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1.
中国海相碳酸盐岩层系油气勘探特殊性问题 总被引：87，自引：4，他引：83
中国至少有3 0 0×1 08t的海相碳酸盐岩油气资源量,是十分重要的勘探领域。在近5 0年的勘探历程中虽有塔河、普光等碳酸盐岩大油气田的发现,但探明储量仍然很低,这与勘探投入低有关,但更主要的原因在于中国海相碳酸盐岩油气地质的特殊性。经研究其特性可概括为7个方面:(1)碳酸盐岩层系形成于多旋回的叠合盆地;(2)碳酸盐岩层系时代老,埋藏深;(3)烃源岩具有多元、多期生烃;(4)储集层类型多、非均质性强;(5)圈闭类型多样,以隐蔽圈闭和复合圈闭为主;(6)油气藏改造、破坏严重,保存条件复杂;(7)油气藏分布复杂,预测难。要尽快实现碳酸盐岩油气探明储量的快速增长,缓解国内油气资源供需矛盾,必须加强碳酸盐岩油气富集与分布规律的理论研究和勘探技术攻关。文中将中国海相碳酸盐岩油气富集理论的研究凝练为三个方面的科学问题:(1)海相碳酸盐岩层系发育环境、构造演化及其对有效烃源岩的控制作用;(2)海相碳酸盐岩介质油气运聚机理;(3)海相碳酸盐岩层系油气多期成藏与保存机理;同时指出要加大碳酸盐岩地区的地震、钻井和测井等系列技术的攻关力度,以提高勘探的成功率。 相似文献
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塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩油气聚集带 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：10
海相碳酸盐岩储层多类型及非均质性强的特点,决定了其油气聚集带与以往陆相盆地碎屑岩油气聚集带的控制因素有显著差异,碳酸盐岩的油气聚集并不是简单地受二级构造带的控制。通过分析塔里木盆地已发现碳酸盐岩油气藏,其储层发育受大气淡水风化淋滤作用、沉积作用及各种成岩作用、深部流体改造作用等因素的控制。据储层成因类型及其横向分布特征,将塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩油气聚集带划分为:不整合与古风化壳型、生物建造礁-滩型、白云岩内幕型及深部流体改造型。不同类型的碳酸盐岩油气聚集带主要分布于塔北隆起、塔中隆起及巴楚断隆等古隆起的不同部位。由于不同碳酸盐岩油气聚集带上储集层成因机制不同,导致其储集空间、储集性能、油气藏类型及分布等均有所不同。 相似文献
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随着塔里木盆地中浅层油气勘探不断深入,深部油气勘探成为研究区必然选择。以塔里木盆地深部最新油气勘探开发资料为依据,揭示了盆地深部油气勘探现状,进一步结合前人研究成果剖析了盆地深部不同类型油气藏地质特征及成因机制,划分了深部油气藏类型并阐明分布特征。结果表明,塔里木盆地深部钻井数比例逐年增大,油气三级储量逐年递增,深部油气勘探潜力巨大;根据油气藏储层特征、物性演化机制及源储接触关系,塔里木盆地深部油气藏可划分为常规油气藏、致密油气藏及改造型油气藏3种8类,常规油气藏包括背斜、断块及岩性-地层类油气藏,致密油气藏包括先成型、后成型致密油气藏,改造型油气藏包括流体改造型、构造改造型及综合改造型油气藏;塔里木盆地深部油气藏分布规律复杂,构造格局与演化控制了其平面分区分带富集,沉积成岩背景与演化控制了其纵向分层分段富集;综合研究表明,当今塔里木盆地深部油气勘探应注重储层控油气作用,立足多目的层共同勘探,以致密油气为主导,改造型油气藏为重点,兼顾常规油气,逐步向盆地斜坡、坳陷处紧邻源岩的部位拓展。 相似文献
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中国海相碳酸盐岩的储层类型、勘探领域及勘探战略 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：18
中国海相碳酸盐岩有效储层成因类型主要包括古风化壳岩溶储层、礁滩储层及层状白云岩储层三大类。陆上中—古生界盆地三类储层均有分布,海上第三系盆地主要发育礁滩储层。针对我国海相油气地质特别是陆上中—古生界油气成藏的复杂性,提出应该加强对勘探及认识程度相对较低的礁滩储层形成的原生岩性-成岩圈闭油气藏的研究与勘探工作。石灰岩古风化壳岩溶储层具有强烈的非均质性,白云岩储层的含油气性比较依赖于有效储盖组合及构造圈闭。鉴于我国海相油气资源潜力巨大、勘探程度较低,故应该加强海相油气资源特别是陆上主要盆地海相油气资源及南海油气资源的研究与勘探开发,尤其要加强层序地层及岩相古地理编图等基础油气地质研究工作。 相似文献
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中国海相油气田勘探实例之十二 塔里木盆地轮南奥陶系油气田的勘探与发现 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
轮南奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩油气田位于塔北隆起轮南低凸起中部,是中国第一个海相碳酸盐岩特大型油气田。油气田发现于1988年,至2008年底控制+探明油气地质储量为18.78×108t。塔里木盆地长期构造沉积演化形成了轮南奥陶系碳酸盐岩大型古潜山及内幕背斜,潜山背斜具有古隆起控油,岩溶斜坡油气富集及准层状油气藏等特征。油气田区域性盖层为中—上奥陶统、下石炭统、上三叠统泥岩,主力烃源岩为寒武系—下奥陶统与中—上奥陶统碳酸盐岩及泥灰岩,主要目的层为奥陶系石灰岩顶面之下200m范围内的潜山岩溶缝洞型储集体与内幕层间岩溶缝洞型储集体。通过缝洞系统预测评价、酸压储层改造、稠油掺稀开采等技术攻关,勘探开发一体化管理,创新了复杂碳酸盐岩勘探开发理论与配套技术,实现了轮南奥陶系油气产量储量的快速增长。论述油气田勘探与发现的历程,剖析了取得勘探突破的实践与认识。 相似文献
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通过选取不同结构组分的石灰岩样品开展大气水溶蚀模拟实验,结合地质背景认识,总结了碳酸盐岩礁滩储层的发育规律和控制因素。结果表明:(1)碳酸盐岩的岩石组构和孔隙发育状况对岩石溶蚀效率控制明显,颗粒灰岩的可溶性最好;(2)岩相是控制礁滩储层发育和分布的重要因素,礁滩储层选择颗粒岩相发育;(3)初始孔隙度是决定礁滩储层发育程度的关键,它控制了后期溶蚀改造的发生范围,初始孔隙度大小由同沉积期暴露和溶蚀时间两个因素决定。综合研究指出:塔里木盆地塔中地区良里塔格组台内区的勘探应重视后期叠加改造因素的分析,而台缘带开发过程中,应强化岩相、层序界面和同生断裂等因素造成的储层非均质性刻画。 相似文献
