对磷矿石的风化作用源自细菌生长导致的机械破坏作用、胞外分泌物的生化降解作用以及多种因素之间的协同作用. 相似文献
2.
含钾矿粉对胶质芽孢杆菌分泌胞外多糖的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了不同实验条件下,含钾矿粉对胶质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mucilaginosus）分泌胞外多糖的影响,以进一步揭示细
菌与矿物的相互作用机理。实验分别采用无矿（不加含钾矿粉）无钾（不含可溶性钾）、无矿有钾（有可溶性钾）、有矿（100
mL培养液加0.3 g含钾矿粉）无钾及有矿有钾4组培养基培养胶质芽孢杆菌,进行产胞外多糖的分析比较。研究发现,在有
钾长石粉但不含钾离子的培养条件下,胶质芽孢杆菌产生的多糖和蛋白质含量最高;在既有钾矿粉又有可溶性钾离子存在
的培养条件下,菌体产生的蛋白质和胞外多糖含量稍低;在无钾矿粉的条件下,无论有没有钾离子的两种培养基中,蛋白
质和多糖含量都很低。研究结果表明,有无钾矿粉的不同培养条件能够引起胶质芽孢杆菌分泌胞外多糖的单糖组成成分产
生明显差异,胶质芽孢杆菌胞外分泌物与细菌对含钾矿粉中钾的利用密切相关。 相似文献
3.
碳酸钙颗粒的细菌诱导形成 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究胶质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mucilaginosus）在特定条件下能否诱导合成碳酸钙,作者采用胶质芽孢杆菌两种常用
基本培养基（有氮培养基和无氮培养基）,以磷灰石矿物为钙源,进行了利用胶质芽孢杆菌促进碳酸钙形成的实验,借助扫
描电镜（SEM）、能谱定量分析（EDS）和X-射线衍射（XRD）等手段观察分析形成碳酸钙的晶体结构和化学组成。结果表
明,胶质芽孢杆菌能促进碳酸钙晶体的形成,在有氮加磷矿粉的细菌培养液中形成的碳酸钙多于无氮加磷矿粉的细菌培养
液,在有氮加磷矿粉的细菌培养液中观察到柱状碳酸钙的形成。作者认为,胶质芽孢杆菌通过其风化作用及较强的吸附功能,
利用其分泌的碳酸酐酶（CA）和溶解CO2在分解磷灰石的过程中促进了碳酸钙的形成。 相似文献
4.
胶质芽孢杆菌胞外多糖在肥料矿物分解转化中的作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文探讨了胶质芽孢杆菌胞外多糖在细菌分解转化矿物过程中的作用。将事先提取的胞外粗多糖按一定浓度梯度与矿粉混合,24 h后再次提取多糖称重,证实多糖与矿粉颗粒之间的吸附现象。计算结果表明,矿粉对多糖的吸附随多糖量的增加而呈较明显的增长,之后增幅逐渐趋于平缓。在无氮培养基中添加不同种类矿粉培养细菌,然后分别提取粗多糖和较纯多糖,发现矿物种类对胶质芽孢杆菌多糖的分泌有显著影响。添加含有细菌所需矿质养料的矿粉在培养液中,胞外多糖含量相对增高,说明细菌分泌胞外多糖受到矿物化学组成的影响,即细菌胞外多糖的产生与它们对矿物养料的需求和矿物的风化过程有密切联系。 相似文献
5.
胶质芽孢杆菌的胞外分泌物与细菌的解钾作用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
研究了胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)KO1菌株在不同培养条件下,其荚膜多糖含量随时间的变化以及菌株在有氮、无氮培养基中的解钾作用。结果表明,尽管该菌在无氮培养条件下的菌体数量远小于有氮培养条件,但无氮培养条件下所提取的细菌多糖多于在有氮条件下培养所提取的细菌多糖;胶质芽孢杆菌在以添加钾长石粉或黑云母粉制作的无氮培养基中生长可形成大量多糖,采用丙酮法进行细菌培养液多糖提取,发现细菌培养的第3天所提多糖含量最高;胶质芽孢杆菌在以添加钾长石粉或黑云母粉制作的有氮培养基中生长亦可形成较多的多糖,且在细菌培养的第4天所提多糖含量最高;胶质芽孢杆菌在有氮条件下对含钾矿物的释钾率高于在无氮条件下的释钾率,这可能与该菌在有氮条件下生长更快、可产生较多菌体细胞有关。分析表明,该菌在有氮条件下产生的胞外糖蛋白高于在无氮条件下产生的胞外糖蛋白,蛋白质在细菌分解转化含钾矿物过程中可能发挥重要作用。 相似文献
6.
