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1.
甘肃花牛山铅锌银矿床位于中亚造山带中段的甘肃北山地区。本文在详细的野外观察和室内鉴定的基础上,将花牛山铅锌银矿床成矿阶段划分为石英-毒砂-黄铁矿(第Ⅰ成矿阶段)和石英-多金属硫化物(第Ⅱ成矿阶段)两个阶段;进一步将黄铁矿划分为三种类型,分别为第一种类型的胶状黄铁矿(Py0)、第二种类型的热液叠加交代特征的黄铁矿(Py Ⅰ)及第三种类型的热液黄铁矿(PyⅡ)。黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿的原位硫同位素研究表明,成矿从早到晚硫化物δ~(34)S值呈递增的规律,具有逐渐向岩浆硫演化的趋势;胶状黄铁矿δ~(34)S值为-9.37‰~-8.10‰,具有沉积(生物成因)硫的特征;成矿第Ⅰ阶段硫化物δ~(34)S值为-9.03‰~-7.03‰,成矿第Ⅱ阶段硫化物δ~(34)S值为-5.77‰~-4.88‰,成矿阶段具有沉积硫与岩浆硫混合来源的特征。黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿的原位铅同位素研究表明,成矿期硫化物的~(206)Pb/~(204) Pb值、~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb值、~(208) Pb/~(204) Pb值以及μ、ω等铅同位素特征值组成范围较窄,铅源为与岩浆作用有关的壳幔混合来源,且与壳幔混合来源的晚三叠世花岗岩中长石铅及其控制的矽卡岩型金矿硫化物铅同位素组成类似。黄铁矿原位微量元素研究表明,胶状黄铁矿(Py0) Co/Ni和S/Se 比值分别为0.004~0.34和3.43 × 10~4~34.84 × 10~4,Se含量为1.558 × 10~(-6)~15.82 × 10~(-6),表现为沉积成因黄铁矿的特征。具有热液叠加交代特征Py Ⅰ的Co/Ni和S/Se 比值分别为0.05~3.38、0.05 ×10~4~5.38 ×10~4,Se含量为10.09 × 10~(-6)~1070 × 10~(-6),数值分布范围广,总体上有别于沉积成因黄铁矿,类似于热液成因黄铁矿的特征。热液黄铁矿(Py Ⅱ)的Co/Ni和S/Se 比值分别为0.60-68.88、1.46 × 10~4~9.15 × 10~4,Se含量为5.938 × 10~(-6)-35.91 × 10~(-6),表现为热液成因的特征。综上研究,认为花牛山矿床经历了南华纪-震旦纪沉积胶状黄铁矿形成期和晚三叠世岩浆热液成矿期,胶状黄铁矿在成矿过程中提供了部分硫,成矿金属物质主要来自晚三叠世岩浆成矿热液,并认为矿床成因为岩浆热液型矿床。  相似文献   

2.
烂木沟金矿位于陕西省旬阳县境内,产于南秦岭石泉-神河构造岩片中,受黑虎庙脆-韧性剪切带控制。文章通过烂木沟金矿区域成矿背景、地质特征及矿床地球化学分析,初步探讨了烂木沟金矿床成因。烂木沟地区地层中黄铁矿微量元素Co含量为67.60×10-6~208.00×10-6,Ni含量108.00×10-6~585.00×10-6,稀土元素总量2.16×10-6~22.90×10-6,矿石黄铁矿中Co含量为317.00×10-6~751.00×10-6,Ni含量82.80×10-6~304.00×10-6,稀土元素总量4.04×10-6~51.74×10-6,矿石黄铁矿中δ34S值为9.9‰~12.9‰,均值11.27‰,矿石黄铁矿中铅同位素206Pb/204Pb值为18.560~20.206,207Pb/204Pb值为15.668~15.708,208Pb/204Pb值为38.257~38.860,地层黄铁矿中铅同位素206Pb/204Pb值为18.502~20.086,207Pb/204Pb值为15.644~15.788,208Pb/204Pb值为38.475~38.907,矿石中石英的δ18OV-SMOW值为13.5‰~15.9‰,均值为14.7‰,δDV-SMOW值为-77.8‰~-71.3‰,均值为-74.55‰,矿石中黄铁矿Re-Os等时线年龄202±12 Ma。结论认为烂木沟金矿成矿物质来源于地层中火山岩夹层,成矿流体为多来源,主体为建造水改造后的变质水。烂木沟金矿形成于晚三叠世末期—早侏罗世早期秦岭造山带碰撞后的伸展阶段,成矿流体充填于脆-韧性剪切带片理中,矿物沉淀富集,为造山型金矿。   相似文献   