8.
大港千米桥潜山储层形成对油气分布的控制 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
位于黄骅坳陷北大港构造带之下的千米桥潜山是一个深埋的奥陶系碳酸盐岩潜山油气藏。潜山形成经历了中—新生代褶皱抬升—埋藏改造等复杂的地质过程,碳酸盐岩储层成因复杂,有效孔隙分布具有极强的非均质性,严重影响了晚期油气的充注。对碳酸盐岩储层成岩过程的解析表明,中生代强烈构造变形事件之后的大气水岩溶作用形成了潜山储层基本格架,而第三纪埋藏过程中发生的选择性溶蚀与胶结作用则使储层结构复杂化,储集空间分割性进一步加强。在潜山油气充注过程中,缝洞系统与供烃窗口的对接关系决定着油气主疏导网络分布,而疏导网络与储集空间的连通与否则控制潜山油气分布。千米桥潜山油气藏应属于成岩封闭的裂缝性油气藏,而非块状油气藏。 相似文献
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为总结柴英雄岭构造带油气藏地质特征和主控因素,以该区深层和浅层油气藏为研究对象,对油气藏的构造、储层、油气源和成藏演化模式等方面进行了对比研究。结果表明:(1)英雄岭构造带构造样式自西向东变化显著,英西—英中纵向上表现为“双层结构”,而英东构造样式相对简单;(2)英西—英中碳酸盐岩储层主要储集空间为白云岩晶间孔,局部发育溶蚀孔和裂缝集中区,英东碎屑岩储层,主要发育粒间孔、少量粒间溶孔和裂缝;(3)油源对比表明,下干柴沟组上段为区内主力烃源岩;(4)天然气组分及同位素指标表明英西和英中的CH4主要来源于原油伴生气,而英东为凝析油伴生气;(5)由于岩盐层封盖作用,英西—英中深层形成自生自储的异常高压油气藏,而英东虽缺乏盐岩盖层,由深至浅地表现为幕式充注成藏。 相似文献
11.
CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。 相似文献
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Julie Okpala 《GeoJournal》1990,20(1):37-43
This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics,
students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional
nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students.
The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status
in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs. 相似文献
14.
Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
David N. Petley Gareth J. Hearn Andrew Hart Nicholas J. Rosser Stuart A. Dunning Katie Oven Wishart A. Mitchell 《Natural Hazards》2007,43(1):23-44
Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates.
In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers
of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing
with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the
increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005.
The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that
the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide
fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the
relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of
precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased
dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the
effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward
trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and
natural systems. 相似文献
15.
2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。 相似文献
16.
硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。 相似文献
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Takeshi Nose Dr. 《GeoJournal》1985,10(3):261-276
Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry. 相似文献
19.
Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters. 相似文献
20.
内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。 相似文献