Two types of Cu-slags (CS: crystalline massive slag and GS: granulated amorphous slag) exhibiting a different chemical and mineral phase composition were compared with respect to their susceptibility to bacterial weathering using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n° CIP 105094). Abiotic conditions e.g. sterile growth medium and ultrapure water were used for comparison. The experiments were extended up to 112 days with a systematic liquid phase renewal every 14 days. The results revealed significant release of elements in the bacterially mediated weathering experiments. Concentrations of elements (Si, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb) in the biotic solutions were increased at least by 20% up to 99% compared to abiotic ones. From 3 to 77% of the leached elements were associated to the fraction >0.22 μm. Scanning electron microscope observations demonstrated greater weathering of mineral phases in biotic experiments than in abiotic ones which is in accordance with the solution chemistry exhibiting higher concentrations of elements leached in biotic set-ups. In the case of CS, glass and sulfides weathering was yet observed in abiotic experiment, whereas partial dissolution of fayalite (Fe2SiO4) was solely affected by the presence of bacteria. GS having a higher bulk content of metallic elements was found to be more stable than sulfide-bearing CS, while its (GS) glass matrix was found to weather easier under biotic conditions. 相似文献
7.
矿物的溶解和分解是矿物风化的重要过程,因此探明矿物的溶解和分解过程将有助于揭示其风化机理。古玉在长期的埋藏过程中,处于土壤及土壤水的溶解反应体系中。本文初步模拟古玉埋藏的酸、碱性土壤环境,通过对不同材质玉料的粉末形态在酸、碱缓冲溶液中的浸泡实验,初步探讨了不同材质玉料在酸、碱环境下的风化机理。 相似文献
8.
微生物对碳酸盐岩的风化作用 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
微生物-矿物相互作用可以促进许多表生生物地球化学反应过程,是表生地球化学研究的重要内容。通过综合岩石表面的微生物类群及其地质作用,分析碳酸盐岩微生物风化的各种现象,特别是微观尺度上的各种形态,阐述碳酸盐岩的微生物风化机制与风化产物,笔者提出微生物对碳酸盐岩风化的4种途径:(1)通过微生物在岩石表面和缝隙中生长,导致岩石表层发生生物溶蚀、生物磨蚀和生物钻孔作用,加速岩石风化进程;(2)微生物群体形成的钻孔网络可以增强岩石化学溶蚀的有效表面积并导致其表面强度减弱而促进机械侵蚀作用,微生物对周围岩石颗粒胶结结构的破坏、疏松作用也会导致岩石矿物颗粒的分解;(3)微生物的持水作用,微生物分泌的有机酸以及微生物呼吸所释放的CO2对岩表水分的酸化过程亦加速岩石矿物的分解;(4)微生物生长过程中从岩石内摄取营养元素和产生复杂的有机配体,能促进矿物元素的释放。文中提出在开展微生物对碳酸盐岩风化过程和机理研究的基础上,有必要引入微生物生物技术来综合开发本地低品位含钾磷矿产资源,加速岩溶地区山地土壤的形成与演化。 相似文献
9.
Comparative proteome analysis of butachlor-degrading bacteria 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A Pseudomonas putida strain, named ER1, was isolated from an agricultural soil and found to actively degrade the herbicide butachlor. The enzyme
extracted from ER1 could degrade butachlor. Furthermore, incubation of ER1 in a medium containing 50 mg/kg of butachlor after
3 days resulted in the high butachlor-degrading enzyme activity of ER1. Response of ER1 to butachlor might be related to changes
in protein composition at both quantitative and qualitative levels. Total proteins were extracted from control strain (incubated
in the medium without butachlor) and the treated strain (incubated in the medium with butachlor). The proteins were separated
by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Of the total number of ER1 protein, 11 spots were significantly changed under butachlor
stress. Analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry coupled with
database searching allowed the function of some proteins which were similar to the hydrolases activity or oxidoreductase activity. 相似文献
10.