3.
青海沱沱河地区多才玛铅锌矿床是西南三江特提斯北段新生代铅锌矿集区的典型矿床之一,本文首次应用飞秒激光剥蚀多接受器等离子体质谱法对多才玛铅锌矿床中金属硫化物的原位S和Pb同位素进行了测定。结果显示:黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的原位S同位素的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值介于-26.34‰~4.24‰之间,均值-12.15‰(n=20),其中闪锌矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值介于-10.30‰~-3.52‰,均值-7.39‰(n=9);方铅矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为-26.34‰~-11.74‰,均值-20.36‰(n=9);黄铁矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值分别为2.50‰,4.24‰。矿床δ~(34)S数据范围较宽,总体表现为富集负值硫的特征,说明有机质可能参与成矿。岩浆热液期发育的黄铁矿δ~(34)S值具有深源特征,沉积热液期发育的方铅矿和闪锌矿的δ~(34)S值表明成矿过程存在还原作用,指示盆地地层还原流体的混入,综上可认为多才玛铅锌矿床硫具有混合来源的特征。方铅矿原位Pb同位素结果为~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.866~18.929,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.674~15.689,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=39.052~39.174。方铅矿与地层的Pb同位素组成一致,位于上地壳平均Pb演化线之上,具上地壳和地幔混合俯冲带铅的特征,表明其成矿物质的来源多样。结合矿床学、矿物学及同位素数据,本文认为多才玛铅锌矿床S元素主要来源于赋矿围岩,Pb金属元素主要来源于藏北钾质火山岩,侵入地层岩浆与盆地流体的混合是金属硫化物沉淀的重要机制。  相似文献   

4.
黄铁矿是金矿重要的载金矿物之一,对其地球化学特征研究可以约束金矿成矿类型和成矿物质来源。本文对云南勐满金矿含金黄铁矿的化学成分及其S、Pb同位素特征进行了研究,结果显示:勐满金矿黄铁矿化学成分中的N(S)/N(Fe)值、δFe—δS及w(As)—w(Co)—w(Ni)图解等特征表明其原生矿床属于浅成低温热液型矿床。黄铁矿硫同位素为-4×10~(-3)~-2×10~(-3),数值集中;铅同位素组成~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值,分别介于39.016~40.010、15.669~15.826和18.694~19.289。测试结果显示勐满金矿属于低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿,成矿物质主要来源于围岩地层。热液成矿阶段金主要赋存在黄铁矿中,在次生氧化阶段,金从黄铁矿中出溶并进一步富集,次生氧化阶段是形成富矿的重要阶段。  相似文献   

5.
辽上金矿床是胶莱盆地东北缘地区近年来新发现的一处特大型金矿床,以黄铁矿、白云石为载金矿物而区别于"焦家式"、"玲珑式"金矿床。为探讨新类型金矿床成矿流体特征和成矿物质来源,对该矿床载金白云石C、O和黄铁矿S、Pb进行了同位素分析。结果显示,载金矿物白云石中δ~(13)C_V-_(PDB)值为-4.60‰_(~-)3.60‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值集中在9.6‰~10.6‰;黄铁矿δ~(34)S值为+7.2‰~+9.4‰,均值为+8.2‰;黄铁矿~(206) Pb/~(204) Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb与~(208) Pb/~(204) Pb值分别为17.027~17.576、15.435~15.503、37.706~38.205。结合胶莱盆地构造-岩浆演化背景,认为辽上金矿床C-H-O含矿流体主要源于地幔,上升过程中有大气降水参与及壳源成矿物质混入,具有壳幔混合特征,成因类型为含金黄铁矿碳酸盐脉充填型低温热液金矿床。  相似文献   

6.
为探讨勉-略-阳矿集区陈家坝铜铅锌多金属矿床的成矿物质来源及矿床成因,以矿床中的黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和同位素质谱仪分析方法,开展了稀土元素、微量元素及S同位素地球化学研究。结果表明,与大陆上部地壳微量元素丰度相比,黄铁矿中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Au等成矿元素富集,可能反映了成矿流体中富集成矿元素;黄铁矿的Y/Ho=5.5~42.0,与石英角斑岩的Y/Ho值基本一致,指示岩浆流体参与成矿;黄铁矿的Co含量为54.8×10~(-6)~165.02×10~(-6),Co/Ni值为1.29~5.95,显示该矿床形成于中低温环境,其经历了早期火山喷流成矿和后期热液成矿作用;硫化物的δ34S值为4.88‰~8.90‰,硫源由卤水硫酸盐与海水硫酸盐混合组成。  相似文献   

7.
岗岔金矿床为近年来新发现的中型受断裂构造控制的浅成低温热液矿床,为了探讨其成矿物质来源,对主矿脉Au3号脉矿体中的黄铁矿、赋矿围岩全岩的S、Pb同位素和矿脉中石英的H、O同位素进行了分析测试。结果显示,矿体中黄铁矿δ34S变化范围为0.6‰~1.3‰,均值为0.975‰,同位素组成比较均一,具有明显的幔源硫特征;矿体黄铁矿与赋矿围岩具有相近的Pb同位素组成,其206Pb/204Pb值为17.935~18.208(均值为18.090),207Pb/204Pb值为15.539~15.74(均值为15.568),208Pb/204Pb值为38.093~38.478(均值为38.280);μ值(238U/204Pb)介于为9.39~9.53,ω值为36.81~38.14,暗示其铅源为壳幔混合来源,且受造山作用与岩浆作用影响较为明显。矿脉中石英H、O同位素测试获得:δDH2O值为-88.6‰~-76.7‰(均值为-80.92‰),δ18OH2O值为6.53‰~8.63‰(均值为7.46‰),显示出岗岔金矿床成矿热液流体主要来自岩浆,混有少量大气降水。上述S、Pb、H、O同位素特征表明岗岔金矿床成矿物质和流体来自壳幔混源且以幔源为主。  相似文献   

8.
那更康切尔银矿是东昆仑造山带的大型热液脉型独立银矿床,有望达到超大型规模。以矿区地质特征为研究基础,开展硫化物硫-铅同位素、二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩铅同位素研究,探讨成矿物质来源及两类岩体与成矿的关系。矿区硫化物样品(黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿)的δ34S值介于-6.1‰~3.9‰之间,主体δ34 S值介于-4‰~2.1‰之间,数值集中,指示成矿物质硫源具有深源岩浆硫的特征。矿石铅同位素组成中206 Pb/204 Pb、207 Pb/204 Pb、208 Pb/204 Pb的变化范围分别为18.28~18.62、15.6~15.73、38.38~39.1,矿石铅具有壳幔混合源的特点。矿区内二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为239±1 Ma,(206Pb/204Pb)i、(207Pb/204Pb)i、(208Pb/204Pb)i值分别为18.389~18.585、15.638~15.648、38.288~38.558;花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为252±1 Ma,(206Pb/204Pb)i、(207Pb/204Pb)i、(208Pb/204Pb)i值分别为18.348~18.447、15.625~15.629、38.394~38.412,铅同位素组成投图显示成矿与2类岩浆岩关系较弱,与区域上鄂拉山组火山岩呈较明显的线性相关。那更康切尔银矿与邻区哈日扎铅锌银矿床具有相似的成矿物质来源,硫源具有同一性,且矿石铅同位素组成表现出很明显的线性关系,表明2个矿床的成矿物质具有相近或相似的源区或演化过程。成矿地质条件、成矿物质来源及成矿流体特征均表明两者属中-低温热液脉型矿床。综合本文及前人对那更康切尔银矿床的研究,构建了成矿模式和找矿模型,为区域内同类型银矿床的找矿工作提供了指导作用。  相似文献   

9.
黄铁矿是重要载金矿物,其标型特征能够指示诸多成矿信息。针对义兴寨金矿中黄铁矿的化学成分、爆裂温度及S,Pb同位素等特征进行详细的研究,试图提取该矿床的成因及找矿信息。研究表明,黄铁矿化学成分中S/Fe,Au/Ag,Co/Ni,Fe/(S+As),δFe-δS,Co-Ni-As等成因标型显示该矿床属于中偏浅成岩浆热液型矿床,且目前所开采的位置处于矿体中下部位置;爆裂温度显示为中低温型矿床。硫同位素值在-3.2‰~+3.5‰,数值集中,接近陨石硫特点,铅同位素206Pb/204Pb值为16.524~16.628,207Pb/204Pb值为15.284~15.321 2,208Pb/204Pb值为36.686~36.812,显示成矿物质来源于上地幔与下地壳。结合本区的成岩、成矿年龄,显示该金矿床的形成与华北地区燕山期大规模的岩浆活动有密切关系。  相似文献   

10.
银山银铅锌多金属矿是近几年来在该区域发现的中型以上的银铅锌多金属矿床,为地层-构造-岩浆综合控制型矿床。运用矿区的黄铁矿矿石S、Pb同位素示踪的方法探讨了矿床成矿物质来源。矿区黄铁矿和方铅矿的硫同位素组成δ34S值为-1.5‰~27.9‰,且硫同位素分布直方图中显示3种来源特征,指示成矿物质来源可能为海水、地层或岩浆。Pb同位素组成μ(~(238)U/~(204)Pb)值特征、Zartman构造模式、Δγ-Δβ成因分类研究表明,矿区矿石铅为幔-壳混源,指示物源主要来自于中生代岩浆热液,而非海底热液沉积物。综合表明银山银铅锌多金属矿床是中生代岩浆热液型矿床。  相似文献   

11.
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.  相似文献   

12.
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.  相似文献   

13.
本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。  相似文献   

14.
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提  相似文献   

15.
本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。  相似文献   

16.
Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.  相似文献   

17.
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.  相似文献   

18.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率   总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1  
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。  相似文献   

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20.
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.  相似文献   

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