喜马拉雅山是地球上最高大与最年轻的山脉之一。自第三纪以来,随着海洋历史的完结和不断上升,自然环境发生了巨大变化,尤其第四纪时期,本区古气候的变化更为引人注目。地壳表层岩石在各地质历史时期和高山气候环境下,曾经受过种种不同程度的风化作用,与陆地表面物质重新分异和组合的同时,各种化学元素也相应地发生过迁移和富集。因此,作为特定气候产物的风化壳类型和地球化学内容都是富有特色的。 相似文献
11.
The weathering of phosphorus-bearing mineral powder(PBMP) and calcium phosphate(CP) by Aspergillus niger was compared,and the mechanism involved was analyzed for the comprehensive utilization of PBMP.The concentration of water-soluble phosphorus(WSP),Mg2+,and Ca2+at different culture times,microstructures of particles,and mineral compositions was examined by ultraviolet-visible spectrometer(UV),atomic absorption spectrometry(AAS),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Results showed that the change in the concentrations of WSP,Mg2+,and Ca2+were related to the growth of A.niger and the different mineral compositions.Compared with CP,PBMP was weathered harder by fungi.Traces of the weathered mineral were found through SEM.CP not only showed traces of erosion damage but also appeared as a rhombohedron-like substance.The XRD test indicated that the weathering minerals can form water calcium oxalate.Further analysis revealed that the mechanism of PBMP and CP weathering by A.niger was the collaborative result of mycelium biomechanical effects and the acid-soluble role of acidic metabolites.The phosphorus dissolution rate of PBMP after 20 d was 46.83%,whereas that of CP after 12 d was 91.01%.The findings of this study are significant to the effective use of waste PBMP and to the exploitation of low-grade phosphate rock resources. 相似文献
12.
在相同的物理化学(常温、常压、氧化)环境中,用大气降水分别对两块相似的硫化物矿石样品进行蒸发或淋漓实验,模拟干旱地区和潮湿地区的岩矿石风化作用。实验共进行603d。实验结果显示:经蒸发实验的样品无论是硬度、颜色和矿物组成等都发生了明显的变化,而经淋漓实验的样品无论硬度、颜色和矿物成分等基本保持实验前的特征;作蒸发实验浸泡液的pH值先降后升,最后稳定在6.5～7,而作淋漓实验淋漓液的pH先降,然后稳定于5左右,浸泡液的阳离子浓度却比淋漓液的高。实验结果表明蒸发作用比淋漓作用更容易使岩矿石风化。蒸发作用主要是化学反应。所以,这一实验结果向干旱地区主要是物理风化的传统认识提出了的挑战。 相似文献
13.
微生物影响硅酸盐矿物风化作用的模拟试验 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
研究了硅酸盐细菌对矿物的风化作用。选用土壤中常见的钾长石、伊利石等矿物作为细菌风化作用的对象,通过在含有矿物颗粒的无氮培养基中培养硅酸盐细菌,使其在培养液中与矿物颗粒发生相互作用,再取样并处理后进行电镜观察和X-射线衍射分析。电镜观察结果表明细菌对矿物试样表面确实发生了溶蚀作用,被细菌作用后的矿粉,颗粒浑圆,边缘模糊不清,表面呈凹凸不平状,矿物颗粒被大量的菌体物质所覆盖。用X-射线衍射分析检测到细菌对具不同晶体结构矿物的“选择性”破坏作用,在有多种矿物同时存在的情况下,细菌对较易分解的矿物破坏作用速度较快。结合矿物学与微生物学相关知识,初步分析了细菌培养液中细菌与矿物界面之间的相互作用以及土壤生态系统中矿物的生物风化作用过程。 相似文献
14.
长江流域面积巨大,岩性多变,加之三峡大坝等重大水利工程的影响,干流河水的水化学成因存在较大争议。此外,以往研究中流域矿物风化过程的碳汇通量估算一般基于阳离子来源分析,但该算法通常涉及多种矿物端元的参数选取,结果具有不确定性。本次研究对长江干流水化学的时空演变进行了整体分析,并基于上游河水样品HCO3~-含量的校正与计算,提出了一种计算矿物风化过程碳汇通量的新方法。研究结果表明,蒸发盐溶解、循环盐作用、矿物风化及硫酸盐溶解是控制长江干流河水离子组成的主要水文地球化学作用,而人类活动主要影响了离海距离3 000 km以内河水NO3~-含量;长江上游干流硅酸盐风化消耗CO2速率为1.16×10~5 mol/(km~2·a),碳酸盐风化消耗CO2速率为4.75×10~5 mol/(km~2·a)。本研究有助于加深对长江干流主要水文地球化学作用的认识,丰富和完善碳循环研究理论。 相似文献
15.
北戴河红色风化壳地球化学特征及气候环境意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
风化壳地球化学特征具有环境指示意义。用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)和X射线衍射法(XRD)分别测试了秦皇岛北戴河燕山大学北侧红色风化壳(简称燕大风化壳)主量元素和粘粒粘土矿物。结果表明:除Ca外,Si、Al、Fe、Na、K的含量在风化壳上均有不同程度的波动,其中Si、Na、K波动轨迹基本一致,Al、Fe则与其相反,相关性分析显示SiO2与Al2O3、TFe、Fe2O3,Al2O3与TFe、Fe2O3,Na2O与CaO具有较好相关性;粘土矿物组合为1·4nm过渡矿物(25%~45%)+伊利石(10%~20%)+伊蒙混层矿物(20%~35%)+高岭石(15%~30%),矿物演化系列是长石、黑云母→(蛭石→1·4nm过渡矿物)→(伊利石)→高岭石。与粘土矿物以1∶1型高岭石为主的富铝化南方红色风化壳相比,燕大风化壳Si淋失度,Fe、Al富集度,矿物演化程度都较低,属硅铝化风化壳。燕大风化壳是上新世暖温带到北亚热带过渡型气候的风化产物,与现代秦皇岛暖温带半湿润型气候不同,这反映第四纪以来该区气候干旱因子增多。CIA、S/A等指示的风化强度异常表明,燕大风化壳形成后至少遭受过两次构造抬升,为剥蚀型风化壳,反映该区新构造运动间歇式上升的特点。 相似文献
16.
Correspondence Analysis was adopted as tool for investigating the statistical structure of hydrochemical and weathering datasets of groundwater samples, with the main purpose of identifying impacts on mineral weathering caused by anthropogenic activities, namely fertilizing of farmlands. The hydrochemical dataset comprised measured concentrations of major inorganic compounds dissolved in groundwater, namely bicarbonate, silica (usually by-products of chemical weathering), chloride, sulphate and nitrate (typically atmospheric plus anthropogenic inputs). The weathering dataset consisted of calculated mass transfers of minerals being dissolved in loess sediments of a region located in SW Hungary (Szigetvár area), namely Na-plagioclase, calcite and dolomite, and of pollution-related concentrations of sodium, magnesium and calcium. A first run of Correspondence Analysis described groundwater composition in the study area as a system of triple influence, where spots of domestic effluents-dominated chemistries are surrounded by areas with agriculture-dominated chemistries, both imprinted over large regions of weathering dominated chemistries. A second run revealed that nitrification of N-fertilizers is promoting mineral weathering by the nitric acid reaction (anthropogenic pathway), in concurrence with the retreating of weathering by carbonic acid (natural pathway). It also indicated that dolomite and calcite are being players in a dedolomitization process driven by dissolution of gypsum fertilizers and nitrification of N-fertilizers. 相似文献
17.
岩石风化成土过程中元素均一化作用及机理:以大兴安岭北部火山岩区为例 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
对大兴安岭北部区域性中生代火山岩和残积土壤化学成分的研究结果表明,岩石风化成土过程中元素存在明显的均一化作用.元素含量高的岩石风化形成的土壤中元素含量相对降低,反之则相对增高,导致残积土壤中元素含量差异明显小于基岩.不同元素的均一化能力不同,在主元素中,Al2O3和SiO2的均一化能力相对较弱,微量元素的均一化能力普遍较强.元素的均一化能力受元素晶体化学性质、元素存在形式、矿物抗风化能力、气候、水动力条件及生物等因素影响. 相似文献
18.
Chemical weathering of Mg, Ca-silicates and alumino-silicates contributes significantly to the drawdown of atmospheric CO2 over long time scales. The present work focuses on how this mode of weathering may change in the presence of free-living bacteria in oligotrophic waters, which compose most of the surface freshwaters of the Earth. Forsterite (Fo90) was reacted for 1 week with a stable Escherichia coli population in water maintained at 37 °C and neutral pH in a batch reactor. Control samples with suspensions of pure olivine powders and E. coli cells in pure water were also used for reference. Olivine controls reproduce the Mg, Si and Fe release in solutions predicted from rates published in the literature with pH shifts of less than 0.5 unit. After 1 week, under abiotic conditions, weathered surfaces are enriched in Fe and Fe3+ relative to the initial composition of the mineral. Bacterial controls (without minerals) show decreasing Eh with increasing cell concentrations (−50 mV with 7 × 107 cells/mL and −160 mV with 8 × 108 cells/mL). Magnesium concentrations in bacterial control solutions are in the μg/L range and can be accounted for by the release of Mg from dead cells. More than 80% of the cells were still alive after 1 week. The solutions obtained in the experiments in which olivine reacts in the presence of cells show Mg and Si concentrations a few tens of percent lower than in the mineral control samples, with a prominent depletion of Fe(III) content of the mineral surfaces. Magnesium mass balance discounts both significant bacterial uptake and inhibition of the Mg dissolution rates as a consequence of changing pH and Eh. Coating by bacterial cell layers is also negligible. E. coli reduces the chemical weathering of olivine. This study infers that the presence of free-living Proteobacteria, a prevalent group of subsurface bacteria, should decrease the amount of riverine Mg released by chemical weathering of mafic rocks. 相似文献
19.
Concentrations of weathering products in streams often show relatively little variation compared to changes in discharge, both at event and annual scales. In this study, several hypothesized mechanisms for this “chemostatic behavior” were evaluated, and the potential for those mechanisms to influence relations between climate, weathering fluxes, and CO2 consumption via mineral weathering was assessed. Data from Loch Vale, an alpine catchment in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, indicates that cation exchange and seasonal precipitation and dissolution of amorphous or poorly crystalline aluminosilicates are important processes that help regulate solute concentrations in the stream; however, those processes have no direct effect on CO2 consumption in catchments. Hydrograph separation analyses indicate that old water stored in the subsurface over the winter accounts for about one-quarter of annual streamflow, and almost one-half of annual fluxes of Na and SiO2 in the stream; thus, flushing of old water by new water (snowmelt) is an important component of chemostatic behavior. Hydrologic flushing of subsurface materials further induces chemostatic behavior by reducing mineral saturation indices and increasing reactive mineral surface area, which stimulate mineral weathering rates. CO2 consumption by carbonic acid mediated mineral weathering was quantified using mass-balance calculations; results indicated that silicate mineral weathering was responsible for approximately two-thirds of annual CO2 consumption, and carbonate weathering was responsible for the remaining one-third. CO2 consumption was strongly dependent on annual precipitation and temperature; these relations were captured in a simple statistical model that accounted for 71% of the annual variation in CO2 consumption via mineral weathering in Loch Vale. 相似文献
20.
三峡库区巴东组(T2b)紫红色泥岩工程地质特征研究 总被引：30，自引：8，他引：22
在三峡工程库区广泛分布一种三叠系中统巴东组的紫红色泥岩 ,在库区常被称为易滑地层。这种岩土体还具有一定膨胀性 ,致使一些边坡防护工程发生变形破坏。三峡工程库区移民区巴东、巫山、奉节等新城址出现的许多工程地质问题往往与此有关。本文在对巴东、巫山、奉节等地紫红色泥岩的基本地质特征研究基础上 ,对该地层的膨胀性、风化规律、水-岩相互作用等进行系统试验研究 ,为三峡工程库区滑坡防治和移民迁建工程提供科学依据。研究表明 :该地层粘土矿物含量一般为 1 7.9%左右 ,其中 ,有效蒙脱石含量一般在 1 .2 7～ 6 .0 1 %之间 ,混层矿物占粘土矿物的一半以上 ,具中 -强胶结 ,有弱膨胀性。岩石的风化以机械风化为主 ,沿剖面化学成分变化不大。沿剖面物理力学性质的变化除受风化作用制约外 ,受岩石颗粒组成的影响更为明显 ,因此可能出现深度异常现象。水对该地层岩石力学性质影响比较显著 ,应当特别关注水库蓄水初期库水位显著变化对边坡和地基土稳定性的影响 相似文献